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Temple Destruction by Aurangzeb: Literary Evidence (Expanded Version)
Destruction of Hindu Temples by Aurangzeb
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Some literary evidence from the works of the medieval Muslim historians ...
Background:
----------
Islamic literary sources provide far more extensive evidence of temple
destruction by the Muslim invaders of India in medieval times. They also
cover a large area, from Sinkiang and Transoxiana in the North to Tamil
Nadu in the South, and from Siestan province of present day Iran in the
West to Assam in the East. This vast area, which was long the cradle of
hindu culture, came to be littered with the ruins of temples and
monasteries, belonging to all schools of Santana Dharma - Baudhha, Jaina,
Shaiva, Sakta, Vaishnava, and the rest. Archeological explorations and
excavations in modern times have proved unmistakably that most of the
mosques, mazars, ziarats and dargahs which were built in this area, stood
on the sites of and were made from the materials of deliberately
demolished Hindu monuments.
Hundreds of medieval muslim historians who flourished in India and
elsewhere in the world of Islam, have written detailed accounts of what
their heroes did in various parts of the extensive Hindu homeland as they
were invaded one after another. It is alear from the literary evidence
collected alone that all Muslim rulers destroyed or desecrated Hindu
temples whenever and whereever they could. Archeological evidence from
various Muslim monuments, particularly mosques and dargahs, not only
confirms the literary evidence but also adds the names of some Muslim
rulers whom Muslim historians have failed to credit with this pious
performance.
Some of the literary evidence of temple destruction during Aurangzeb's
rule is listed below.
[Emphasis mine.]
Literary Evidence of Temple Destruction under Aurangzeb's Rule (Partial
List & Quotes)
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1. "Mir'at-i-Alam" by Bakhtawar Khan
The author was a nobleman of Aurangzeb's court. He died in AD 1684. the
history ascribed to him was really compiled by Muhammad Baqa of
Saharanpur who gave the name of his friend as its author. Baqa was a
prolific writer who was invited by Bakhtawar Khan to Aurangzeb's court
and given a respectable rank. He died in AD 1683.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707)
General Order
" ........ Hindu writers have been entirely excluded from holding public
offices, and ALL THE WORSHIPPING PLACES OF THE INFIDELS AND GREAT TEMPLES
of these infamous people HAVE BEEN THROWN DOWN AND DESTROYED in a manner
which excites astonishment at the successful completion of so difficult a
task. His Majesty personally teaches the sacred kalima to many infidels
with success. ..... All mosques in the empire are repaired at public
expense........."
2. "Alamgir-Nama" by Mirza Muhammad Kazim
This work, written in AD 1688 contains a history of the first ten years
of Aurangzeb's reign.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707)
Palamau (Bihar)
" .......... In 1661 Aurangzeb in his zeal to uphold the law of Islam
sent orders to his viceroy in Bihar, Daud Khan, to conquer Palamau. In
the military operations that followed MANY TEMPLES WERE DESTROYED
.............."
Koch Bihar (Bengal)
" ......... Towards the end of the same year when Mir Jumla made a war on
the Raja of Kuch Bihar, the MUGHALS DESTROYED MANY TEMPLES during the
course of their operations. IDOLS WERE BROKEN AND SOME TEMPLES WERE
CONVERTED INTO MOSQUES. ........."
3. "Mas'ir-i-'Alamgiri" by Saqi Must'ad Khan
The author completed this history in 1710 at the behest of Inayatu''llah
Khan Kashmiri, Aurangzeb's last secretary and favorite disciple in state
policy and religiosity. The materials which Must'ad Khan used in this
history of Aurangzeb's reign came mostly from the State archives.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707)
General Order
"........ The Lord Cherisher of the faith learnt that in the provinces of
Tatta, Multan, and especially at Benaras, the Brahmin misbelievers used
to teach their false books in their established schools, and that
admirers and students both Hindu and Muslim, used to come from great
distances to these misguided men in order to acquire this vile learning.
His majesty, eager to establish Islam, issues orders to the governors of
all the provinces TO DEMOLISH THE SCHOOLS AND TEMPLES OF THE INFIDELS and
with utmost urgency put down the teaching and the public practice of the
religion of these misbelievers. ........"
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
" ....... It was reported that, according to the Emperor's command, his
officers HAD DEMOLISHED THE TEMPLE OF VISHWANATH AT KASHI. ........"
Mathura (Uttar Pradesh)
" ...... During this month of Ramzan abounding in miracles, the Emperor
as the promoter of justice and overthrower of mischief, as the knower of
truth and destroyer of oppression, as the zephyr of the garden of victory
and the reviver of the faith of the Prophet, ISSUED ORDERS FOR THE
DEMOLITION OF THE TEMPLE SITUATED IN MATHURA< FAMOUS AS THE DEHRA OF
KESHO RAI. In the short time by the great exertions of his officers the
DESTRUCTION OF THIS STRONG FOUNDATION OF INFIDELITY WAS ACCOMPLISHED< AND
ON ITS SITE A LOFTY MOSQUE WAS BUILT at the expenditure of a large sum. ...."
" ...... Praised be the August God of the faith of Islam, that in the
auspicious reign of this DESTROYER OF INFIDELITY AND TURBULENCE, such a
wonderful and seemingly impossible work was successfully accomplished. On
seeing this instance of strength of the Emperor's faith and the grandeur
of his devotion to God, the proud Rajas were stifled and in amazement
they stood like images facing the wall. THE IDOLS, LARGE AND SMALL< SET
WITH COSTLY JEWELS WHIC HAD BEEN SET UP IN THE TEMPLE WERE BROUGHT TO
AGRA< AND BURIED UNDER THE STEPS OF THE MOSQUE OF BEGUM SAHIB, IN ORDER
TO BE CONTINUALLY TRODDEN UPON. The name of Mathura was changed to
Islamabad. ......"
Khandela (Rajasthan)
" ...... Darab Khan who had been sent with a strong force to punish the
Rajputs of Khandela and TO DEMOLISH THE GREAT TEMPLE OF THE PLACE,
attacked on March 8th/Safar 5th, and slew the three hundred and odd men
who made a bold defence, not one of them escaping alive. THE TEMPLES OF
KHANDELA AND SANULA AND ALL OTHER TEMPLES IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WERE
DEMOLISHED ........."
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
" ..... On 24th Rabi S. (Sunday, May 25th), Khan Jahan Bahadur came from
Jodhpur, AFTER DEMOLISHING THE TEMPLES and bringing with himself some
cart-loads of idols, and had audience of the Emperor, who higly praised
him and ordered that the idols, which were mostly jewelled, golden,
silver, bronze, copper, or stone, should be cast in the yard
(jilaukhanah) of the Court AND UNDER THE STEPS OF THE JAMA MOSQUE, TO BE
TRODDEN UPON. ...."
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
" .... Ruhullah Khan and Ekkataz Khan WENT TO DEMOLISH THE GREAT TEMPLE
in front of the Rana's palace, which was one of the rarest buildings of
the age and the chief cause of the destruction of the life and property
of the despised worshippers. Twenty 'machator' Rajputs who were sitting
in the Temple vowed to give up their lives; first one of them came out to
fight, killed some and was them himself slain, then came out another and
so on, until every one of the twenty perished, after killing a large
number of the imperialists including the trusted slave Ikhlas. The Temple
was found empty. THE HEWERS BROKE THE IMAGES. ....."
" ....... On Saturday, the 24th January, 1680 (2nd Muharram), the Emperor
went to view lake Udaisagar, constructed by the Rana, AND ORDERED ALL THE
THREE TEMPLES ON ITS BANKS TO BE DEMOLISHED. ........"
" .......... On the 29th January/7th Muharram, Hasan Ali Khan brought to
the Emperor twenty camel-loads of tents and other things captured from
the Rana's Palace and REPORTED THAT ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-TWO OTHER
TEMPLES IN THE ENVIRONS OF UDAIPUR HAD BEEN DESTROYED. The Khan received
the title of Bahadur Alamgirshahi. ...."
Amber (Rajasthan)
"...... Abu Turab, who had been SENT TO DEMOLISH THE TEMPLES of AMBER,
returned to the Court on Tuesday August 10th (Rajab 24th), and reported
that HE HAD PULLED DOWN SIXTY-SIX TEMPLES. ........."
Bijapur (Karnataka)
" ..... Hamiduddin Khan Bahadur WHO HAD GONE TO DEMOLISH A TEMPLE AND
BUILD A MOSQUE (IN ITS PLACE) in Bijapur, having excellently carried his
orders, came to court and gained praise and the post of darogha of
gusulkhanah, which brought him near the Emperor's person. ......"
General Text
"......LARGE NUMBERS OF PLACES OF WORSHIP OF THE INFIDELS AND GREAT
TEMPLES OF THESE WICKED PEOPLE HAVE BEEN THROWN DOWN AND DESOLATED. Men
who can see only the outside of things are filled with wonder at the
successful accomplishment of such a seemingly difficult task. AND ON THE
SITES OF THE TEMPLES LOFTY MOSQUES HAVE BEEN BUILT. ...."
4. "Akhbarat"
These were reports from different provinces compiled in the reign of
Aurangzeb.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707)
Mathura (Uttar Pradesh)
" ......... The emporer learning that in the temple of Keshav Rai at
Mathura there was a stone railing presented by Dara Shikoh, remarked, 'In
the Muslim faith it is a sin even to look at a temple, and this Dara
Shikoh had restored a railing in a temple. This fact is not creditable to
the Muhammadans. REMOVE THE RAILING.' By his order Abdun Nabi Khan (the
faujdar of Mathura) REMOVED IT. ......."
Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh)
" ....... News came from Malwa that Wazir Khan had sent Gada Beg, a
slave, with 400 troopers, TO DESTROY ALL TEMPLES AROUND UJJAIN. ..... A
Rawat of the place resisted and slew Gada Beg with 121 of his men. ......"
Aurangabad (Maharashtra)
"...... The Emperor learnt from a secret news writer of Delhi that in
Jaisinghpura Bairagis used to worship idols, and that the Censor on
hearing of it had gone there, arrested Sri Krishna Bairagis and taken him
with 15 idols away to his house; then the Rajputs had assembled, flocked
to the Censor's house, wounded three footmen of the Censor and tried to
seize the Censor himself; so that the latter set the Bairagis free and
sent the copper idols to the local subahdar ......."
Pandharpur (Maharashtra)
"..... The Emperor, summoning Muhammad Khalil and Khidmat Rai, the
darogha of hatchet-men .... ORDERED THEM TO DEMOLISH THE TEMPLE OF
PANDHARPUR, and to take the butchers of the camp there AND SLAUGHTER COWS
IN THE TEMPLE ..... It was done. ...."
On Way to the Deccan
" ... When the war with the Rajputs was over, Aurangzeb decided to leave
for the Deccan. His march seems to have been marked with A DESTRUCTION TO
MANY TEMPLES on the way. On May 21, 1681, the superintendent of the
labourers WAS ORDERED TO DESTROY ALL THE TEMPLES on the route. ....."
Lakheri ( ??? - means the place is not traceable today )
" ....... On 27 Sept., 1681, the emperor issued orders FOR THE
DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLES at Lakheri. ......"
Rasulpur ( ??? )
".... About this time, April 14, 1692, orders were issued to the
provincial governor and the district faujdar TO DEMOLISH THE TEMPLES at
Rasulpur. ....."
Sheogaon ( ??? )
" ...... Sankar, a messenger, was sent TO DEMOLISH A TEMPLE near Sheogaon
Ajmer (Rajasthan)
".... Bijai Singh and several other Hindus were reported to be carrying
on public worship of idols in a temple in the neighborhood of Ajmer. On
23 June, 1694, THE GOVERNER OF AJMER WAS ORDERED TO DESTROY THE TEMPLE
and stop the public adoration of idol worship there. ...."
Wakenkhera (?)
" .... The TEMPLE OF WAKENKHERA IN THE FORT WAS DEMOLISHED ON 2 MARCH,
1705. ...."
Bhagwant Garh (Rajasthan)
".... The newswriter of Ranthambore REPORTED THE DESTRUCTION OF A TEMPLE
IN PARGANAH BHAGWANT GARH. Gaj Singh Gor had repaired the temple and made
some additions thereto. ...."
Malpura (Rajasthan)
" .... Royal orders FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES IN MALPURA TODA were
received and the officers were assigned for this work. ...."
5. "Fathiyya-i-'Ibriyya"
This is a diary of Mir Jumla's campaigns in Kuch Bihar and Assam. "By
looting," writes Jadunath Sarkar, "the temples of the South and hunting
out buried treasures, Mir Jumla amassed a vast fortune. The huge Hindu
idols of copper were brought away in large numbers to be melted and cast
into cannon. ...."
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (AD 1658-1707)
Koch Bihar (Bengal)
" .... Mir Jumla made his way into Kuch Bihar by an obscure and neglected
highway. .... In six days the Mughal Army reached the capital (19th
December) which had been deserted by the Rajah and his people in terror.
The name of the town was changed to Alamgirnagar; the muslim call to
prayer, so long forbidden in the city, was chanted from the lofty roof of
the palace, and a mosque was built by DEMOLISHING THE PRINCIPLE TEMPLE. ...."
6. "Kalimat-i-Tayyibat" by 'Inayatullah
This is a collection of letters and orders of Aurangzeb compiled by
'Inayatullah in AD 1719 and covers the years 1699-1704 of Aurangzeb's reign.
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (AD 1658-1707)
Somnath (Gujarat)
".... The TEMPLE OF SOMNATH WAS DEMOLISHED early in my reign and idol
worship (there) put down. It is not known what the state of things there
is at present. If the idolators have again taken to the worship of images
at the place, THEN DESTROY THE TEMPLE IN SUCH A WAY THAT NO TRACE OF THE
BUILDING MAY BE LEFT, and also expel them (the worshippers) from the
place. ...."
Satara (Maharashtra)
".... The village of Sattara near Aurangabad was my hunting ground. Here
on the top of the hill, STOOD A TEMPLE WITH AN IMAGE OF KHANDE RAI. BY
GOD'S GRACE I DEMOLISHED IT, AND FORBADE THE TEMPLE DANCERS (muralis) to
ply their shameful profession. ...."
General Observation
".... THE DEMOLITION OF A TEMPLE IS POSSIBLE AT ANY TIME, as it cannot
walk away from its place. ...."
Sirhind (Punjab)
".... In a small village in the sarkar of Sirhind, A SIKH TEMPLE WAS
DEMOLISHED AND CONVERTED INTO A MOSQUE. An imam was appointed who was
subsequently killed. ...."
7. "Ganj-i-Arshadi"
It is a contemporary account of the destruction of Hindu temples at
Varanasi in the reign of Aurangzeb.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (AD 1658-1707)
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
".... The infidels demolished a mosque that was under construction and
wounded the artisans. When the news reached Shah Yasin, he came to
Banaras from Mandyawa and collecting the Muslim weavers, DEMOLISHED THE
BIG TEMPLE. A Sayyid who was an artisan by profession agreed with one
Abdul Rasul to build a mosque at Banaras and accordingly the foundation
was laid. Near the place there was a temple and many houses belonging to
it were in the occupation of the Rajputs. The infidels decided that the
construction of a mosque in the locality was not proper and that it
should be razed to the ground. At night the walls of the mosque were
found demolished. next day the wall was rebuilt but it was again
destroyed. This happened three or four times. At last the Sayyid his
himself in the corner. With the advent of night the infidels came to
achieve their nefarious purpose. When Abdul Rasul gave the alarm, the
infidels began to fight and the Sayyid was wounded by the Rajputs. In
the meantime, the Musalman residents of the neighborhood arrived at the
spot and the infidels took to their heels. The wounded muslims were
taken to Shah Yasin who determined to vindicate the cause of Islam. When
he came to the mosque, people collected from the neighborhood. the civil
officers were outwardly inclined to side with the saint, but in reality
they were afraid of the Royal displeasure on the account of the Raja, who
was a courtier of the Emperor and had built the temple (near which the
mosque was under construction). Shah Yasin, however, took up the sword
and started for Jihad. The civil officers sent him a message that such a
grave step should not be taken without the Emperor's permission. Shah
Yasin, paying no heed, sallied forth till he reached Bazar Chau Khamba
through a fusillade of stones ...... THE DOORS (OF TEMPLES) WERE FORCED
OPEN AND THE IDOLS THROWN DOWN. THE WEAVERS AND OTHER MUSALMANS
DEMOLISHED ABOUT 500 TEMPLES. They desired to destroy the temple of Beni
Madho, but as lanes were barricaded, they desisted from going further. ...."
8. "Kalimat-i-Aurangzeb" by 'Inayatullah
This is another compilation of letters and orders by 'Inayatu'llah
covering the years 1703-06 of Aurangzeb's reign.
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (AD 1658-1707)
Maharashtra
"....The houses of this country (Maharashtra) are exceedingly strong and
built solely of stone and iron. The hatchet-men of the Govt. in the
course of my marching do not get sufficient strength and power (i.e.
time) TO DESTROY AND RAZE THE TEMPLES OF THE INFIDELS that meet the eye
on the way. You should appoint an orthodox inspector (darogha) who may
afterwards DESTROY THEM AT LEISURE AND DIG UP THEIR FOUNDATIONS. ....."
9. "Muraq'at-i-Abu'I Hasan" by Maulana Abu'l Hasan
This is a collection of records and documents compiled by (the above
named author) one of Aurangzeb's officers in Bengal and Orissa during AD
1655-67.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (AD 1658-1707)
Bengal and Orissa
"....Order issued on all faujdars of thanas, civil officers (mutasaddis),
agents of jagirdars, kroris, and amlas from Katak to Medinipur on the
frontier of Orissa :- The imperial paymaster Asad Khan has sent a letter
written by order of the Emperor, to say, that the Emperor learning from
the newsletters of the province of Orissa that at the village of Tilkuti
in Medinipur a temple has been (newly) built, HAS ISSUED HIS AUGUST
MANDATE FOR ITS DESTRUCTION, and THE DESTRUCTION OF ALL TEMPLES BUILT
ANYWHERE IN THIS PROVINCE BY THE WORTHLESS INFIDELS. Therefore, you are
commanded with extreme urgency that immediately on the receipt of this
letter YOU SHOULD DESTROY THE ABOVE MENTIONED TEMPLES. EVERY IDOL-HOUSE
BUILT DURING THE LAST 10 or 12 YEARS, WHETHER WITH BRICK OR CLAY, SHOULD
BE DEMOLISHED WITHOUT DELAY. ALSO, DO NOT ALLOW THE CRUSHED HINDUS AND
DESPICABLE INFIDELS TO REPAIR THEIR OLD TEMPLES. REPORTS OF THE
DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE COURT UNDER THE SEAL OF THE
QAZIS and attested by PIOUS SHAIKHS. ......"
10. "Futuhat-i-Alamgiri" by Ishwardas Nagar
The author was a Brahman from Gujarat, born around AD 1654. Till the age
of thirty he was in the service of the Chief Qazi of the empire under
Aurangzeb. Later on, he took up a post under Shujat Khan, the governor of
Gujarat, who appointed him Amin in the pargana of Jodhpur. His history
covers almost half a century of Aurangzeb's reign, from 1657 to 1700.
There is nothing in his style which may mark him out as a Hindu.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (AD 1658-1707)
Mathura (Uttar Pradesh)
" .... When the imperial army was encamping at Mathura, a holy city of
the Hindus, the state of affairs with regard to temples of Mathura was
brought to the notice of His Majesty. Thus, HE ORDERED THE FAUJDAR OF THE
CITY, ABDUL NABI KHAN, TO RAZE TO THE GROUND EVERY TEMPLE AND TO
CONSTRUCT BIG MOSQUES (over their demolished sites). ......."
Udaipur (Rajasthan)
"..... The Emperor, within a short time, reached Udaipur AND DESTROYED
THE GATE OF DEHBARI, THE PALACES OF RANA AND THE TEMPLES OF UDAIPUR.
Apart from it, the trees of his gardens were also destroyed. ......"
Partial Bibliography (Expanded)
------------------
Ahmad, Qeyamuddin (ed.), "Patna through the Ages", New Delhi, 1988.
"Alberuni's India", translated by E.C. Sachau, New Delhi Reprint, 1983.
Attar, Shykh Faridu'd-Din, "Tadhkirat al-Awliya", translated into Urdu by
Maulana Z.A. Usmani.
Bloch J., "Indian Studies", London, 1931.
Chuvin, Pierre, "A Chronicle of the Last Pagans", Harvard, 1990.
Durrant, Will, "The Story of Civilization", New York, 1972.
Elliot and Dowson, "History of India as told by its own Historians", 8
volumes, Allahbad Reprint, 1964.
"First Encyclopedia of Islam"
"Futuhat-i-Alamgiri" by Ishwardas Nagar, trans. into English by Tasneem
Ahmad, Delhi, 1978.
Growse, F.S. "Mathura: A District Memoir", Reprint, Ahmedabad, 1978.
Hosain, Saiyid Safdar, " The Early History of Islam," Vol. I, Delhi
Reprint, 1985.
"Jami Tirmizi," Arabic text with Urdu translation by Badi'al-Zaman, Vol.
I, New Delhi, 1983.
"Kitab Futuh Al-Buldan" of Al-Biladhuri, translated into English by F.C.
Murgotte, New York, 1924.
"Maasir-i-Alamgiri" of Saqi Must'ad Khan, translated into English and
annotated by Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Calcutta, 1947.
"Makke Madine di Goshati", edited by Dr. Kulwant Singh, Patiala, 1988.
"The Rehala of Ibn Battuta," translated into English by Mahdi Hussain,
Baroda, 1976.
Sarkar, Jadunath, "History of Aurangzeb," 3 Volumes, Calcutta, 1972, 73.
