2401.Vegetables: kira_ta kad.d.i a medicinal herb (Tu.lex.) ki_rai greens, pot-herbs, vegetables; ki_rai-ttan.t.u spinach, amarantus gangeticus (Ta.); ci_ra greens, eatable leaves, esp. chenopodium album and various amarantus species; ki_ra greens; ki_ra, ci_ra spinach (Ma.); ki.r sp. amarantus (Ko.); ki.ry id. (To.); ki_re, kire various species of greens (Ka.); ki_ra, ki_re herb, vegetable, greens (Te.)[amarantus paniculatus = amarantus speciosus; amarantus caudatus = amarantus paniculatus](DEDR 1617).

2402.Diadem: kiri_t.a diadem, crest (MBh.Pali); kiri_d.a diadem (Pkt.); tiri_d.a headdress (Pkt.); kirul.a crown (Si.)(CDIAL 3176). mukut. diadem (Santali.lex.) kiri_t.a is used by Su_rya (mukut.adha_ri_, Br.hat. LVII. 47); Kubera (va_makiri_t.i_, Br.hat. LVII. 57); and the Bhu_ta-gan.as (Br.hadya_tra_, XV. 12).

2403.Alphabet: cir-apper..uttu alphabetic letter peculiar to a language (Nan-. 274)(Ta.lex.) akhor a letter of alphabet (Santali.lex.) kir.aki, kir.a_ki the character used by kirar.s in writing. It is derived from the Sanskrit alphabet, but the letters are so mutilated that it is difficult in some cases to trace their origin. It is very deficien in consonants, having no ng, jh, t.h, d, y or s.; h is generally omitted in writing. The vowels a, i, u appear in the alphabet, but except as initial letters they are omitted in practice. The forms of the letters differ in different towns: kir.aki di likhat d.ilh d.ola hik. In kir.aki writing d.ilh and d.ola are the same (i.e. only d. and l without any vowels, would be used to express both words); kirar., kirar.i a tribe of Hindus also called aror.a. Kirar.s are divided into three main tribes: uttra_dhi (northern), dakhana (southern), and d.a_hra. The first two say they were so named because they fled to the north and south respectively. The origin of d.a_hra is not known. Each main tribe contains numerous sub-divisions, the nomenclature of which defies classification. A few names, as the mat.e and guruwar.a are found in three main tribes; a large number is found in two, and the majority in only one. The main tribes do not intermarry, but the sub-divisions of a main tribe do. They worship either Kr.s.n.a incarnation or the river Ganges or both. They are traders, money lenders and bankers. They have no prejudice against any kind of work, and will sell vegetables or shoes, load donkeys and do other work which an orthodox Hindu would not. In correspondence and accounts kirar.s use a peculiar character of their own kir.aki; kirat work, business, occupation (P.lex.) lan.d.a_ the written character used by shop-keepers (P.lex.)

2404.An annular continent: kiravuca-t-ti_vu : cf. kiravuca-kiri < krauca the eastern part of the Hima_laya range, in Assam, as split by Skanda (Pu. Ve. 6,9, Urai.)(Ta.lex.)

2405.Scribe: kera_ clerk; kera_ni id. (B.); ki_raka scribe (Skt.); qa_ri, pl. qurra_ reader, esp. of Qur'a_n (Arabic)(CDIAL 3170). keraku that is scratching or rough as a stone; keran.t.u to dig with the nails, to scratch (Ka.); curan.t.u (Ta.); ciran.d.u, curan.d.u (Ma.); kir-i (Ta.); ciragu, curagu to scrape, grate; cikku to scratch (Ma.); celuku to scratch (Te.)(Ka.lex.) kira_n.i clerk (J.)(Ta.lex.) kerani a writer, clerk (Santali.lex.) karan.an- accountant (Kantapu. Ma_rkkan.. 210); karan.am title-deed, document (R.F.); accountant, karnam (S.I.I. i,65)(Ta.lex.) Image: stripe, to draw lines: ki.r a mark, a line (Ko.); ki.ra stripe (Kol.); khi_r line (Nk.); gi_r line (Kond.a); line, mark (Pa.); gi_t line (Go.); gi_ri line (Ga.); ki_r-u a stripe (Ma.); to scratch, draw lines, scribble, write; n. scratch, mark, stroke, scrawl, writing (Ta.); gi_r-u a line, streak, stripe (Ka.); to scratch, scrape (Ka.); to scratch, scrape; comb with fingers (Te.); gi_r-a, gi~_ta stroke, line (Te.); gi_t.u line, mark (Te.); a line, stroke (Ka.); line, stroke, mark (Tu.); gere a line, row, stroke (Tu.); ki_r-r-u stroke, line, mark, stripe (Ta.); gi_ra line, mark, scrape (Kui); giri line (KUwi); gira_ a line (Or.); kiraka a scribe (Skt.)(DEDR 1623). kharok sound of scraping (Santali.lex.) To slit, rend, slice: kiresu, keresu to scrape (Tu.lex.) ki_r-u gash, cut, slice, piece; to slit, tear, rend, cut, gash, slice (Ta.); ki_r-r-u slice, piece (Ta.Ma.); ki_r-al a tear (Ma.); tearing (Ta.); ki_l to rend, tear (Ta.); ki_ntal a slice, piece (Ma.); ki.r- (ki.ry-) to tear, gash (Ko.); ki_tu piece, slice (of fruits and flesh)(Ka.); ki.t to tear (Kod..); ki_runi to split (Tu.); ki_ru split, rift (Tu.); ki_tu part, bit, splinter (Tu.); gi_r-u, gi~_t.u to tear, rend (Te.); keerke a bit or piece (Go.)(DEDR 1624). cira, ciro, sir.an., sir.o, tarar., or.ec to tear (Santali.lex.)

2406.Image: to rend: ki_r.. to rend (Tirukko_. 249); to split, rive, cleave (Ci_vaka. 1157)(Ta.); ki_l. id. (Ka.); part, portion, section (Ci_vaka. 2248); ki_l.(l.u)-tal to rend, split, tear (Kampara_. Pal.l.i. 71); ci_l id. (Te.); ki_l.- to burst, as the bund of an overfull tank (Pur-ana_. 118,3)(Ta.lex.) ki_l.ut.ai girdle of an ascetic or sanya_si, generally a long strip of cloth (Ka_l.at. Ula_, 500)(Ta.lex.) cf. ki_r-u-tal to slit, tear, rend (Tiva_.); ki_r-u (Ka.); gi_r-u (Te.)(Ta.lex.) ki_r-u-tal to draw lines; to scribble, make marks, write, engrave (Pin..)(Ta.); ki_r-u id. (Ma.); gi_yu (Te.); gi_ru (Ka.); ki_r-u to slice, cut off longitudinally; streak, mark, stroke, line, scratch; notch, furrow, indentation, gash, cut, slit, incision (Ta.lex.) cf. ke_r..i a line, a series; a group, flock (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ki_r, gi_r to scratch, to split; a split, a scratch (Tu.lex.)

2407.Ancient: ki_r adj. past, ancient; ki_rugu me_lugu buddhi a lesson for the past and the future (Tu.lex.) kir..a old (Ta.); ker..ava, ker..iva an old man (Ka.Ta.Ma.); kir..i to descend; to be subtracted,low, degraded (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) kir..avu old age (Ci_vaka. 379); kir..avan- aged man (Te_va_. 648,4); kir..avan (Ma.); kir..am-pat.utal to grow old; to become worn out or useless by age (Piramo_t. 7,30); kir..at.u old age, senility (Upate_caka_. Civapun.n.iya. 217)(Ta.lex.)

2408.Image: water-lift: kir..a_r water-lift for irrigation, drawn by bullocks (Cilap. 10,110); garden (Nan-. 272, Mayilai.)(Ta.lex.)

2409.Profession: giri an affix denoting office, busines, profession (Ka.M.H.); guma_sta-giri, diva_n.a-giri, munis.i_-giri, sipa_yi-giri (Ka.lex.) giri proper noun of a male person (Tu.lex.) giri venerable, respectable, worshipful; an honorific title given to sannya_sins (Skt.lex.) kir..avan- owner (Kur-al., 1039); lord, master, husband (Tol. Po. 192); chief of an agricultural tract; oilmonger; black sediment in oil; kir..avi wife, mistress (Tol. Po. 186); kir..avatu < kir..a-mai that which pertains to or belongs to (Tol. Po. 84); kir..avo_n- proprietor, owner (Tirumuru. 317); lord, master,husband (Tol. Po. 234); kir..a_r ancient ve_l.a_l.a title (Tol. Po. 629, Urai.; I_t.u, 6,3,7); kir..a_n- owner, proprietor (Tiruvil.ai. Valaiv_ci. 42); kir..amai claim, right, propriety (Kur-al., 785); friendship, alliance (Ci_vaka. 544); kir..atti proprietress, she who has a right (Pa_rata. Cir-appu. 13); mistress, lady-love (Tol. Po. 118); ki_r..o_r cultivators (Paripa_. 17,40)(Ta.lex.) For semant. 'friendship' cf. kel.e, gen.i, gen.e, gel.e union; friendship; ke_l.a a companion (Ka.lex.)

2410.Image: pot: kir..alai the lower side of a vessel, the side on which the sail is hoisted; < ki_r.. lower (Ta.); kir..akku bottom, foot; low place (Kur-un. 337); lowness, plainness (Tol. Po. 280); depression, pit (Tiva_.); kir..a_-an- curd-pot (Kalin.. 506, Putup.); curd (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) cf. ge_l.a_ a round vessel to hold oil etc. (M.); ke_l, ke_lu a large earthen water-jar (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2411.Image: tawny colour: kura_l dim, tawny colour (Ta.); brown (Ma.); kira_l brown (Ma.)(DEDR 1776). kura_r--pacu tawny cow (S.I.I. iii,121); kura_l cow (Ce_tupu. Man:kala. 27)(Ta.lex.) kairi, khaera brown (Santali.lex.)

2412.Male calf; ox, horned cattle: kura bull calf, male calf (Go.); kur-a male calf (Kond.a); kurra id. (Kol.Nk.Pa.); kurra_ id. (Go.); kurra d.a_lu id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1801). [cf. ko_d.e du_d.a bull calf (Te.)(DEDR 2199) wherein ko_d.e (young bull) is an adj. male]. ko_t.i-p-paruvam youth (Ta.); ko_d.eparuvamu id. (Te.)(Ta.lex.) ko_ra_ untamed bull, horse, etc. (Ta.lex.) kurnja young male child (Pe.); kurl young cow (up to three years)(Ko.); kuruman- young of certain animals and birds (Ta.); kurule, kurle a young pig, a baby (Tu.); kurnja young male child; fem. kurnji (Pe.); kuru_ colt (Kur.); kurul.ai young of certain animals (viz., dog, pig, tiger, hare, fox)(Tol. Po. 564-565); young of a snake (Kur-un. 119); child (Ci Ci. Parapak. Pa_yiram. 4); tortoise (Ta.)(DEDR 1791); kurumbo 'n:kurah. (Skt.). kuruku young, as of an animal (Ta.); young of a beast (Tiv. Tiruppa_. 1, Vya_.); kuru young, as of an animal (Te.Ma.Tu.) (Ta.lex.)] go_ru_pa cow-shaped (AV.); bull, (coll.) cattle (Pali); go_ru_va a good bull; go_ru_ ox (Pkt.); go_ru_, go_rwi_ cow; go_rwa_ bull; guruv, guruvni, gurumni (Gypsy); goru_ bull (Sv.); go_ru_ cow (K.); goru_ cattle (excluding buffalos)_(P.); gro~, pl. gru cattle; go_ru_ (N.); goru_ cow (Ku.); goru bull, bullock (N.); go_ru a bovine animal, stupid person; gori_ya_ lazy (A.); goru, garu any animal of the bovine species, cattle, stupid person (B.); goru_ cow, ox (Or.); ox, horned cattle (except buffalos)(Bi.); go_ru_ cattle (Bhoj.); goru_, gorua_ ox, cow (H.); guru, gure~ cow, bullock, buffalo, black cattle (M.); geriya_ bullock; geri cow; gon.-geri ox (Si.)(CDIAL 4313). go a cow, an ox, bull, pl. cattle (Pali)[Lat. bos, OHG. chuo, Ags. cu_ = E. cow](Pali.lex.) go-parin.a_yaka leader of the cows, ep. of a bull [gopita protected, guarded, watched +]; gon.a an ox, bullock (for ploughing); gon.a-sira wild ox; gon.aka a kind of ox, a wild bull (Pali.lex.)

2413.Tells one's number (of troop of flock); gang: giroh a collection, a party of men, a gang (P.lex.) Image: a herd of kine: kere a herd of kine; go_samu_ha (Ka.lex.) se_r-i kor-u cock (Kond.a); sehi male (Kuwi)(DEDR 2820). xe_r fowl (Kur.); qru id. (Malt.)(DEDR 2013). cf. ke_ru (ke_ri-) to cackle (as a hen)(Ta.)(DEDR 2009). gan.a troop, flock (RV.); gan.ayati tells one's number (of troop of flock)(Ka_s'.); gan.a troop, flock (Pali.Pkt.); gan herd (Tor.); gan.aya company (Si.)(CDIAL 3988). avagan.a separated from one's companions (MBh.); o_gan.a separated, standing alone (Pali); ogn.o a grain of corn which remains hard after boiling, baking or grinding; ogn.a_ pl. small particles of cakes (G.)(CDIAL 739). sam.gan.ika_ society, the world; sam.gan.ana_ counting together (Skt.); san:gan.ika_ association (Pali); an:ganiya assembly (Si.)(CDIAL 12846). sam.gamayati brings together (AV.); sa~gwa_n.a_ to collect together (H.)(CDIAL 12847). kan.am < gan.a group; collection; class; tribe; clan; flock; herd; series (kan.an:kon.t.u cur-r-atta_r : Na_lat.i, 25); company, assembly, concourse of people (Tiva_.); kan.atta_r managers of village affairs (I.M.P.T. 569); kan.apperumakkal. managers of village affairs in ancient times (I.M.P. Cg. 516); kan.a-can:kiya_-pa_kam < gan.a + san:khya_ + aggregate number of shares into which the lands of a village are, at the time of the original grant, equally divided (Ta.lex.) kan.akku number, account, reckoning, calculation, computation (Ta.Ma.); account book, ledger (Kur-un. 261); order, sequence (I_t.u, 3,4, Pra.); thing, affair, circumstance; letter, writing (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) Telling one's number of troop or flock: gan.a troop, flock (RV.Pkt.Pali) [cf. gan.ayati tells one's number (of troop or flock).]; gan herd (Dardic); beehive (K.); gan.ha_r beehive (Dardic); gan.aya company (Si.)(CDIAL 3988, 3991). [cf.Phratry names in a clan by number counts: aim-peru-ve_l.ir five great ve_l.ir (Akam.,125); er..u ve_l.ir seven ve_l.ir (Akam., 36; patinoru ve_l.ir eleven ve_l.ir (Akam., 246); patina_nku ve_l.ir fourteen ve_l.r (Akam., 135); patinen kut.i ve_l.ir eighteen septs of ve_l.ir (Tol. Po., 32, Urai) [cf. Mahadevan, I. 1970, p.185]; re: Gond.s of Adilabad: nal ven saga number four phratry; si ven saga number five phratry; sar ven saga number six phratry; er ven saga number seven phratry (Sethumadhava Rao Pagdi, Among the Gonds of Adilabad, Bombay, 1949, p.3; loc.cit. Mahadevan, I., Dravidian Parallels in Proto-Indian Script, Journal of Tamil Studies, vol.II, No.1, 1970, pp.157-276; p.185].

2414.Image: Indian file: giroe goroe, goyor goyor, gior goyor following each other in a line, trailing; gonto goto, gonto gotor, gonto goyo, gonto goyor one after another, Indian file (Santali.lex.) ha_r, ha_ri file of soldiers; ha_ri a_sa_t there are lines; harin in files (Kon.lex.) Image: line: gero, gerea_ drawn line; groove of a column (Kon.lex.) gire, gere a line (Tu.lex.) gere a scratch as with a finger nail or a chisel; a line; a streak; gere ha_ku to mark with lines by a ruler; to make a sign in the form of a line, to mark; to draw a line over (Ka.lex.)

2415.Images: series, herd: ke_r..i a line, a series; a group, flock, troop; a heap; ke_ri, pa_r..i, panti (Ka.); ce_t.u, ce_n., ce_y distance; length, breadth; height; greatness; crowd, assembly (Ka.) (Ka.lex.) kere a herd of kine (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) s're_ni, se_n.i a line, a row, a range; a multitude, a number; a troop (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: line, series: se_d.hi_ line, row (Pkt.); s're_dhi_ a partic. progression of arithmetical figures (Pkt.); he_r, dat. he_ri ladder (K.)(CDIAL 12724). ceitr ladder (Ash.)(CDIAL 12720).

2416.Image: a line: gi_r-u, gi_t.u a line, a streak, a stripe, a groove; a scartch or its mark; gi_r-acu a stripe-like fine border of a cloth; gi_r-a cippu a shell with stripes; gi_r-u-gandha streaks of sandal on the body; a streak of sandal on the forehead; gi_r-u-na_ma a perpendicular sectarian line on the forehead made with go_pi; gi_r-u to draw, to draw lines or streaks (Ka.); gi_cu, ki_r-u, gi_ku, gi_ju, gi_r-u to scrape or scratch; to scrawl, to scribble; to draw a line or lines over with a pen; to draw lines or furrows; to lance a tree in order to extract its milky juice (Ka.Te.); gi_cu ba_cu reit. scrawl, scribble (Ka.); gi_t.u a line, a stroke (Ka.); ki_t.t.u, gi_te, gi_re, ji_re (Te.); ki_r-r-u (Ta.); ce_r (M.); ce_ra (Skt.); gi_t.a_t.a hop-scotch (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: one of the four chequered stripes: ke_ri one of the four chequered stripes on a pagad.e cloth (Ka.lex.) ki_r-r-u stroke, line, mark, streak, stripe (Ci_vaka. 782); ki_r-al tearing, scratching (Kuce_lo_. Kuce_. Vaikun.. 36)(Ta.lex.)

3674.Image: part, portion, wedge, split: ki_l. (ki_l.v-, ki_n.t.-) to rend, tear, split; burst (as bund of an over-full tank); n. part, portion, section (Ta.); ci_l. splinter, piece of wood, wedge (Ma.); ci.l. pieces (of pot, paper, etc.); division of land (Ko.); gi_l.u to rend; si_l., si_l.u to split, divide, be rent; split, etc.; n. splitting, a split, fragment, part (Ka..); ci_lu a split, splinter; si_l.u a crack, crash, split (Tu.); ci_lu to break, split, crack, be divided, broken, torn, rent, split (Te.); ci_lika slice, sliver (Te.)(DEDR 1622). Image: a flat stone for engraving: cil, cillu a flat stone for engraving, a small round piece (as draught) (Ma.); kelle a splinter, shiver (Ka.); kellu id. (Tu.); cilla-penku, cilla-pencu potsherd (penku, pencu id.)(Te.); cil small piece (as of broken glass), potsherd, flat round stone (Ta..)(DEDR 1577).

3675.Bark: chila bark, skin (S.); chill id. (L.); chil bark (WPah.); chi_lo bark (Marw.); chilet.u~ bark, peel (G.)(CDIAL 5052). cilike stick and other small pieces of wood (Ka.); hir.pen bark of tree (Go.); si_lpa chip of wood (Kond.a); cilpa id., bark (Pe.)(DEDR 2586). il.i (-v-, -nt-) to strip off, pluck (Ta.); cil.ikka (the rind of a fruit) to open from ripeness (Ma.); cilkuni to flay (Tu.); cilng to peel off, flake off; cilkip- (cilkit-) to peel off, scale off (Pa.); sil skin, rind (Br.)(DEDR 2585). Image: to open, split: cillu (-pp-, -tt-) to open, split; cilukku chipping, cutting; ciluval rags, tatters (Ta.); cilv- (cild-) to break along the length of the grain; (cilt-) id. (Ko.)(DEDR 2566). ki_l. to rend, split; n. part, portion, section (Ta.); ci_l. splinter, wedge (Ma.); ci.l. pieces, division of land (Ko.); gi_l.u to rend; si_l., si_l.u to split, divide, be rent; a split, fragment, part (Ka.); ci_lu a split, splinter; si_l.u a crack, crach, split (Tu.); ci_lu to break, split, crack, be divided, broken, torn, rent, split; ci_lucu, ci_lcu to split, break, divide, tear; ci_lika slice, sliver (Te.)(DEDR 1622). cf. kir..i to be torn, rent in shreds, to split (Ta.)(DEDR 1581). cf. ki_r-u to slit; cut, slice, piece (Ta.); ki_ru split, rift; ki_tu part, bit, splinter (Tu.); keerk a bit or piece (Go.)(DEDR 1624). Small hole, crack: cilli leak, hole, crack (Ta.); small hole as in a pot, paper, etc. (Te.); illi small hole (as in a pitcher), orifice as of the teat (Ta.); cilli-k-kuttu a little hole (Ma.); jilli small hole in an earthen vessel (Ka.)(DEDR 2575). To split, slit, saw, tear; sharp: i_ruka to saw, split (Ta.); sixb sharp end of piece of wood (To.); sigi to split (as wood), tear or rend with the teeth as sugarcane (Ka.); sigasu, sigisu to have split (Ka.); sigur- a splinter, a shiver (Ka.); si_bu bamboo-slit (Ka.); tigipuni, tigupuni, sigipu to split, slit, cut, saw, tear (Tu.); sinder a splinter of wood, bamboo, etc. (Go.); ci_ring to slit, slice, tear open (Br.) (DEDR 2491). ci_ra rag (Skt.)(CDIAL 4843). s'i_ra pointed, sharp (RV.); s'i_rin a kind of kus'a grass (Skt.); si_r the silky-headed grass imperata koenigii (P.)(CDIAL 12495). Rag, bark-cloth: citarvai cloth worn or reduced to a rag (Ta.); cita_r thin bark of certain trees used as clothing; cloth, rag (Ta.); citalai small piece of cloth, rag (Ta.); ci_ntuka to tear, strip (a plantain leaf)(Ma.); ci_ntu a shred, strip, streak (Ma.); cindar-a fragment, piece (Te.); kithre to split wood (Malt.)(DEDR 1547). Bowstring: sittha, sittha_ bowstring (Pkt.); s'it (M.)(CDIAL 13400). sit.ro one of the strings suspended from above in a loom to suppport the web (S.); prasiti fowler's net (RV.); s'it.a_ rope (?RV.)(CDIAL 13400). se_tr. binding (RV.); se_tra bond, ligament (Pa_n..)(CDIAL 13586). Hemp: kitta_n- linen, canvas (Ta.Ma.) < kata_n (U.); kitta_n-pacu tow, oakum for caulking ships; kitta_n--pa_y canvas sail; kittam that which is made (kr.ta)(Tirukko_. 388, Urai); kitta_n--kayir-u hemp rope (Ta.lex.) Cloth: kattiyam a kind of cloth of superior quality (Ta.); katta (Pkt.); ka_tna_ (U.)(Ta.lex.) citar (-pp-, -tt-) to separate, split, cut, hack; n. rag, cloth (Ta.); citaval cutting off, cropping; strip of cloth, rag, torn piece of cloth; citai (-v-, -nt-) to be sundered; (-pp-, -tt-) to shear (Ta.); cintu (cinti-) to cut off (Ta.); cinnikka to cleave, split (Ma.); ci_ntuka to tear (as paper, leaves), strip (a plantain leaf); ci_ntu a shred, strip, streak (Ma.); kidi_ta_na_ to shred chillies, etc. with fingernails (Go.); kithke to mince; kithre to split wood (Malt.)(DEDR 1547). Cloth: sendra cloth (Ga.Go.); hendra id. (Pe.Mand..); handra id. (Mand..); hendra_ id. (Kuwi)[Similar words in Munda languages, cf. Pinnow, p.241: e.g. se_ndara_ (Gutob)](DEDR 2771). ce_n.t.iravar weavers (Ta.); ja_d.a, je_d.a a weaver belonging to the Lin:gavanta sect (Ka.); ja_d.e, ja_d.ye weaver, spider (Tu.); je_n.d.ra, de_n.d.ra a caste of weavers (Te.)(DEDR 2809). citarvai cloth worn out or reduced to a rag (Ta.); citalai small piece of cloth, rag (Ta.); cita_r cloth, rag, thin bark of certain trees used as clothing (Ta.)(DEDR 1953). ci_thar.o old ragged clothes (S.); ci_thr.a_ rag (P.H.); ci_thar. (H.); cithr.u~ rag (G.); cithru~, citri_ rag ((G.)(CDIAL 4802). chittvara fit for cutting, roguish, hostile (Skt.); chittaru, chettaru old household utensil such as an old winnowing basket (Pkt.); chitaru old shoe or mat; chitiro worn out or in pieces (e.g. mat or shoe), troublesome (S.); chittur torn shoe (L.); chittar very old and worn shoe (L.); chi_tar shoe (H.); s'itri_ small and mean hut (M.)(CDIAL 5038).

3673.Cloak, dress: ci_la, s'i_la bag, purse (Ma.); ci_ra, ci_la, ci_lu bag, sack (Ka.); ci.le bag (Kod..)(DEDR 2632). cilai-man. (Ta.) ci_la-mannu (Te.) coat of clay on cloth spread over the mouth of a calcinatory pot; ci_lai (Ta.) cf. ce_la; ci_ra (Te.); se_la (Ka.); ci_la (Ma.) cloth, garment; ci_lai-k-kutumpai yoruka_tu (Tiv. Periya_r... 3,3,1); cloth of 2 1/4 cubits; woman's cloth; man's forelap, ko_van.am; ci_lai-kot.u to present a cloth to a widow in token of marrying her; ci_lai-t-tun.i piece of cloth; clothes; cloth for decoration; ci_lai-p-pe_n- (Ta.) ci_rape_nu (Te.) lice in cloths (Ta.lex.) kucer dress (Bshk.); kuce_la a wretched garment (Mn.); rag (Car.)(CDIAL 3218). ce_la clothes, garment (Gaut.); cloth, garment (Pali.Pkt.); cel dress, cloak (Dm.); ce_li_ bodice (Skt.); cila_ cloth, dress (Pas'.); celet.i shirt (Pas'.); ceu, ce_l cloak (Kal.); cel.a cloth, garment (Or.); hela carpet (Si.)(CDIAL 4910)). Woman's garment: gisi_r. cloth (Go.); kicri_ cloth, garment (Kur.); kic(e)ri (Mundari); kicri_ (Or.)(DEDR 1521). ci_vara dress of an ascetic (S'a_n:khS'r.Pali)[cf. ka_vi red ochre (Ta.); ka.yv sannya_si's dress of orange cloth (Ko.)(DEDR 1490)]; cloth garment (Pkt.); se~ora_ portion of an old cloth (A.); ci_var fine garment (G.); ci_r fine silken woman's garment (G.); sivura, sivra yellow robe of Buddhist monk (Si.)(CDIAL 4846). ci_val that which is loosely woven (Ta.); thinness of cloth (Ma.)(DEDR 2637). Bark, woman's dress: ci_rai bark of a tree (ci_rai tai i ya vut.ukkaiyar : Tirumuru.126); cloth; rags, tatters (Tiruva_lava_. 54,19); ci_rakar Buddhist, as clad in bark (Ta.lex.) ci_ra strip (of bark or cloth)(TA'r.); bark, fibre, bark dress, strip (Pali); rag (Pkt.); ci_raka announcement in a strip of paper (Skt.); c^urⁱ slip of paper (K.); ci_ro a kind of coloured turban (S.); ci_r slit (P.); ci_ra_ variegated turban (P.); chequered turban (Bi.); cut, slit (H.); ciro piece (Ku.); cut, slice (N.); si_r torn or split piece, bark, old torn cloth (A.); sira_ piece of split cane (A.); cir tear, slice, lath, old torn cloth (B.); cira_ torn, a tear (Or.); strip of cloth (M.); ci_r clothes (in general)(Bi.); clothes, woman's dress (Mth.); bark, strip of cloth, bark garment, tear (H.); crack, slit, small piece (G.); clothes (esp. under-garments)(M.); ci_ro slit, long piece of canvas (G.); hira, ira line, streak (Si.)(CDIAL 4843). ci_rai cloth (Ta.); ci_lai cloth, garment, woman's cloth (Ta.); ci_la, s'i_la cloth (Ma.); si.ly a cloak (To.); si_re cloth, garment in general (not sewed)(Ka.); s'i_re, si_re female's garment (Tu.); ci_ra id., any cloth in general (Te.); ci_la cloak (Go.); si_le cloth (Go.); sila paciya dhoti (Kuwi)(DEDR 2629). kir-ige a small si_re worn by girls (Ka.); kirigi, kirige, girigi the garment worn by a girl (Tu.)(DEDR 1592). ki.r (obl. ki.t--) loose bosom and waist of woman's clothes when tied at waist for working (Ko.); girpuni, gidupuni to loosen, untie, break, pull down (Tu.); gidpu loosening (Tu.); girpu, kippu to pluck (Kor.)(DEDR 1616).

3713.Sun: si_ sun (Tor.); swi_r (Mai.); sir (Wot..); so_, s^uo sun (Ash.): so_i, so_ (Wg.); su_ (Kt.); ser (Dm.); sa~_ (Gmb.); su_ra sun (RV.); su_rya (Skt.); su_riya (RV.); su_ri_ a name of Kunti as wife of the sun (Pa_n.. va_rtt.); sauri_ wife of the sun; a name of Tapati_ daughter of the sun (MBh.); saura relating to the sun (MaitrUp.); su_ra sun (Pali.Pkt.); surya (Pali); sujja (Pkt.); suj (L.); sivi the sun's ray (Si.); siju sun (S.); sijjh, sijh, sejj (L.); su_ria (Pkt.); su_ri (Tir.); suri_ (Nin:g. Shum.); su_ri (Gaw.Kal.Kand.); surya (Sv.); su_ri (Phal.); sun, sunshine (Sh.); su~_re, siri_, siri sun (K.); (h)ira, hiri, hiru, hira (Si.); iru (Md.); sur sun (Pas'.); si_r (Bshk.)(CDIAL 13574). cu_riyan- sun (Tiruva_ca. 14,15)(Ta.lex.) lahiru newly risen sun (Si.)(CDIAL 7016).

3699.Image: scale-pan; ?balance: ci_rai scale-pan (ci_raipukka varaiya_ vi_kai yuravo_n-: Purana_. 43,7); ci_r equilibrium; balance; measure, quantity; libra of the zodiac (Ta.lex.) ci_r balance; equilibrium, evenness (Kampara_. Akat. 40); libra of the zodiac; ci_rmai weight (Man.i. 27,254)(Ta.lex.)

3700.Image: shoulder staff for carrying burden: ci_r shoulder staff for carrying burden (Malaipat.u. 154)(Ta.lex.)

3661.Image: ear of corn: cir ear of corn (Kal.)(CDIAL 12452).

3728.Fibrous root: hira band, strip (S'Br.); hir filament of a boiled silk cocoon coming out during spinning (A.); hi_r fibre of certain kinds of wood, the blea or part immediately under bark of a tree (H.); hi_r rib of a leaf, fibre of certain kinds of wood (= hirka_)(M.)(CDIAL 14109). hira_ vein, artery (AV.); hirai hair-like first sprouts of ears of corn (Wpah.)(CDIAL 14113). i_r, i_rkku rib of palm leaf (Ta.)(DEDR 544). si_r., s'i_r, hi_r, i_r root (Go.); ci_ra id. (Pe.); si_ru pl. roots; si_rka id. (Kui); hi_ru, hi_ru_ id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2626). si_r fibrous root of tree or plant (Mth.); xera_ long slender and round thing, long raised weal (A.); xir vein, artery (A.); sira_ vein, nerve, tendon (Ya_j.)(CDIAL 13421). sira_la, sira_lu having large or numerous veins (VarBr.S.); sira_l.a having conspicuous veins (Or.); s'ira_l having varicose veins, veiny, streaky (M.)(CDIAL 13422). s'ipha_ fibrous or flexible root (Mn.); sibha_ fibrous root of trees (Pkt.); xiha_, xiya_ fine fibrous root; xiya_iba to take root (A.); sia fibrous root, creeping root of banyan tree above ground (Or.); xihari rootlet (A.); s'ihad.a root (OB.)(CDIAL 12443). s'ipha_ruha banyan tree (Skt.); siha_ru the shrub boehmeria salcifolia (having fibrous bark used for making net ropes)(P.)(CDIAL 12444).

3662.Copper; wealth: ci_run.am copper (Kantapu. Vilvalan--va_ta_-vivatai. 13); ci_run.i, ci_rul., ci_rul.iyam copper; ci_rul. prosperity, wealth; lead; pewter (Ta.lex.)

3663.Implements of husbandry: e_r-c-ci_r implements of husbandry; wealth produced by husbandry (W.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ci_r prosperity, wealth; ci_r-ceytal to give presents as to a daughter, on the occasion of her marriage; cf. s'ri_ (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) e_r-t-ta_yam ploughing in season (W.); e_rur..uvu ploughing, tillage, agriculture; extent of land that can be ploughed by two pairs of oxen in a day (G.Sm.D. i,288) (Ta. lex.) e_rur..uvar ploughmen (ville_ rur..avar pakaikol.in-um : Kur-al., 872); e_ro_r id. (Tol. Po. 76); e_ra_l.ar husbandmen, agriculturists, ploughmen (Ta.); e_r-t-tor..ilar agriculturists, husbandmen (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) Renown: ci_rtti < ki_rti great reputation, renown (Tol. Col. 313)(Ta.lex.)

3664.Image: ornamental structure: ci_rkkam an ornamental structure in a hall (Perun. Makata. 9,36)(Ta.lex.)

3665.Granary: ce_r straw-receptacle for paddy (G.Tj.D. I,103); granary; ce_r-kat.t.u-tal to measure and store up paddy in straw receptacle or granary; ce_rve_n- excess in quantity of the grain measured and stored up in granary; ce_rat.i the place where granary or straw-receptacle for paddy stands (Ira_mana_. Cun. 3) (Ta.lex.)

3666.Plough; pair of ploughing bullocks: cf. he_rka pl. plough; pair of ploughing bullocks (Kuwi)(DEDR 2816). Image: drill for sowing seed: si(h)a_ra_ drill (for sowing seed)(L.); sia_ra furrow (Or.)(CDIAL 13429). Furrow: ci_tai < si_ta_ furrow (Tiruppo_. Can. Pil.l.ait. Cen:ki_. 8); ci_ta_ (Kampara_. Urukka_. 85); wife of Ra_ma, as having sprung from a furrow (Pur-ana_. 378)(Ta.lex.) Furrow; cultivation: si~_ cultivation (L.); furrow (L.WPah.); furrow, ploughing (P.Si.); si_ id. (P.); the second ploughing (WPah.); [cf. semant. ci_t.t.ai, ci_t.t.ai-k-katir ear of corn in the second growth (J.)(Ta.lex.)]; sia_r. furrow (P.); sea_r. (WPah.); si_a_ furrow (Pkt.); si_ furrow (Pkt.); si_a~, si_vi~ (L.); si_ya~_ a ploughing (L.); siha_ furrow (WPah.); siyo a ploughing; s'yu furrow (Ku.); siyo (N.); hi_, hi_ya furrow, ploughing (Si.); Goddess of agriculture: si_a_ Si_ta_ (Pkt.); siya (OAw.); si_ta_ goddess of agriculture, furrow (RV.); furrow (Pali)(CDIAL 13428). siya_u_ a deity presiding over agriculture (H.)(CDIAL 13428a). si_ta_yaja sacrifice to the furrow (Gr.S.); si_n a ploughing (L.); siun furrow (WPah.)(CDIAL 13430). Ploughed land: si_ta_ a furrow, track or line of a plough-share; (hence) a tilled or furrowed ground, ploughed land; husbandry, agriculture (e.g. si_ta_-dravyam.); name of the daughter of Janaka, king of Mithila, and wife of Rama. [She was so called because she was supposed to have sprung from a furrow made by king Janaka while ploughing the ground... and hence also her epithets, ayomja, dhara_putri_ etc.]; name of a goddess, wife of Indra; si_ta_-dravyam. implements of agriculture, too,ls of husbandry; si_tya measured out by furrows, tilled, ploughed (Skt.lex.) si_tya ploughed (Pa_n..)(CDIAL 13431). Cultivation: cf. se_dya cultivation, farming (Ka.); se_dyamu id. (Te.)(DEDR 2811). Furrow; line; plough: si_ra plough (RV.Pali.Pkt.); ?cords of the plough; furrow; [ac. to BHSkt. ii, 596 si_ra_h- nom. pl. ( = Pali. si_ta_yo) is mistake for si_ta_h., but A. attests meaning 'furrow']; siru a ploughing (Sh.); si_ra long string by which bullocks are guided in the plough (S.); xir furrow, one ploughing; xirlu_ furrow; xirluwa_ furrowed (A.); si_r ploughing (H.); siru-va, siri plough; (h)ira, (h)iri- line, streak (Si.)(CDIAL 13441). siraur furrow; siror, sira_ur (Bi.); siraur ke dharal to plough (Bi.); sira_ur furrow (Mth.)(CDIAL 13442). tsari, tsariye furrow (Kon.lex.) saira belonging to a plough (A_past.)(CDIAL 13441). cf. selli_ rope (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13591). cf. kayir-u rope, cod, string (Ta.); ki.r-na.n. rope (Ko.); ce.ri coconut fibre, coir (Kod..); ce_ru string, cord (Te.); ce_ri fibre (Tu.)(DEDR 1254). hali_ra plough (P.); halasi_ra plough (BHSkt.); haler the day on which neighbours join to plough one man's land (P.); hali_ri_ small plough (P.)(CDIAL 14010). Temple treasure: ci_-pan.t.a_ram (s'ri_ + bha_n.d.a_ra) temple treasure; temple property (Ta.inscr.)(Na_.)(Ta.lex.) ci_vat-vipa_kam < ji_vad-vibha_ga partition of an ancestral estate among sons by the father during his life-time (W.G.)(Ta.lex.) s'ri_ wealth, riches, affluence, prosperity, plenty; royalty, majesty, royal wealth; dignity, high position, state; beauty, grace, splendour; the goddess of wealth, Laks.mi_, the wife of Vis.n.u; decoration; s'ri_-sakhah., s'ri_dah. epithets of Kubera (Skt.lex.) Land cultivated by owner: si_r land cultivated by owner (P.Ku.); sir-jamin (N.); si_r id. (H.)(CDIAL 13441). Management of sacred buildings: ci_karam < s'ri_-kara prosperity, fortune (Kantapu. Cayantan-pu. 20); ci_ < s'ri_ Laks.mi_ (Kantaran. 8); light, brilliancy (Kantaran. 69); part. an honorific prefix added to the names of deities, eminent persons and sacred objects, e.g. ci_ra_man-, ci_pa_tam (Ta.lex.) ci_ka_riyam < s'ri_ + management of sacred buildings and institutions (S.I.I. ii,311)(Ta.lex.) ci_r prosperity, wealth; greatness, excellence, superiority (Pur-ana_. 1)(Ta.); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) ci_r beauty, esteem, fame, balance, measure (Ta.); good condition, increase (Ma.)(DEDR 2624). s'ri_ light, beauty (RV.); welfare, riches (AV.); siri_ (Pali.Pkt.); si_- prosperity (Pkt.); -s hon. affix to names of relationship (e.g. a_ja_-s, a_ji_-s)(M.); siri health, happiness (Si.)(CDIAL 12708). s're_yas better (RV.); auspicious (MBh.); better state (AV.); seyyo_ nom. sg. m. excellent; happiness (Pali); se_a fortunate; fortune; se_am.sa-, sejjam.sa adj. (Pkt.); s'e_ happy (Gypsy)(CDIAL 12721). cf. s're_s.t.ha most splendid, best (RV.); set.t.ha best (Pali)(CDIAL 12725). cf. semant. se_d.hi_ line, row (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12724). Wealth; prosperity: ci_r-cir-appu great prosperity; gifts to a girl given by her parents on the occasion of her marriage; ci_r-ceytal to give presents, as to a daughter, on the occasion of her marriage; ci_r-pa_t.al extolling or recounting the excellence of wedding parties, usually on the fourth day of marriage; ci_r-varicai presents given to a bride, dowry; ci_ra_t.i-k-kon.t.u-po_kai going of a married girl from her husband's house to her father's on the pretext of a petty quarrel; cir-apput.ai-k-kil.avi words of hospitality (Perun.. Ucaik. 34,44); ci_ra_t.t.utal to extol, applaud (Civaraka. Te_viyut.an-. 24); ci_riyar the noble, the great (Mu_turai, 18); ci_riya_r id. (Na_lat.i, 232); ci_riya adj. of surpassing excellence (Tiv. Tiruppa_. 23); ci_rit.am suitable place or opportunity (Kur-al., 821); ci_rul. prosperity, wealth; ci_rittal to be magnificent (Tan.ikaippu. Kal.avu. 494); ci_ra_l.an- distinguished person (Patin-o. Ar-puta. 44); ci_rtti < ki_rti great reputation, renown (Tol. Col. 313); ci_r-p-pa_t.u greatness (Periyapu. Tiruna_vuk. 11); ci_r (-pp-, -tt-) to be excellent, be superior (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 8,7,6); be suitable, fitting (as an opportunity)(Kur-al., 490); fall into rhythmic movement; n. prosperity, wealth; beauty, gracefulness (Malaipat.u. 570); goodness; greatness, excellence, superiority (Pur-ana_. 1); paramount importance (Tirumuru. 220); esteem, regard, reputation, fame, nature, good normal condition, literal meaning; equilibrium (Kampara_. Akat. 40); evenness, balance; measure, quantity (Pur-ana_. 6,8); heaviness; time-measure, song, metrical foot, sound of musical instruments; ci_rmai greatness, excellence, eminence (Kur-al., 123); reputation, renown (Tacaiva_. 241); weight (Man.i. 27,254); moderateness; decorum, good behaviour (Tiruppu. 109); smoothness, evenness, polish; [cillaa shining (Pkt.); cilkan.u to be bright (S.); cillo smooth, polished (N.); cilakna_ to be bright (H.)(CDIAL 4827)]; ci_rppu excellence (Perun.. Ucaik. 42,148); ci_rkka to swell, become stout; ci_rppikka to increase; ci_r-u good condition, luck (Ma.)(DEDR 2624). cir-a (-pp-, -tt-) to be eminent, illustrious (Pur-ana_. 6,19); surpass, excel (Tiruva_ca. 1,61); be abundant (Maturaik. 244); to be dear (Kur-al., 515); be auspicious, be graceful; rejoice (Kantapu. Yuttaka_n.. Emaku_. 31); cir-anto_r the great, the illustrious, gods, relaives, ascetis; cir-appu pre-eminence, superiority (Tol. Po. 28); pomp, grandeur; that which is special, distinctive, peculiar,opp. to potu (Kur-al., 972); abundance, wealth, prosperity (Pur-ana_64,5); happiness (Kur-al., 1208); honours, privileges (Cilap. 16,109)(Ta.); regard, esteem (Kur-al., 195); courtesy, hospitality (Na_lat.i, 159; present, gift (Kur-al., 590); foodstuffs provided for the marriage parties at a wedding; periodical festival in a temple (Kur-al., 18); a ceremony observed by Na_t.t.ukko_t.t.ai Chetty community; heaven, heavenly bliss (Kur-al., 31); cir-appet.uttal to celebrate a festival (Arut.pa_. 1, Cecar-i, 388); cir-avu meritorious deed (Tiruva_ca. 5,86); cir-appa_t.u excellence, splendour (Te_va_. 500,4)(Ta.); cir-avu meritorious deed (Ta.); cir-akka (cir-annu) to be glorious (Ma.); ser-apu hospitality, honour, festival (Ka.)(DEDR 2589). ir-a (-pp-, -nt-) to go obeyond, transcend, excel, be pre-eminent, pass by (of time), transgress; ir-appa much, exceedingly; ir-appu transgression, passing, excess, abundant (Ta.); er-t- (er-ty-) to overcome in contest, outstrip (To.); esna_ (essas) to transgress (Kur.)(DEDR 515). Full: a_ru fullness, abundance; to the full of, fully; cf. nu_r-a_ru, sa_vira_ru (Ka.); a_r to be united (Ka.); a_l to be complete (Te.); a_r to bind (Te.); a_l to heap up (Ma.); a_r to abound, to be filled, to teem (Ka.); a_ra so that it or they be filled, or to the full of (Ka.Ta.); a_ra-ka_d.u a perfect wild: a place that has never been cultivated (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) e_ra_l.am abundance, plentitude, plenty (Ira_mana_. Cun. 3); e_ra_l.amu, pe_ra_l.amu (Te.); he_ra_l.a (Ka.); he_ral.a (Tu.)(Ta.lex.) Whole; strong: sa_ra value; essential (Pali); sara (Dhp.); sala, s'a_la the essential (As'.); sa_ra strength, wealth (Pkt.); sa_ru the best part, whole (Ap.); sa_r all (Gypsy); sar, sa_ro (Gypsy); sa_ra whole (Ash.); sa_re (Wg.); sa_ro fully developed, full, filled (Sh.); sa_r essence; sr^y essential, all; saurui all; sa_ru_i_ (K.); sa_ru pith, essence; sa_ro whole (S.); sa_ra_ whole, all (L.); sa_r pith; sa_ra_ whole (P.); sa_re adv. completely; sa_ri_ adj. all (WPah.); sa_ro complete (Ku.); sa_rhai adv. very (N.); sa_ra_ whole (B.); whole, completed (Or.); whole (OAw.H.); sa_ra, sa_ro all, complete, whole (OMarw.); sa_ru~ whole, good (G.); sa_ra_ whole (M.); sara_ whole, complete (Si.)(CDIAL 13355). cf. a_r (-v-, -nt-) to become full; n. fullness, completeness (Ta.) (DEDR 368). Strength; abundance: a_r-r-u (a_r-r-i-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, be sufficient, accumulate (as wealth), sustain, carry; a_r-r-al strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; a_r-r-a greatly, exceedingly, entirely; a_n-r-a excellent, grand, splendid; a_n-r-al greatness, dignity, abundance, copiousness; a_n-r-avar, a_n-r-a_r, a_n-r-o_r erudite, wise persons; a_n-r-o_l. lady of exalted character (Ta.); a_r-r-uka to grow richly, thrive; a_r-r-am much; a_r-r-al growing; healthy, magnificent growth; a_nr-a wide, excellent (Ma.); a.r- (only in negative, following S -ul.) not to be willing to do so-and-so; (only in negative, following S -l) cannot do so-and-so (Ko.); o.xar-e- you will not be (To.); a_r- (a_rt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able, or competent, be possible, can, may, be adequate, be able for, be able to endure; a_r-u power, daring, self-will; a_rpu might, force, daring, valour; a_ke power, valour; a_pa being strong, being able, being possible (Ka.); a.t- (a.ti-) (body) attains maturity (at about 21 years), (fruit, grain) becomes mature but not yet ripe; a.ti full-grown but not yet ripe (guava, jack, coconut)(Kod..); a_t.u, a~_t.u to be adequate, sufficient, be capable of, endure (Te.)(DEDR 407). arr- to be correct, be satisfactory; arro taboo, used chiefly of food; aror enemy (Go.); abga to be seemly, be proper, be fitting, be suitable, suit, fit, agree, fulfil; n. suitability (Kui)(DEDR 325).

3667.To sprinkle, shake out: si_r-umbul. being scattered, sprinkled, etc. (Ka.); ci.rl (to rain) in a drizzle (Ko.); si.r spray (To.); si_r-u to be scattered, be sprinkled, fly about; si_r-pani spray or fine drops of water (Ka.); ji_ria_ fountain (Te.); sir.k to sprinkle water (Te.); si_rpa (si_rt-) to shake out, sprinkle; n. act of sprinkling, shaking out; sir.si giva to sprinkle (Kui)(DEDR 2640). sira_, si_ra_ stream (RV.); sira stream (OG.); se_r bleeding at the nose, bleeding (K.)(CDIAL 13421). siran.u to flow, glide (S.); seran.u to move, put on one side (S.); sirra spoutingly (of blood or water flowing)(N.); sirko flowing, gliding (S.); sirko a rush or stream (of milk)(N.)(CDIAL 13420). Image: to fling, throw: cir-umu to fling, throw (Te.)(DEDR 2640).

3668.Image: string of pearls: sarika_ string of pearls (Skt.)(CDIAL 13260).

3669.Tank: caracu a tank, pond, lake (Tirukka_l.at. Pu. 14,8)(Ta.lex.) cir-ai tank, bank, boundary (Ta.); cir-a tank, reservoir, enclosure, dam, limit (Ma.); ker tank (Ko.); ker-f- (ker-t-) (water) is dammed (To.); ker-e tank (Ka.); kere tank (Kod..); ker, kir, kedu an artificial tank (Tu.); cer-uvu, ceruvu artificial lake, tanki (Te.); ceru tank (Kol.); saru tank (Nk.); eru pond, tank (Go.); ket.- to shut (Ga.); keR- (-t-) to build a wall (as enclosure)(Kond.a); ker- to fence (Kuwi) (DEDR 1980). saras lake, pool (RV.); sara lake, pond (Pali.Pkt.); sur fountain, lake or pool with bubbling water unfit to bathe in (Ash.); [cf. cun-ai mountain pool or spring, tank, reservoir (Ta.)(DEDR 2716)]; sor, so_r lake (Wg.); sur fountain (Kt.); sur, su_ru (Pr.); sar pool, pond (Phal.); sar, saruna pool, lake (Kal.); sar pool, pond (Phal.); sar lake, flood (in river), standing water (Sh.); sar pond, lake (K.); saru pond, tank (S.); sar (P.H.G.); sara lake, name of a lake near Puri (Or.); sara pool, tank (OAw.); sara pond, lake, sea (Si.)(CDIAL 13254).

4034. Goldsmith's chisel; cutting: chewani chisel (N.); chewni (H.); che_dana cutting; act of cutting (MBh.); instrument for cutting (Pali); che_dana cutting; che_danaka one who cuts (Pali); che_an.a cutting, a tool (Pkt.) chyun^u goldsmith's chisel (K.); chen.i_ smith's cold chisel (S.); che_n.i_ chisel (L.); chain.i_ cold chisel; chaini_ (P.); chin.i iron wedge for splitting wood (WPah.); chi_n.o iron crowbar; chen.i a tool (Ku.); chinu, cheni chisel (N.); sena_ chisel, instrument for letting blood (A.); cheni wedge (B.); cheni wedge (B.); chen.a_ scraping a log with an adze, iron pick; chen.i_ cold chisel, punch (Or.); che_ni_ (Bi.Bhoj.Aw.); cheni_ chisel for notching millstones (H.); chen.i_, chi_n.i_ chisel (G.); sevana separation (Si.); chevan.i_ potter's cutting string (S.)(CDIAL 5066). cf. cimni, chini a chisel (Santali.lex.) ca_na, ca_n.a, ce_n.a, ci_ran.a a small chisel (Ka.); se_na id. (Te.)(Ka.lex.) To cut, slit, peel: chirnu to pierce, bore a hole (N.); siriba to tear (A.); s'irn.e~ to enter forcibly or suddenly; s'irakn.e~ to pierce (M.)(CDIAL 5049). chinna cut off (AV.); cut (Pali); chinnaka cut (Pali); cinist pret. of cya_ to cut asunder, break (Kt.); chinoiki to cut; chinyo_nu to tear (Sh.); chyon^u cut off; chenun to be split (K.); chino pp. of chijan.u, chinan.u to snap off, pluck (S.); chin socket, mortise; chinnan. to mortise, cut a socket (L.); chinon.u_ to be torn; chilli small clip of wood (WPah.); chinnu to break with one stroke (N.); chininu to be cut in two; china_unu to break, pluck (N.); china_, china_na to break, tear away (Or.); chi_nai snatches away (Or.); china_iba_ to break, tear away (Or.); chi_nai snatches away (OAw.); chi_nna_ to snatch, pluck (H.); chinvu~ to slit, peel; chi_navvu~ to snatch, take away (G.); s'ina_ separate (M.); sun cut off (Si.)(CDIAL 5047). chinatti cuts (RV.); chin.vu~ to slit, peel (G.); chan.vu~ to scratch (G.)(CDIAL 5045). chinatti, pl. chindanti cuts off, splits (RV.); chindati (Pali); chim.nati, pp. chim.nida (NiDoc.); chim.dai (Pkt.); chind to cut (Pas'.); chindani_, chindana_ knife (Pas'.); chindiba to cut (A.); chindiba_ to cut off (Or.); s'ind^ata_ cuts (Konkan.i); sindinava_, hindinava_ to cut off, pluck off (as feather), presses out (as oil)(Si.); s'e~dn.e~ to make small cuts in (M.); chin, cin to cut; chin, chen (Gypsy); cena_, cina_ to divide, put aside, hide (Ash.); chin to cut, break (Dm.); cen to cut, fell (Wg.); cin to tear (Gaw.); sin to cut (Wot..); chin to cut, break, fell (Kal.); chin to cut, break, pluck (Kho.); cin to cut (Bshk.Tor.); chin to cut, break (Phal.)(CDIAL 5046).

5043a.Chisel used in cutting metals: ci_ran.a, ci_rn.a, ji_rn.a a small chisel, esp. used in cutting metals (Ka.); ci_ran.amu a small chisel (Te..); cirn.e~ id.. (M.)(DEDR 2627). ciran.i_ a small chisel, esp. used in cutting metals (M.)(Ka.lex.) cf. irne chisel (Kon.lex.) cf. sira_n.i large whetstone (S.)(CDIAL 12462). ca_y, cira_y splinter (Tirumuru. 312)(Ta.lex.) ki_r-u (ki_r-i-) to slit, tear, rend, cut, gash, slice; n. gash, cut, slice, piece (Ta.); ki_r-al tearing; ki_r-r-u slice, piece; ki_l (ki_lv-, ki_nr-) to rend, tear (Ta.); ki_r-u rag, shred; ki_r-r-u fragment, piece (Ma.); ki_ntuka to slice, cleave; ki_ntal a slice, piece (Ma.); ki.r- (ki.ry-) to tear, gash; ki.r gash (Ko.); ki.r-- (ki.r-y-) to tear (Ko.); ki_tu piece, slice (of fruits, flesh)(Ka.); ki.r- (ki.ri-) to tear; ki.t- (ki.ti-) id.; gi.r- (gi.ri-) to make gash; ki.ti torn piece (paper, cloth)(Kod..); ki_runi to split; ki_ru split, rift; ki_tu part, bit, splinter (Tu.); gi_r-u to tear, rend (Te.); gi~_t.u id. (Te.); kirr, ki_r a wound; keerk a bit or piece (Go.)(DEDR 1624).

3670.Row, collection; arrangement: cire_n.i street, row of houses (Pin..); herdsmen's street (Cu_t.a_.); line, row, series (Can.. Aka.); cire_n.iyam id. (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.) s're_n.i line, row, troop (RV.); sen.i row of rafters in a thatched roof, the wooden plates on which the rafters are put crosswise (Or.); se_n.i row, collection (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12718). cf. se_na_ army (RV.Pali)(CDIAL 12718). ce_n.i ladder; order, arrangement (Ta.lex.) ce_n.i (vicaiyar ce_n.i celavit.t.u: Cu_l.a_. Cuyam. 192); party of workmen, set of players, company of travellers, kur..u (J.)(Ta.lex.) cf. vicam the Vindhya mountains (Ta.lex.) Eighteen servile castes: cire_n.iyar the eighteen servile castes, patin-en. kut.imakkal. (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.)[The eighteen kut.i-makkal. are: van.n.a_n-, na_vitan-, kuyavan-, tat.t.a_n-, kan-n-a_n-, kar-r-accan-, kollan-, taccan-, en.n.ey-va_n.ikan-, uppu-va_n.ikan-, ilai-va_n.ikan-, pal.l.i, pu_ma_lai-k-ka_ran-, par-aiyan-, ko_vir--kut.iya_n-, occan-, valaiyan-, pa_n.an- (W.); the term kut.i-makkal. also means 'slaves' (Tiv. Tiruma_lai. 13, Vya_.)(Ta.lex.)]

3515b.Image; rat: ginen orli a kind of rat (Pe.); ginen urli id. (Mand..); ginesi orli id. (Kuwi); genesi orli squirrel (Kuwi)(DEDR 1605). orli rat (Pe.); urli id. (Mand..); od.ri id. (Kui); ori'i id., mouse (Kui); or.li, orli rat (Kuwi)(DEDR 994).

3515a Image: vein of leaf: i-n-ai vein of a leaf (Ta.); i_ne mid-rib of a leaf, or any one of the ribs running from it (Te.); i_n.a a sinew (Kuwi)(DEDR 556). hi_r rib of a leaf (M.); hira band, strip (S'Br.)(CDIAL 14109). hira_ vein, artery (AV.); yu_ru vein (Kal.); yuru vein, artery, pulse (Kho.); hirai hairlike first sprouts of ears of corn (WPah.); ira placenta of cow or buffalo (Or.)(CDIAL 14113). i_r, i_rkku, i_rkkil rib of palm leaf (Ta.); i_rkkil, i_kkil, i_rkkal, i_l. stalk of coconut leaf, mid-rib of any palm leaf (Ma.); ci_kuru rib of palm leaf (Tu.)(DEDR 544). sira_ vein, nerve, tendo (Ya_jn~.); id. (Pali); sira_, chira_ vein, sinew (Pkt.); si_r fibrous root of tree or plant (Mth.)(CDIAL 13421).

3515.Artillery: jinsi_ a heavy piece of artillery (P.lex.) s'i_ra pointed, sharp (RV.)(CDIAL 12495). ir-ai chief, eminence (Ta.); ir-a_n, ra_n sire, used in addressing princes (Ma.); er-e state of being a master or husband (Ka.); er-a lord (Te.)(DEDR 528). irmu_ throw!; irh'nai to pelt (Kuwi)(DEDR 859). ey arrow (Ta.); e_ shooting, arrow (Ta.); e_vu arrow (Ta.)(DEDR 805). er-i (-v, -nt-) to throw, discharge; throw, fling, kick; er-iva missiles (Ta.)(DEDR 859). ji_a_na_ to throw, strike, hit (Go.); to beat, kill; ji_ to strike, beat; hi_ to strike, shoot with bow; caus. jih-; i_ to strike, beat (Go.); ji_ali to shoot an arrow; ji_ to shoot with bow; ji_ to shoot (Kuwi)(DEDR 2602). injna_ to shoot (arrows)(Kur.); in.he (inj-) to pelt; ece to throw out (Malt.); eyttu shooting (Ma.); eyyuka to shoot an arrow (Ma.); ey to discharge arrows (Ta.)(DEDR 805).

3514.Armoury: ji_nas'a_le an armoury (Ka.lex.) je a particle of respect (G.M.); jayati conquers (RV.)(CDIAL 5143). jina_ti overpowers (RV.); conquers (Pali); jin.ai, ppp. jin.iya (Pkt.); ze_nun, pp. zyu_nu to conquer, earn (K.); jin.an., pp. jitta_ (L.); jin.nu~ (WPah.); ziniba (A.); jina_ (B.); jin.iba_ (Or.); jin.iu conquered (OG.); jin.an.em. (OM.); dinanava_, dananu victory (Si.)(CDIAL 5226). ji win (Skt.); jita won, conquered (RV.); ji_n.em. to win (OM.); jita (Pali); jia (Pkt.); jittn.a_ to conquer (P.); zi_tn.u_, jittan., jittn.a_, jitn.a_ (WPah.); ji_tn.o (Ku.); jitnu (N.); zi_tiba (A.); jita_ (B.); jitiba_ (Or.); ji_tab (Mth.); ji_tai (OAw.); ji_tna_ (H.); ji_tan.u (S.); ji_tvu~ (G.); jitn.e~ (M.); ji_pai wins (OG.); zikiba to conquer (A.); ji~kn.e~ (M.); jikta_ (Kon.); jin.n.a conquered (Ap.); dina victory (Si.)(CDIAL 5224). jiti gaining, victory (RV.); ziy victory, earnings, profit (K.)(CDIAL 5225). cf. se_na_ army (RV.Pali); sen.a (Dhp.); sena (KharI.); sen.a_ (Pkt.); si~ (Sh.); si_na (K.); sena (OAw.); sen (H.Si.)(CDIAL 13587). s'en.ai, s'en.vai_, s'en.vi_ a class of brahmans (M.); s'en.vi (Kon.); se_na_pati general (Pali); se_n.a_vai (Pkt.); senevi general (Si.); se_na_pati leader of an army (AitBr.)(CDIAL 13589). xena_ soldier (A.); sena, sena_ (Or.); sena_ general, official who collects revenue in a village (H.); sen.na, sin.n.a army (Pkt.); sen (G.); se_niya soldier (Pali); seniya, seni (NiDoc.); sainya belonging to an army; soldier; army (MBh.); sainika id. (MBh.); sem.niga (NiDoc.); se_n.iga (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13602).

4011.Image: worm, insect: ji_, jhi_ louse (Phal.); jia_ worm (Or.); ji_v insect (G.); jivr.u~ insect; jivr.o small creature (G.); ji_v mite, insect (M.)(CDIAL 5239).

4012.Live long!: ci_va < ji_va expr. meaning 'may you live long' (Ci_vaka. 323)(Ta.); ci_vakan- < ji_vaka the hero of the epic Ci_vaka-cinta_man.i, a Jain epic poem composed by Tiruttakkate_var, about the beginning of 10th century, one of paca-ka_viyam (Ta.lex.) ji_va the soul; life; ji_vana, ji_va_na living, means of substence, livelihood (Pali); ji_vika_-kappaka finding one's livelihood (Pali)[vi_vus (Lat.); quius (Goth.); queck (OHG.); quick (E.); gyvas (Lith.); diaura diet (Gr.)] (Pali. lex.) ji_va long live! (imper. of ji_vati)(Skt.); ji_u yes, honorific particle added to names (S.); particle of assent or respect (L.P.); jyu_ term of respectful address (Ku.); jiu particle of assent or respect (N.); ji (B.); ji_ (H.G.M.); [as honorific particle added to names perh. < 3 sg. ji_vatu](CDIAL 5240). ji_vati is alive (RV.Pali); ji_vai, ji_ai (Pkt.); jiv (Gypsy); zonu to exist (Sh.); zuwun to live (K.); jian.u (S.); ji_van. (L.); ji_un.a_ (P.); ji_n.u_ (WPah.); jyu_n.o (Ku.); jiunu (N.); ziba (A.); jiya_ (B.); ji_iba_ (Or.); jiyab (Mth.); ji_yal (Bhoj.); ji_yai, jiai (OAw.); ji_na_ (H.); ji_vai (OMarw.); ji_vvu~ (G.); jin.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 5241). ji_va living; any living being, vital breath (RV.); life (MBh.); life, soul (Pali); living creature (As'.); life, living creature (Pkt.); ji~_a id. (Pkt.); ji_vaka living; living being (Skt.); zi_v, zuv living creature, body (K.); ji_u life, living being, animal; jiur.o body, person (S.); ji_u life, soul; ji_ creature (P.); jyu_, jyo life, soul; jiyaro (Ku.); jiu body, life (N.); zi_u soul; zi_ya_ alive, fresh (of meat or vegetables)(A.); ji_u, ji life, spirit, courage (B.); ji_u spirit of the dead (Or.); ji_ life, mind, heart (Or.); ji_a~_ living (Or.); jiu life, soul; jia_ life (Mth.); ji_u, jiw animal, life (Bhoj.); jiu life (Aw.); ji_u, jiw animal, life (Bhoj.); jiu life (Aw.); ji_u, ji_, jiya_ life, soul (H.); ji_va living being (OMarw.); ji_v living being, life (G.); ji_v living being, energy (M.); ji_vu life (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 5239). ji_vatva state of life (Ra_matUp.); zi_wuth, zi_watas condition of a living being, life (K.)(CDIAL 5242). ji_vana vivifying (S'Br.); life (RV.); livelihood (Pali); ji_van.a, ji_an.a life (Pkt.); ji_on, jiniste (Kt.); ji_un. livelihood (P.); jiu_n. (P.); ji_n. life (WPah.); zi_yan water applied to a plant to revive it, means of living (A.); jion, jian remaining alive (B.); jioni fishmonger who keeps fresh fish alive (B.); jiuni livelihood (Or.); jian life (Bhoj.); jiana (OAw.); ji_an, jiyan (H.); ji_van. livelihood (G.); jin.e~ life (M.)(CDIAL 5243). ji_vanta long-lived (Skt.); ji_vant living (RV.)[pres. part. of ji_vati]; jivam.taga, jivam.ti living (NiDoc.); jivam.ta (Pkt.); jindo, jido (Gypsy); jit, zit body; yo_n, yu~_test alive (Ash.); ji_t body; je~_ta alive (Wg.); jit body (Kt.); za~ta alive (Dm.); jinde (Tir.); jimandu_ (Pas'.); jando (Pas'.); zi_t body (Nin:g. Shum.); syen alive (Wot..); zia~_ta (Gaw.); jhan, jha_nd body (Kal.); zunu alive (Kho.); ju_nu (Kal.); ja_ndo (Bshk.); jandi_ (Tor.); ja_ndu (Phal.); ji_nu, udu, zonu (Sh.); ji~_da_, jund body; junda_ alive (L.); zintu_, jinta_, ji~_ta_ (WPah.); jyu~_da_, jyu_no (Ku.); jiu~do (N.); zi_yanta_ (A.); jiyanta (B.); ji_anta_ (Or.); ji_ta_ (H.); jivtu~ (G.); ji~t, jita_ (M.)(CDIAL 5244). ji_vama_na living (MBh.); alive (Pali); ji_vama_naka alive (Pali); ji_ya_na kept alive (MB.); jiono (B.); divaman, di_manu alive (Si.)(CDIAL 5246). ji_vaputra having live offspring (RV.); ji_vapraja (A_s'vGr..); je~a_c woman whose child is living (B.)(CDIAL 5249). ji_va_payati restores to life (R.); ji_vayati (RV.); ji_va_ve_i (Pkt.); jiva_un.a_ to revive, feed (P.); jiya_unu to resuscitate (N.); ziya_iba id. (A.); jiya_na to keep alive (as fish in a pond)(B.); ji_a_iba_ to revive (Or.); jiwa_na_ (H.); jivavin.e~ to bring to life (M.); jio_n.o~_ to wax (of moon)(WPah.)(CDIAL 5250). ji_vita living, life (RV.); life, lifetime (Pali); ji_vita_ya dat. sg. (As'.); ji_via, ji_a (Pkt.); ji_o pp. of ji_an.u (S.); kha_yo-jiyo livelihood (N.); ji_vi_ life (OG.); divi (Si.)(CDIAL 5252). jivtar life (G.)(CDIAL 5253).

4013.Land for livelihood: [ji]vl land granted for maintenance as reward for service (OSi.); divela id., pay (Si.); *ji_va-va_t.i_ garden for livelihood (Skt.); ji_v live (Skt.)(CDIAL 5251). ci_vantan- < ji_vantah. nom. pl. of ji_vat living person (Ta.); ji_vante id. (Tu.)(Ta.lex.) Rice offerings in a temple: ci_pali (s'ri_ + bali) rice offering in a temple; a small idol carried round the temple every day; daily procession of ci_pali idol around the temple, making offerings to the minor deities (Cilap. Uraiper-ukat.. 4, Urai.); ci_-pa_ta-k-ku_li wages of vehicle-bearers in a temple; ci_pa_tan-ta_n:kikal. vehicle-bearers attached to a temple, as supporting the feet of god; ci_var-cam < s'ri_-vatsa image of Laks.mi carried on special occasions, as a symbol of auspiciousness (Tiruvil.ai. Tiruman.ap. 67)(Ta.lex.) jilo livelihood (N.); ji_vala full of life (AV.); ji_va_la_ (Skt.); jil life (Sh.); jiaro alive (S.); jila_na_ to vivify (H.); jiva_lan.a_ to revivify (P.); jiya_lo tenacious of life (N.); jiva_l. living (G.); jiva_l.(h)a_ soul (M.)(CDIAL 5247). For suffix va_l.- cf.: va_r.. (-v-, -nt-) to exist, live, flourish (Ta.)(DEDR 5372).

3514f.Chisel: ca_n.a, ca_na, ce_na a small chisel (Ka.); ce_nu, ce_n.u awl, chisel (Tu.); se_namu id. (Te.)(DEDR 2445).

3514a.Razor: sine, heni razor (Kui); hin.- (-h-), hirhali, hinh'nai to shave;hin.pa, hir.pa, hinipa, hin.ipa razor (Kuwi); sinpa (-t-) to shave (beard, head, etc.); sinpis- (-t-) to cause to shave; sir-im razor (Kond.a); hen- (-t-) to shave (Pe.); silpa (silt-) to shave (berd, head); n. a shave (Kui); in.un:ku (in.un:ki-) to pull off as a leaf from a twig, pluck as a flower (Ta.)(DEDR 2522). cinala, cinala_ sharp (Ash.); cenala (Wg.)(CDIAL 12441). s'ita whettted, sharp (RV.); sita sharp (Pali); sia (Pkt.); cya (Kt.); ci_l edge, sharp (Kal.); cilaka sharp; ci_ra sharp (Kal.); hiya, iya, i_-ya arrow (Si.)(CDIAL 12438). s'o_ to whet (Skt.); sam.s'yat (metr. sam.s'iyat) 3 sg. imperf. being sharp (RV.); ci_~ta, ci_~ti sharp (Dm.)(CDIAL 12447). s'i_ra pointed, sharp (RV.); s'i_rin a kind of kus'a grass (Skt.)(CDIAL 12495). nis'a_na whetting (Vop.); nisa_na hone (Pali); n.isa_n.a (Pkt.); nisa_n.a_ (M.); nihun.u-ga_nava_ to whet (Si.(CDIAL 7432). nis'ita sharpened (RV.); nisita id. (Pali); n.isia (Pkt.); nisila_ (OM.); niyu (Si.)(CDIAL 7435). nis'yati sharpens (AitBr.); nisiba_ to whet (Or.)(CDIAL 7456).

3672.Whetstone: sira_n.i large whetstone (S.) (-a_- < -a_ha_-), sara_n. (G.) -- Derivation from intrusive r from s'a_na is most unlikely; but an -n- extension of s'ila_- as in pa_s.a_n.a ~ pa_s'i_ is possible.](CDIAL 12462). sala_r.i_, sala_r.u~ cobbler's whetstone (G.)(dissimilation from l. -- d.) (CDIAL 12460). cf. s'a_na whetstone (Skt.)(CDIAL 12388). sira brick (S.); sil brick (L.); sillh, silh brick, hone (L.); si_l grindstone (Bi.); silla_, silli_ barber's whetstone (Bi.); si_l stone (Mth.); silli_ = sili_ (H.); s'ila_ rock, crag (AV.); lower millstone (Skt.); sila_ rock, stone, quartz (Pali); stone (As'.); stone slab (Pkt.); s'il flat stone for braying things on (Sh.); s'e_l large stone, rock (K.); s'il stone slab used for sharpening knives or grinding spices (WPah.); sil id. (P.); rock, flat grinding stone (H.); sili_ whetstone, hone (Ku.); stone, whetstone, hone, touchstone (H.); silo stone for grinding spices on (Ku.); sili whetstone (N.); xil stone, hailstone (A.); sil flat stone for grinding on, hail (B.); sil.a stone, grinding stone (Or.); sil.a_ hailstone (Or.); sal., sal.i_ whetstone (G.); sala_r.i_, sala_r.u~ cobbler's whetstone (G.); s'i_l. stone (esp. smooth flat stone)(M.); sal-a rock, mountain (Si.)(CDIAL 12459). The hard stone used in cutting metals is related to the second element in these compounds and semantically to 'hailstone': a.n-gal hail (Ko.); a_n.i-kallu, a_n.e-kallu, a_ni-kal, a_ne-gallu hailstone (Ka..); a_n.e-kallu id. (Tu.)(DEDR 355).] sala_t. stone-cutter (G.)(<? sal.a_t)(CDIAL 12460).

3670b.Edge of a blade: e_n-am tool (Ta.); e_nam tool (Ma.)(DEDR 918). e_nu one edge of a blade of hoe or spade (Te.); e_n. e_n.u edge, point (Ka.); e.ner edge (Ko.); e_n.u edge, chiefly the three edges of the coconut (Ma.); e_n. e_n.i boundary, limit (Ta.)(DEDR 886). e_n., e_n.am, e_n.ai, e_t.ci firmness; en. strength (Ta.); e_n.am steadfastness (Ma.); e_n.u energy, firmness, stability (Ma.)(DEDR 886).

3670a.Image; elephant: e_ni, e_n, aini_, e_nig, ye_ni_, e_nal elephant (Go.); e_ngu, e_ni (Kond.a); ya_n-ai, a_n-ai (Ta.); a_na (Ma.); a.n (Ko.To.); a_ne, ya_ne (Ka.); a.ne (Kod..); a_ne (Tu.); e_nugu, e_nika, e_niga, e_nige, e_nuga (Te.); ena_gi_, e_ngi (Kol.); e_nagi_ (Nk.); e_nu pl. (-l)(Pa.)(DEDR 5161).

3885.Squirrel: t.ilka squirrel (Mand..); t.illi, tilli, t.ili orli id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2959). sid.d.e squirrel (Kol.); s'id.d.e id. (Nk.); cid.ra_l, cid.ral (pl. cid.rahk) id. (Go.); cir.ra_, cid.ra_ id. (Kur.); sirkuli squirrel (Kond.a); hirkoli id. (Pe.); siruni, sirur.i, herur.i id. (Kui); her'ur.i, hir'uni id. (Kuwi); cikrod.a id. (Skt.); cikro_d.amu (Te.); ci_khur (H.)(DEDR 2518). can.ilu, canilu, tan.ilu, an.ilu squirrel ()Tu.); an.il, an.ilam, an.iyal, an.n.atta_n squirrel (Ta.); an.il, an.n.al, an.n.a_n id.; en.un:ku a variety of mountain squirrel (Ma.); e.n.d.l. squirrel (Ko.); an.il id. (To.); an.al, an.il, al.ale, al.il, al.ul, al.l.u_ma, a_l.indaki, in.aci, can.ila id. (Ka.); an.ekot.t.i id. (Kod..)(DEDR 2315). ud.ute squirrel (Ka.); ud.uta id. (Te.)(DEDR 590). ur-uta squirrel (Te.); ur-uttal id. (Ta.)(DEDR 713). ginem orli a kind of rat (Pe.); ginen urli id. (Mand..); ginesi orli id.; genesi orli squirrel (Kuwi)(DEDR 1605). cf. orli rat (Pe.); urli id. (Mand..)(DEDR 994).

3514j.Image:pregnancy: i_n. (i_n.p-, i_n.r--) to bear, bring forth; i_r-r-am giving birth (Ta.); i_nuka to shoot into ears; bring forh, yean (Ma.); i_n (i_d-) to bring forth young, yean, cub (Ka.); hi_ning to lamb, kid, foal, calf, etc. (Br.)(DEDR 555). cin-ai foetus, embryo, pregnancy (Ta.); cana pregnancy (Ma.)(DEDR 2592). jan be born (Skt.); janani_ mother (S'a_n:khS'r.Pali.); jan.an.i_ (Pkt.); jan.n.i_ (P.)(CDIAL 5100); janana birth (Mn.); jan.an.a (Pkt.); janani family, race (B.); dananaya birth, production (Si.)(CDIAL 5099). janita born (Skt.Pali); jan.ia (Pkt.); dini, dunu (Si.)(CDIAL 5104). zut birth (Kt.); swa_t, zo_t. lying-in house (Pr.)(CDIAL 5109). janiman birth (RV.); dinim birth (Si.)(CDIAL 5107). janus birth, race (RV.)(CDIAL 5108). jantu offspring, creature, man (RV.); any animal of lowes order, insect, worm (Mn.); living being (Pali); jam.tu (Pkt.)(CDIAL 5110). jama_rau birth, life (OG.)(CDIAL 5111). janmada progenitor (Skt.); jama_n birth (Pas'.)(CDIAL 5112). janman birth, creature (RV.); janman, janana birth (Pali); janma, gen. jas.a (NiDoc.); jamma, jan.a (Pkt.); jamu birth, age (S.); jam birth (L.); ja_m son, seed; anja_ma_ barren; jamr.a_ father; jamr.i_ mother (H.); ja_ma birth (OB.); jamm birth, offspring, growth (P.); jammai is born (Pkt.); jaman.u to be born, take root (S.); jamman., jaman. to be born, grow; jaman.a_ birth (L.); jammn.a_ to be born, to come into existene, grow (P.); to bear (P.); jama_un.a_ to act as midwife (P.); jamn.a_ to be born, bear; jamn.o_~ to grow (WPah.); ja_mn.o to germinate (Ku.); ja_mal to grow (Bhoj.); ja_mna_ to germinate, sprout; jama_na_ to plant (a tree etc.)(H.) (CDIAL 5113). jammia born (Pkt.); jammi_~ born, flourishing (P.)(CDIAL 5115).jan to be born, bears (Gypsy); dana having been born (OSi.); janyate_ is born (Pa_n..)(CDIAL 5117). jan to bear, be born (Gypsy); dana absol. having been born (Si.inscr.); ja_ne_ti begets (Pali); jan- to bear (Kho.)(CDIAL 5192). za to be born (Wg.); ja_yate_ is born (RV.); generates (R.); ja_yati is born (Pali); ja_ai (Pkt.); ja_y to bear (of animals)(Pas'.); joiki (Sh.); zonu (Sh.); zyonu (pp. za_v)(K.); za_um.k to happen, become, be (Kon.); ja_pan.u (pp. ja_o) to be born (S.)(CDIAL 5204).

3514r.Image;crab: ja_na crab (Kui); ja_na_, ja_na crab (Kuwi)(DEDR 2487).

3879.Image: earthen basin: sa_hn.ak an earthen basin, an earthen kneading trough (P.lex.) sa_nhki_ a small earthen plate (P.lex.)

3880.Image: lute: san.i_ a fine kind of harp (P.lex.)

3878.Image: sacred bull: sa_hn. a sacred bull, a sacred horse; a stallion; an independent, extravagant or lecherous fellow (P.lex.) sa_n.d.h a bull, a stallion; sa_nh a bull, a stallion; a large buffalo bull, a bullock after 4 years of age (P.lex.)

3514s.Image;battle: cen.anu to oppose (Te.)(DEDR 1944). cin-am war; cin-aval battle (Ta.)(DEDR 1600).

3514t.Image;to copulate: xenna_ to copulate (Kur.)(DEDR 1944).

3671.Image: pillar: ce_ni, cyu_n^u pillar, wall acting as pillar (K.); cen.ⁱ folds (G.); ci_n heap, pile (Sh.)(CDIAL 4681).

3514h.Image; ear of corn: sen, cennu ear of corn or paddy (Ga.); e_n-al ear of corn (Ta.); ennu, vennu id. (Te.); cen head of paddy (Kol.); s'en (pl. senkul.) head of jowar (Nk.); cen head of paddy (Pa.); s'en head of paddy; senk corn (pl.; san head of jowar; han head of paddy; hennu ear of wheat or jowari; enni(i) head of grain; en ear of corn (Go.); ser-en (pl. ser-eku) id. (Kond.a); hessu cannu head of rice (Kur.); canu pod (Malt.)(DEDR 2798). cf. ce_nu field of a crop (Te.) cf. cin-ai to bud, branch out on all sides; flower bud, branch of a tree (Ta.); canaccam smaller branch of a tree or antler; cina branching out as an ear of corn; cinekka to branch out, rice to sprout (Ma.); jane yolk of an egg (Ka.); sane conceiving (Tu.); jena yolk of an egg (Te.)(DEDR 2592).

3514p.Image;goat's hair: ja_t hair of head (D..); jat hair of animals (Sh.); jati soft downyhair (S.); jatt, jat goat's or camel's hair, sheep;s wool, short hair on body; jat goat's hair (L.); jat hair (WPah.); jas. goat's hair (Tor.); jac goat's hair; zoc (Kho.); zas hair (Wot..)(CDIAL 5093). cf. jham.t.i_ zmall bunch of hair (Pkt.); jha_t. goat's hair (Phal.)(CDIAL 5334). jha_l tassel of hair (M.)(CDIAL 5357).

3811.Image: hole, perforation: sall a hole, perforation; salwai_ the act of perforating, mortising; also wages for the same; salln.a_ to dig, to perforate with a chisel, to mortise (P.lex.) s'alyayati hurts, torments (Skt.); sallia pained by a thorn (Pkt.); salan.u to pierce, bore (S.); salln.a_ to perforate (P.); sa_lai pierces, pricks (OAw.); sa_lna_ to pierce, penetrate, prick, to smart, hurt (H.); salna_ to be pierced, pierce, enter (H.); sa_lvu~ to prick, pinch, punch; to smart, ache (G.); saln.e~ to prick; to be felt as sharply painful (M.)(CDIAL 12354). salhan:g, salhan:ga_, salan:gha_ small pitchfork (P.)(CDIAL 12355). s'ala staff (TBr.); dart, spear (Skt.); sari_ stick forming part of a waterwheel (S.); sal.a pin, thorn (Or.); sar sticks used in setting up the warp (Bi.); sarka_ (Mth.); sal stake, spike, splinter, thorn, difficulty (H.); sal.i_ small thin stick; sal.iyo bar, rod, pricker (G.); s'ol. reed (Kho.)(CDIAL 12343). s'ili_ dart, arrow (Skt.); se_la a kind of weapon; se_lla (Skt.); s'ili_pr.s.t.ha epithet of a sword (MBh.); s'il (Psht.Pers.); s'il spear (Ash.); s.i_l (Wg.); s'ili_ iris (the plant)(Gaw.); s'iu spear (Kal.); s'il wedge for door (Kho.);[s'ili, s'ili_ lower timber of a door (Skt.); sira_ id. (Mth.); sil threshold, doorframe (H.); s'il door (wedge)(Kho.)CDIAL 12465)]; s'il.i_k, s'il.ak small pin or peg or spike of bamboo (M.); sella, silla spear, arrow (Pkt.); s'e_l spear (Wg.); s'el (Kal.); s'e_l arrowhead (K.); selhu large thorn (S.); sel long spear (P.); sela_ spear (P.); xel dart, stake (A.); sel dart, javelin, spit (B.); sella, helle_, pl. hella_ spear, dart (Si.)(CDIAL 12466). s'ili_mukha arrow (MBh.); bee (Skt.); sili_muha arrow (Pkt.); silimuva_ bee (Si.)(CDIAL 12469). cf. s'u_la spike, spit (RV.); impaling stake (Mn.)(CDIAL 12575). Thorn: al.aku, al.uku to prick, throb (as a thorn in the flesh); n. pricking of a thorn, state of being pricked as with a thorn, state of being distressed or annoyed (Ka.); alugu, aluvu to be angry or displeased, take offence; aluka, alukuva anger, displeasure (Te.)(DEDR 304). Anger: cul.i (-v-, -nt-) to be angry; (-pp-, -tt-) to be angry with, show displeasure toward, dislike, feel pain; cul.ivu anger; cul.ukku (cul.ukki-) to screw one's face up in displeasure, frown (Ta.); cul.iyuka to be wrinkled; cul.ikka to be wrinkled, frown; cul.ippu a frown, impatience; cul.iccilu wrinkle (Ma.)(DEDR 2700). lul.iba_ to dangle, be wrinkled (Or.)(CDIAL 11080).

3816.Image: duck: salaki, salage, salakiba_yihakki the grey or spot-bill duck, anas poecilorhyncha (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: duck: hilla an aquatic bird (Skt.); hi_lai duck (Psht.); zalai duck (Ash.); jalai, zelai (Kt.)(CDIAL 14117). cf. jhil lake, pool (N.B.); jhi_l deep reservoir of water (G.)(CDIAL 5392).

3936.Image: stone-cutter's chisel; cold chisel: s'ila_-bhe_di a stone-cutter's chisel (Ka.lex.) Image: perforation: sa_l a perforation, a bore (Punjabi.lex.) cf. chidra having holes, pierced (Ka_tyS'r.); chidda cutting, slit, hole (Pali); chi~r., che~r., cher. hole, cleft (N.); chi_n.d.a_ hole (P.); chedna_ to bore (H.); chi~_d.u~ hole in hedge (G.); chiddita perforated (Pali)(CDIAL 5043). cf. chillia torn (Pkt.); chilla hole (Pkt.); s'i_l breach in a river bank, place to make a dam (M.); sila, hila hole, perforation (Si.)(CDIAL 5051). irne, irnea_ a chisel (Kon.lex.) Image: to cut: cf. chindanti pl. cuts off, splits (RV.)(CDIAL 5046). cf. che_dana cutting (MBh.); chen.i_ smith's cold chisel (S.)(CDIAL 5066). Image: small hole: cf. cilli small hole (Te.)(DEDR 2575). cilli-k-ka_tu bored ear, dist. fr. tol.l.ai-k-ka_tu; cilli-y-akappai flat perforated ladle (Tailava. Pa_yi. 37, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) calli-k-karan.t.i a broad perforated ladle (Intupa_ka. 58)(Ta.lex.) cf. sid.i a hook or goad(Te.)(DEDR 2761).

3937.Image: fragment: {Echo word} cilla-pollam shivers, fragments, small pieces; cillam id. (Ta.); cilla id. (Te.); cf. s'ithila (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) cilumputal to have an uneven surface by the rise of splinters, fibres etc; to stand on end, as man's hair, porcupine's quill etc. (Tiruva_lava_. 27,39); small splinter or splint rising on the smooth surface of wood; cilumpal tear, as in a garment; ciluval rags, tatters (Ta.lex.) cillu a round piece used by children in play (hopscotch); a game of hopscotch played with potsherd wheel; knee-cap as being round; cil anything flat and round, as eye-glass, wheel; wheel as of a car; flat round stone or seed of a sea-plant (Ta.lex.) hil.l.e-ko_lu a small piece of wood or a piece of a stick used in the game of tip-cat (Ka.lex.) cf. bille a circular object (Ka.Te.); pillai, villai (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) Image: crack: cilku-tal to become few, dwindle (Akana_. 17); cilli leak, hole, crack (Ta.); id. (Ta.Ma.); jilli id. (Ka.); cillun.t.i trifling thing; cil some, few (cf. s'ithila); small, slight (Kantapu. 196, Urai.); small piece as of broken glass; potsherd etc.; cillan.-ket.utal to be scattered, broken; cillar-ai trifling, insignificant matter (Ta.); cillara id. (Te.); cillar-a id. (Ka.); cillare id.(Tu.)(Ta.lex.) Image: split: cf. cilu to open, split (Ta.)(DEDR 2566). Fractional quantity: cillar-ai things scattered here and there in small quantities, sundries, fractional quantities, change (as of a rupee); trifling, insignificant matter; cilva_n-am odd; savings effected from the sum allotted for household expenses (Ta.); cillar-a small, trifling matter; cilva_nam, cilla_nam odd; remaining fraction, small articles of daily use bought in the bazaar (Ma.); cilr odd (over a round number; ca.vrm cilr ka.c a thousand-odd rupees); cilr de.va.dy a small-change god (contrasted with co.ym the great god)(Ko.); silo.r, silfo.rm silver, small change; sily silver (in songs)(To.); cillar-a, cillar-e, cilr-e smallness, pettiness, fractional quantities, money under the value of a rupee; cilava_n the odd money over a round sum (Ka.); cillar small money, change, trifle; little, trifling; cilva_na, ciluva_na the odd money over a round sum; little, small, trifling, mean, low (Tu.); cillara small, unimportant, insignificant, trifling, of no note or consequence, minor, non-essential, sundry, miscellaneous, odd, extra, additional; sundries, odds and ends, miscellaneous articles, change, small coins (Te.); cillera pra_ncu to retail; sirlu change (coins)(Kuwi); cillar petty, trifling article, change (of money)(M.)(DEDR 2574). Petty taxes: cillir-ai < cil + ar-u petty taxes (S.I.I. III,142)(Ta.lex.) cilk-panti < silk-bandi adjustment in account of balances due (C.G.); cf. cilakku < silak (U.) something more (Ta.lex.) cillar-ai remainder, surplus, balance (Ta.); cillara id. (Te.); cillare id. (Tu.); cillar-a id. (Te.); cillar-ai change as of a rupee (Ta.); cillara id. (Te.); cillar-a id. (Ka.); cillare id. (Tu.); cillar-ai things scattered here and there in small quantities, small quantities or amounts, sundries (Ta.); cillara id. (Te.); cillar-e id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) cf. chidra (Skt.) cf. cilva_n-am odd (Ta.) cf. cillar-ai-k-kut.i ryots who hold small holdings; petty ryots (R.T.)(Ta.lex.) cilar some, a few persons, opp. to palar (Kur-al., 270); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Balance in hand: s'iluku balance in hand (of money, articles etc.)(Ka.); s'ilaka (M.H.); s'ilukina ba_ki balance left (Ka.lex.) siluku, silku balance in hand (of money, articles etc.)(Ka.); s'ilaka (M.H.); silli-mil.l.i insignificant, trivial, trifling; hil.i to crack, to burst, to split (Ka.); pid., pil., pil.a (Ta.); hil.a a crack; hisi to burst (as a jack fruit, a very tight jacket; to crack (as a wall, a cooking vessel)(Ka.lex.)

4080.Images: ram; male elephant; male shark: takar sheep, ram, goat, male of certain other animals (porutakar ta_kkar-ku-p- pe_run takaittu : Kural.486); male elephant; male shark (Ta.lex.) (ya_l.i, elephant, shark)(Ta.); takaran huge, powerful as a man, bear, etc. (Ma.); tagar, t.agaru, t.agara, t.egaru ram (Ka.) tagaru, t.agaru id. (Tu.); tagaramu, tagaru id. (Te.); tagar id. (M.)(DEDR 3000). tan:gad.i_, tagara a ram (M.H.); tagade_ra having a ram for his vehicle: fire; tagarven.agisu to cause rams to fight (Ka.lex.) da_dlo bokro ram (Kon.lex.) takar male ya_r..i ; male elephant; male shark (Ta.lex..) [cf. kara_ male alligator; kar.e_n.u elephant (Ta.lex.)]

3514q.Image; goat: cana, ca~r.a kid (Ash.); can new-born kid (Mj.); ce~, co~ (Wg.); chani goat (Kho.); cu_~ (Kt.); chani_k, canar. a male kid (Pas'.)(CDIAL 4961). chor.u goat; pl. che_r.i he-goat; che_r.o (K.); che_r.o (WPah.); cher.i goat (Or.)(CDIAL 4959). chaga goat (Skt.); cha_ga he-goat (RV.)(CDIAL 4958). cherua_ goat (in general)(Bi.)(CDIAL 4962). chagala goat (TS.); chakala, chakalaka (Pali); chagalaga (Nidoc.); chagala, che_la, che_laga (Pkt.); cilo, cilo_ sheep (Ash.); cula lamb (Wg.); cele_ goat (Tir.); caloik small kid (Shum.); seya_l goat (Wot..); chalo kid (Gaw.); che_l goat (Bshk.); cha_l (Tor.); cael (Mai.); sa_li (Gau.); cha_li (Sv.); cha_l newborn kid (Phal.); che_li goat (Phal.); chal kid (Sh.); chali she-goat (D..); ce_li she-goat; cel, che_li (K.); chela_; cha_li_ (L.); chela_ goat more than one-year old (P.); chila_r, chila_ru_ young kid (P.); che_lu_ kid; cheur.u (WPah.); cheli goat (B.); chel.i (Or.); cher (Bi.); che_ri (Bhoj.); chela_, cheli_, chera_, cheri_ (H.); cha_la_ pl. goat; cha_li_ (OG.); cha_l.i_ goat; (Kathiawar) ca_l.u_ sheep; ca_l.i_ she-goat (G.); s'el.i_ goat; s'el.d.u_~ (M.); chelo kid (S.); chella_ (P.); chelli_ she-goat; chelli, chellu kid (WPah.); cirr.u_ he-goat (K.); cherr.o   goat (WPah.); cherr.u male kid; cher.ri f. (WPah.); s'erd.u_~ goat (M.); cha_gar he-goat; cha_gri_ f. (Bi.); chagari_ goat (Aw.); sa_gal. goatskin, leather made from it (M.)(CDIAL 4963). cha_gala coming from a goat (Sus'r.); goat (R.); coming from a goat; goat (Pkt.); cha_galiya goatherd; cha_la goat; cha_li_, cha_liya_ f. (Pkt.); cha_wul, cha_wulu he-goat; cha_waji; ca_wali-pu_t kid (K.); cha_la, cha_li_ goat (L.); cha_la_n of or belonging to a goat (L.); ca_li_ goat (L.)(CDIAL 5009). cha_lla_ pertaining to goats; flock of goats; cha_la_ (L.)(CDIAL 5910). sa_ga_ flock of sheep or goats (M.)(CDIAL 5011).

3648.Image: he-goat: ceccai he-goat (Pur-ana_. 286); sheep (Ja_n-a_. Pa_yi. 5,12); aries of the zodiac (Vita_n-a. Nalvin-ai. 9)(Ta.); tcutcu (Te.)(Ta.lex.)

3649.Sandal unguent: ceccai sandal unguent (Tiva_.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cf. carca_ (Skt.) cf. cecantan-am red sanders, pterocarpus santalinus (Ta.); ceca_ntu fragrant sandal paste (Perun.. Ucaik. 33,64)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

3650.Casket: ceccai a little casket for lin:gam worn by Lin:ga_yats (Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

3651.Image: pair: ceccai pair or set (Aka. Ni.); cf. jatai (Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

3766.Image: elephant goad: caran.am elephant goad (Ta.lex.) s'r.n.i a hook for pricking an elephant; a goad (Skt.lex.) sr.n.i a hook for driving an elephant; a hatchet; lo_hita, kod.ali (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

3652.Image: sieve: ca_rn.i_ sieve (G.)(CDIAL 4759).

3653.Images: manger; trough; pasture; place for feeding cattle: carna_ manger, trough (P.); caran.a going about (RV.); fodder, behaviour (Pkt.); caran manger, trough (N.); caran.i_ pasture, beasts on pasture (Or.); caran, carni_ wooden feeding trough for cattle (Bi.); carni_ place for feeding animals (H.); small manger, small trough (P.); caran. pasture, meadow (G.); pasture grass, cost of grazing (M.)(CDIAL 4685). carati moves (RV.); grazes (Ya_j.)(CDIAL 4686). xa_rna_ to gnaw or nibble at, eat (Kur.); ka_r to bite, eat (Ka.); arali to nibble (Kuwi); qare to bite off (Malt.)(DEDR 1474). ta_ru to move about, wander, stroll (Te.); sa_ran. nearness, proximity (Ka.)(DEDR 2460). cari_ stalk and leaves of jowar used as fodder (L.); cari fodder (Mth.); car green growing or cut grass (Sh.)(CDIAL 4689). ca_ro fodder (S.); ca_ra_ (P.); sa_r the state of having the belly filled with grass or other fodder (of cattle)(A.); ca_ra_ fodder, food, meal (B.); fodder (Bi.Aw.); fodder (H.)(CDIAL 4755). caraho pasture (S.); carah, caraha_ fodder (whether in the field or stored)(P.); carahi_ place for feeding cattle (OH.)(CDIAL 4687). tsarai pasture (Kon.lex.) cara_z pasture (Shum.)(CDIAL 4761). ca_ri grazing, grass (Pkt.); car, pl. carya_ grass (Gypsy); ca_r (Phal.); s'uki ca_r hay (Phal.); ca_rⁱ green grass (G.)(CDIAL 4762).

3749.Image: spy; to move; graze: sa_raka a messenger (Pali.lex.) car move; cara moving (Pa_n..gan.a); caraka messenger (Pali); cara spy (R.); caraka wanderer (S'Br.); spy (Skt.); cara secret emissary (Pali); cara-purus.a intelligence agent (NiDoc.); cara, caraya, cariya spy (Pkt.); car (K.); cer, pl. ceri watchman, guard (Sh.); cer (Bur.); car spy (B.)(CDIAL 4683). cf. he_raka, he_rika, hairika spy (Skt.)(CDIAL 14165). cf. er uk- to play 'peeping tom' (Ko.)(DEDR 903). ca_rin spy (A_p.); ca_ria spy (Pkt.); ca_ri_ spy, scout (S.L.); sariya_ (A.)(CDIAL 4765). ca_ra one who moves about; spy (MBh.); ca_raka (MBh.); ca_ra spy (Pali.Pkt.); ca_rapa business of a spy (S.); sa_r spy (A.); ca_ra_ (Or.); ca_ru_ scout stationed by thieves to give warning (L.); ca_r scout (G.M.)(CDIAL 4754). cara walking, moving (Pali.Pkt.)(CDIAL 4684). wai-ca_r collect. 'goats' (Pas'.)(CDIAL 14486). ca_raka setting in motion (MBh.); herdsman (Skt.); laco-ca_ro goatherd (Sh.)(CDIAL 4757). caran.a going about (RV.); grazing (Skt.); walking about, grazing (Pali); fodder (Pkt.); sarani grazing (A.); caran.i_ pasture, beasts on pasture (Or.)(CDIAL 4685). carati moves (RV.); grazer (Ya_j.); carati moves, grazes (Pali); care 3 sg. opt. (NiDoc.); carai (Pkt.); caroiki to graze (Sh.); carun to walk (OK.); carun to go forward (with meaning 'to increase, be more than enough')(K.); caran.u to graze (S.); caran., carun. (L.); carka_ (of cattle) a good feeder (L.); carna_ to graze (P.); carnu_, caran., carn.a_, carna_ (WPah.); carnu (N.); sariba (A.); cara_ to move about, graze (B.); cariba_ (Or.); carab (Mth.Aw.); carna_ (H.); carvu~ (G.); carn.e~ (M.); carta_ (Konkan.i); cara_pe_ti makes move (Pali); cara_un.a_ to graze (P.); caru_n.o (Ku.); cara_unu (N.); sara_iba (A.); cara_na (B.); cara_iba_ (Or.); cara_eb (Mth.); cara_na_ (H.); cara_vvu~ (G.); caravin.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 4686). caratha wandering (RV.); caraho pasture (S.)(CDIAL 4687). ca_ran.a in: go_-ca_ran.a grazing cattle (BhP.); tending of cattle, grazing-ground (Or.); sa_ran. tending of grazing cattle (A.); ca_ran (B.)(CDIAL 4758). cara_ [in dat. inf. cara_yai (RV.)] moving (Skt.)(CDIAL 4689). ca_rayati grazes (AV.); ca_re_ti makes graze (Pali); car to graze; eat (Gypsy); caus. carav to let eat, graze (Gypsy); cary, cari, cara_ to herd cattle (Wg.); cara_y (Dm.); car (Tir.Pas'.); cara (Kal.); ca_r (Bshk.); ca_ (Tor.); cia_ (Tor.); sa_r (Mai.); caroiki (Sh.); carizoiki to graze (Sh.); ca_rn.o to herd cattle (K.); ca_ran.u (S.); ca_ran. (L.); ca_rnu, ca_ran., ca_rn.a_ (WPah.); ca_rna_ (OH.); cara_na_ caus. (H.); ca_rvu~ (G.); ca_rn.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 4760).

3514n.Image;person: jeno person (also used as numerative)(Gypsy); janya common man (TS.); jana person (Pali); id. (RV.); jana, jam.na person (NiDoc.); jan.a (Pkt.); zen (Ash.); zan (Dm.); jan (used as numerative) (Pas'.); zan person (Pas'.); zen (Shum.); jun (Kal.); zun (Kho.); za_n (Phal.); zan, zonu (K.); jan.o (S.); jan.a_ person, husband; jan. the inhabitants of a village; jan.a_ person (L.P.); jan, jana_ (P.); zon.o_ (WPah.); jan. (Ku.); jana_ (-a_ from common use in plural as numerative )(N.); zan person; zana_ respectable person (A.); jan.a plural affix (OB.); jan person; jana_ id. (B.); jan.a, jan.e (Or.); jan person, agricultural labourer paid in kind (Bi.); jan, jana_ person, labourer (Mth.) ; jan person (Bhoj.); jana_ (Aw.H.); jan.o (Marw.); jan. (G.M.); jan.a, zan. (Kon.); dana_ (Si.) dena (OSi 1-th cent.)(CDIAL 5098).

3514k.Image; procession: jan.n.a_ bridegroom's procession; pl. jan.n.a_ (Pkt.); jan~a_ (S.); jan~j (L.); jan~j, ja_~j; janni (P.); jane_i_ (WPah.); ja_n (G.)(CDIAL 5116). janyaya_tra_ bridal procession (Skt.); jan.n.ayatta_, jannatta_ (Pkt.);jan~atra, jan~atriya (NiDoc.); zanig (Gaw.); janet the procession; janetar, janetar., janeti_, janeti_a_ a member of it (P.); jane_tar. a member (WPah.); janta the procession; janti a member (N.); janeta the procession (OAw.); janet (H.); ja_natra (OG.)(CDIAL 5118). ja_nya member of groom's party (S.); friend of bridegoom (Skt.); ja_~ji member of groom's party (L.); ja_n~ji_ (P.)(CDIAL 5197).

_{janwa_~sa_ lodging the wedding procession (Bi.); janma_sa_ (Mth.); janava_sa place at the bride's home where the groom's party is received; janwa_s the grooom's party (OAw.); janwa_s, janwa_sa_, janwa_~sa_ the place where it is received (H.); janavsa_, janivsa_ lodging of the groom's party (M.)(CDIAL 5119).}

_{3154m.Image;loins: jaghana hinder part, hip and loins, mons veneris (RV.); jaghana loins, buttocks (Pali); jahan.a (Pkt.); duvana hip, lap (Si.)(CDIAL 5077).}

3514k.Image:snake: zyen snake (Wg.); zeni (Pr.); syen (Wot..); ziant (Gaw.); jam.dunam. gen.pl. snake (Skt.); zan snake (Dm.); ja_n, zan (Pas'.); za~t (Shum.); jan (Tor.); jon pl. joni (Sh.); zon (Sh.); ja~t intestinal worm (M.); zandra (Sv.); jhandura (Phal.); jandera (Sh.); jandura (Bur.)(CDIAL 5110).

3514g.Back: jen back (Pe.); je_nu, je_~o (loc. je_co) id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2825).

3514c.Image;body: sina body (Skt.); sinu corpse (N.); s'i_rn.a broken (S'Br.); fallen out (MBh.); sin.n.a decayed (Pkt.); si_na fallen off, destroyed (Pali)(CDIAL 12496).

3514d.Image;bracelet: cinup (pl. cinpul), sinup (pl. sinpul) bracelet (Ga.); sinnnu_m id. (Go.); ci~dup (pl. ci~dpul) bracelet (of men)(Pa.)(DEDR 2531).

3514b.Fineness, delicate: jin.agu, jin.ugu, jinagu, jinugu fineness or thinness (as of texture, thread, powder, written letters, etc.)(Ka.); jilu~gu, jiluvu fine cloth; small, slight, fine, delicate (Te.)(DEDR 2519).

3517.Money-changer, seller of jewels: cinivara, cinnivara, ciniva_la, cinniva_la a money-changer, a seller of jewels (Ka.lex.) cinva_r, cinva_ra_ money-changer, gold-seller (Kon.lex.) cf. cinna gold (Ka.lex.) Miser: jina miserly, stingy (Tu.Ka.); ji_ne miser (Tu.lex.) cin-n-am coin as a piece of metal (I_t.u, 4,9,2); gold piece put by a warrior in his mouth when starting for battle (Ci_vaka. 2303, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) cin-n-a-me_l.a-mo_kara_ [ + mohur (U.)] Tinnevelly gold coin = 3 pagodas, 34 fanams, 7 cash (M.M.)(Ta.lex.) cin-n-elu < cinnelu (Te.) foppery, extravagance (W.) (Ta.lex.)

3518.Pure silver: ci_ni-bol.l.i pure silver; ci_ni sakkare white sugar (Tu.lex.)

3516.Image: saddle; leather: chi_n.dhi_ a piece of leather attached on both sides of an axis of a carriage near wheels (P.lex.) ji_na a leather bag (Skt.lex.) ji_n a saddle (Tu.lex.) cf. res.ui_ri, res.iri ( < *r.s.abha-dhr.ti) ox-hide (Kho.)(CDIAL 2459). jin, jina_ saddle (Kon.lex.) ji_na, ji_ni, ji_nu a saddle; jinaga_ra a caste of leather workers, saddlers who also do a little work in brass, iron etc. (Ka.M.); ji_nu, ji_ni a saddle (Te.); ci_n-i (Ta.)(Ka.lex.)

3062.Image: chisel; burnishing stick: ci_vul.i block-plane; burnishing stick; ci_vul.i-k-ku_t.u wooden stock of a plane (Ta.lex.) Image: polishing, planing: ci_vat.am planing, polishing (Ta.); ci_vut.a (Te.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ci_vu- to pare off, shave or scrape off (Ka_cika. Piraman-ve_. 8); smooth or polish by planing (Ta.)(DEDR 2600). sivur-u to scratch; ci_ru, civaru, civuru to scratch with the nails or claws (Ka.); ci_ka to scratch (Ma.); ci_ to scratch (as fowls), tear up earth (as pigs)(Ta.); ci_ru to scratch; ci_rud.u scratching (Te.); ci_rna_ to scratch (Kur.); circe to scratch (as a bird with talons); circo spurs of a cock (Malt.)(DEDR 2601). ci_ to scrape (Ta.); ci_y to rub (Ta.); ci_ka to scrape, smooth, polish (Ma.); ci_vuka to scrape, peel, polish (Ma.); ci_vu, civvu to cut thin, shave, scrape, peel, pare or trim the nails, smooth, furbish, polish (Ka.); civit.u to cut or cut off with the nails, nip off (Ka.); sigur-, sigur-u, sibar-u, sivar-u, sivur-u that is pared off, rind (Ka.); civvu to cut, shave, pare, mend or sharpen (as a quill or pencil)(Te.)(DEDR 2600). jigat.u, civit.u, civut.u, civun.t.u to cut or cut off with the nails, nip off (Ka.); ci_val parings, shavings (Ta.)(DEDR 2000). ci_ve a slice (Ta.); civva thin strip or shaving of wood (Te.); cuvaka, cuvva twig, small flexible stick or cane (Te.); sivva piece of fuel (Kol.); s'ivva wood (Nk.); suvval pl. fuel (Nk.)(DEDR 2600).

3506.Image: split: ci_rn.a split, divided (Skt.lex.) chinna cut, divided, rent, riven, torn (Skt.lex.) cin-n-am < chinna piece; anything broken (Kampara_. Karan-. 177)(Ta.lex.) cihna, cinna, cinne, cinha a mark, a sign (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

3512.Image: to pierce: janjanao to pierce, or drive to the head as a nail; tun janjanao to pierce deeply with an arrow; kut.am janjanao to drive to the head, as a nail; pat.i janjanao to pierce deeply, as a thorn in the foot; jankao to be firmly embedded as a well driven nail (Santali.lex.) ci_ran.a, jinna (Tadbhava of ji_rn.a) a small chisel, used especially in cutting metals (Ka.Te.); ciran.i_ (M.)(Ka.lex.) ce_n.o a chisel to work a stone (Tu.lex.)

3953.Image: chisel; to pierce: cf. ul.i chisel, burin (Ta.Ma.); ul.y chisel (Ko.); ul.i chise, burin, awl (Ka.); chisel (Tu.); uli id. (Te.); ulli id. (Ga.)(DEDR 699). To thrust: hu_lan.a_ to goad, thrust; hu_l thrust, stab (P.); huln.u cause to penetrate, drive in (cattle into a fold), thread (needle)(N.); hu_r thrust (Mth.); hu_lna_ to goad, stab, rush in; hulakna_ to rush at (H.); hulai throws (Pkt.); hul any small pointed thing, thorn; hula_ piece of pointed split bamboo for turning earth up (A.); hul barb, sting, point, awn (B.); hul.a (Or.); hull shooting pain in head (P.); hula sting (Or.)(CDIAL 14147). ho_l- to enter (Go.); ho_r.p- to insert (Go.); sor.i-, sorita_na_, hor.i_, o_r.-, oir.iya_na_ to enter (Go.); so_r.i_ta_na_ to enter, (lumbago) attacks (Go.)(DEDR 2876). To dig out: cu_l (cu_lv-, cu_n-r--) to scoop, dig out, pierce, cut off (Ta.); cu_r..al, cu_r-r-al, cu_n-r-al scooping, digging out (Ta.); cu_luka to make a deep and boring cut as into melons and jackfruits (cu_nnu no_kkuka to taste such); pluck out (Ma.)(DEDR 2734). cu_r-al scooping, digging out (Ta.lex.) Image: impaling stake: cf. s'u_la spike, spit (RV.); impaling stake (Mn.); su_la stake (Pali); spit, trident (Pkt.); s'u_l thorn (Pas'.); su_l spike, thorn (P.); impaling stake (Ku.); sul.i_ impaling stake (Or.)(CDIAL 12575).

2416b.Adze; carpenter's plane; small chisel; to scrape, scratch: ul.i battle-axe, barber's instrument for paring nails, chisel, burin (Ta.); chisel, burin (Ma.Ka.); awl (Ka.); chisel (Tu.); ul.y chisel (Ko.); branding iron (To.); uli chisel (Te.); ulli id. (Ga.)(DEDR 699) ki_s-ul.i, gi_sul.i a carpenter's plane (Tu.); gi_suni to pare, strip off, shave, scrape (Tu.); ki_s to scrape, scratch (Kond.a); kisla_ adze (Kur.); ki_s-ul.i a small chisel (Ka.); ki_su to make thin, scrape, furbish or polish; n. scraping, scratching (Ka.); ki.c to scrape (To.); to cut by chipping (Ko.); ci_y to cut with adze, cut down (Ta.)(DEDR 1612). ci_ to scrape; ci_vu to pare off, shave or scrape off, smooth or polish by planing (Ta.)(DEDR 2600). cimni, chini a chisel (Santali.lex.) Chisel: ca_n.a, ca_na, ce_n.a a small chisel (Ka.); ce_n.u, ce_nu awl, chisel (Tu.); se_namu id. (Te.)(DEDR 2445). cimni, chini a chisel (Santali.lex.) Small chisel: ci_ran.a, ci_rn.a, ji_rn.a a small chisel, esp. used in cutting metals (Ka.); ci_ran.amu a small chisel (Te.); cirn.e~ id. (M.)(DEDR 2627).

2438.Image: pincers: cira_van.am pincers, ca_van.am (Ta.); sra_van.amu (Te.); s'ra_van.a (Ka.)(Ta.lex.)

2441.Image: chisel: si_ran.a, ci_ran.a, si_rn.a a small chisel (Ka.lex.) cf. ci_rn.a a small chisel, especially used in cuttng metals (Ka.); ciran.i_ (M.)(Ka.lex.) ci_ru, civaru to cut in slices (Ka.Te.); id. to tear into shivers, to rend (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cirattal to crush, grind (Pin..)(Ta.lex.)

3954.Image: spying; machan in tree for tiger-shooting/spying: cu_la, hu_la, tu_la to see (Tu.); cu_t.u, cu_t.i perception (Tu.); cu_r. to see (Pa.); su_r.-, cu_d.-, su_d.-, to see (Ga.); su_r.-, hu_r.-, u_r.- to see (Go.); sur. to see (Kond.a); hur.- to see (Pe.); hur.- id. (Mand..); su_r.a (su_r.i-) to see; n. act of seeing, sight (Kui); cu_t.ci counsel, investigate carefully (Ta.); u_r.. to think (Ta.); cu_t.iyan minister (Ta.); cu_r.. deliberation, investigation; to conspire, know (Ta.)(DEDR 2735). ulloketi [ud + loketi, cf. loka, a_loka, viloka] to look on to, to look for, await; ullokita looked at, looked on; ullokaka looking on (to), looking out; ullola a wave; a commotion, unrest; oloketi to look at, to look down or over to, to examine, inspect; olokana looking, looking at, sight; olokanaka window (Pali.lex.) ul.i hiding, ambush, lurking-place, hunter's hut (Ka.); ul.iga man who hides or lurks (Ka.); oyl. machan in tree for tiger-shooting (Ko.); to hide (Ko.); ol.i hiding, lurking-place, screen, cover for a fowler, decoy animal (Ta.); concealment, ambush (Ma.); ul.avu one's secret (Tu.); secrecy, spying (Ta.); ol.avu, ol.agu a secret (Ka.); ol.avu a secret (Te.); on.pi to hide (Kor.); o_lamu a shelter, cover, screen (Te.); olp- (olup-) to hide (Ga.); ol.-, ol- to bend down (Go.); o_la_ resting-place of a wild beast, hiding-place or lair (Kur.)(DEDR 1015). o.l (o.lt-) to see, look at (Kol.); o_l- to see (Nk.); o_lip- to show (Nk.)(DEDR 1066). or-r-u (or-r-i-) to spy out; n. espionage, a spy (Ta.); private intelligence, secret information (Ta.); or-r-an a spy (Ta.Ma.); or-r-uvan, or-r-a_l. a spy (Ta.); or-r-umai qualities requisite in a spy (Ta.)(DEDR 1022).

3956.Image: after-birth: s'e_j after-birth (WPah.)(CDIAL 12339). s'alya anything lodged in the body and causing pain (applied inter alia to dead foetus)(Sus'r.); sa_l afterbirth (N.); dead foetus in womb (M.); hal afterbirth (K.); sa_l cause of pain (G.); pain (H.); piercing pain (M.)(CDIAL 12352). h^alun to begin to be in labour (K.); sulini to be got with child, be swollen (N.); s'u_late_ hurts (Car.); s'u_lati (Dha_tup.); s'u_lyati, s'u_lyate_ (Car.); s'us'u_re pierced (Skt.); s'u_ryate_ (Dha_tup.)(CDIAL 12576). su_taka impurity caused by childbirth or miscarriage (Ya_j.)(CDIAL 13554). su_a_, su_ia_ woman who has given birth (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13555). s'u_li, sul.i suffering sharp pain (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

3957.Image: pregnant woman: cu_l (cu_lv-, cu_n-r--) to become pregnant; n. conception, pregnancy (Ta.)(DEDR 2733). cur.in ghost of pregnant woman (Santali.lex.) Image: blood which precedes the birth of a child: to_r.a_ blood which precedes the birth of a child (Go.); to_r.a (to_r.i-) to be liquid, flow, trickle (Kui)(DEDR 3523). tu_l pregnancy (of animals)(Ga.); cu_l pregnancy (Ta.); cu_li pregnant woman (Ta.)(DEDR 2733).

3958.Image: to take an oath: cu_l. (cu_l.p-) to take an oath (aiya cu_l.in-at.itot.u kun-r-ot.u : Paripa_. 8,70); to vow (Kampara_. Nikumpa. 82); n. vow (Kalit. 41); oath (Tol. Po. 147); malediction, curse (Kantapu. Tun.aiva. 10); cu_l-ur-u to swear, take oath, take a vow (Man.i. 3,102)(Ta.); cur..ar-uka to swear; cur..arcca ascertaining the truth by oath or by ordeal; cu_r.. oath (Ma.); su_rul. (su_rul.t-) to swear, utter a solemn declaration; n. an oath (Ma.); su_lu swearing (Tu.)(DEDR 2738). cu_l.aravu oath (Kantapu. Acamukipu. 29)(Ta.lex.) sul.l.u falsehood, untruth, fiction, a lie (Ka.); a lie, falsehood, fib; false, untrue (Tu.)(DEDR 2708). cu_l.ar-avu oath (Ir-ai. 18, Pak. 107, Urai)(Ta.); su_rul. id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.)

2417.Pledge, pawn: girwi < girau (Pers.) a pledge, a pawn; girwi pain.a to be pawned; girwi paun.a to pawn (P.lex.) girhar. trust, guidance, benevolence (Santali.lex.) kiro_ < girwi_ (Pers.) pledge, mortgage, pawn (P.T.L.)(Ta.lex.)

2419.One-fourth: gira, gidda one-fourth; giraka_lu 1/16. the sixteenth part; girapa_vu dupl. 1/4 or the fourth part of a measuring seer; 1/16 of a seer (Ka.lex.) gira, girha, girah the sixteenth part of a yard (P.lex.) cf. girda, gira, gidda a fourth part; giddana, gidna the fourth part of a solige (Ka.); gidda, gidde one-fourth of the so_la measure (Te.)(DEDR 1553).

2420.Image: knots: gira, girah, girha a knot (P.lex.) gan.ike, gan.alu a knot, a joint (Ka.lex.) gan.thi [Vedic granthi] a knot, a tie, a knot or joint in a stalk (Pali.lex.)

2421.Image: to spin: vol. to spin (Kon.lex.)

2422.Image: river: vol.o current of river (Kon.lex.) oliyal river (Kantapu. Ka_l.inti. 6)(Ta.lex.)

2423.Image: seven: o_r..u, yo_r..u, e_r..u seven (Ka.lex.)

2424.Image: sexual intercourse: o_r.. sexual intercourse (Ta.); o_l. (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. o.l.- to have sexual intercourse with (Kod..)(DEDR 1071).

2425.Mortgage: ol bandhi, ol bandki mortgage, to mortgage; noa jaega don ol bandhi akata I have mortgaged this rice land (Santali.lex.)

2426.Marriage invitation: voul.ik sa_ng to invite; vo-ul.e, vo-ul.i invitation to a marriage; voul.ik, voul.ike invitation for marriage (Kon.lex.) ol to mark, to make a mark, to write, to draw patterns, figures etc.; jangateye ol akada he has made a mark with his foot; sohraere gor.a duarreko ola during the Sohrae fesival they draw figures (or patteerns) at the door of the cowshed; olok par.haok cet jon.me learn to read and write; oladinae he wrote to me; olos kanae he is writing; olotkoae he is writing down their names (Santali.lex.) cf. ko_lam patterns drawn at the doors (Ta.lex.) ol-bal a written paper, especially a written document; hatupe kirintada, mendo ja_n olbalpe nakada ci? the act of writing, especially the act of writing a document; ol-bal (jingle of ol) to write, especially a document; na_doin olbaltana, pi_t.ido or.o gr.kadin sena I am writing now, I shall go to the market after a while; olbal-en rflx. v. (1) of two people, to write a document of their contract; na_do jukalanjana enamente ote bandarreoko olbalena these days are bad times, therefore people now write their contract even when they only mortgage a field; (2) to get one's name written down; asa_mte senoko d.ipureko olbalena the coolies going to Assam get their names taken down at the depot; olbal-o especially of a document, to be written; na_do kain omama, sobena olbaloka, en hulan entarege t.akain omea I shall not pay now, let the contract be written, there and then I shall pay; ol-bal alphabet, characters; ape jatire sidaa_te ci olbal ka_ taikena? was there from the beginning no alphabet in your tribe? ne disumre hat.ikut.i olbal mena: Urdu, Bangali, Ur.ia, Parsi, eman in this country there are number of different alphabets or characters: the Urdu characters, the Bengali characters, the Uria characters and so on; ol-nala to write for daily wages; to write something here and now for pay without being a regular clerk; ol-adu_, ol-adur.u, olar.agu, oluturao to copy in writing, in contrast to olur.un to write an extract; ne kitabra taramara kajiko oladu_ime; oladu-u to get copied in writing; hakim olakad kajiko oladu_jantedo nakal menotana a copy of a judgement is called nakal; o_l to write, to write down, to write on; cit.i oleme, apummente write to they father; sobenko olkom write them all down; sobenkoa nutum oleme write down the names of all; soben kajim olkeda ci? hast thou written all that was to be said? olrikan to case one's name to be written down; o-p-ol to write to each other; the writing of letters to each other; inilo alinre cit.i opol hokaakana our correspondence has been broken off; olakan may refer to one's fate written down by Singbonga; cilka olakana enkage gonoe hobaoa dead comes as decreed by Singbonga; o-n-ol the extent or manner of writing; onole olkeda, musinre bahii peregir.itada he wrote so much that he filled a copy book in one day; oloni one whose name is written down; olni, oloni agency, a writer; olote adv. to go and write; to go and do clerical work; to go and get one's name written down; onol a mark or line drawn, especially on the ground; o-lo to get cracked; onol stripes or spots in the fur of an animal (Mu.lex.) o_kul.i crimsoned turmeric water used on auspicious occasions; o_kon.u to answer a call (Tu.lex.) o_ha gift (RV. i.180.5; RV. iv.10.1; TS. iv.4.4.7; VS. xv.44); o_ha-brahman praying for gifts (RV. x.71.8); o_has value, worth (RV. vi.67.9) (Vedic.lex.) ollunar friends, associates (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) cf. olicai presents given by the near relations of the bride to the bridegroom on the fourth day of the marriage (W.)(Ta.lex.) o_lago a royal assembly (Tu.lex.) o_lakkan.-kot.uttal to grant an audience, as a king; o_lakka-man.t.apam place of assembly, durbar hall, hall (Ta_yu. Enna_t.. Arul.iyalpu. 10); o_lam-it.utal to call for succour, cry for protection (Tiruva_ca. 7,5) (Ta.lex.) o_lit.utal to make a noise (Pa_rata. Man.ima_n-. 20); o_lar-uttal to emit a pleasant sound (Ir-ai. 2,42, Urai.); o_l sound (Iraku. Nakara. 42); o_lar-utal to be filled with sound; to resound (Iraku. Nakara. 42); o_lai-ppa_curam communication written on a palmyra leaf ('varuka' en-n-umal.avum o_laippa_curam : Ci_vaka. 2147, Urai.); o_laippa_yiram id. (Tol. Po. 461, Urai.); o_laippur-am command, order (Kuruparam. 10, Pan-n-i_.); o_lai-na_yakan- Chief secretary in the time of the cho_las (Ta.inscr.); o_lai-er..uttu office of clerk (I.M.P.N.A. 676); o_laimukappa_curam prefatory address in a letter on a palmyra leaf (Cilap. 13, 87, Urai.); o_lai-muttirai stamp imprinted on a palmyra-leaf document (W.); o_lai-mur-i memorandum on a piece of a palmyra leaf; chit (Ta. lex.) o_lagisu, o_laysu, o_lavisu to serve; to pay homage to; to assemble, to bring together; o_laga_rta desire of paying homage; o_le an ear-ring of gold etc., worn in the lobe of the ear of a female whose husband is alive; o_leka_r-a, va_leka_r-a a servant in the employ of government (or private persons) who carries letters etc. (Ka.lex.) olepu, ol.epu, leppu to call (Tu.lex.) oli-ttal to sound as letter (Kur-al., 763)(Ta.); uri (Tu.); uli (Ka.); uliyu (Te.); oli loud or audible recitation of a mantra (Caivaca. Potu. 151, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) Configuration of an articulate sound: oli-vat.ivu (gram.) the sound-configuration of an articulate sound, dist. fr. varivat.ivu (Nan-. 89, Virut.); oli-k-kur-ippu a symbol of a sound; onomatopoetic term as kalakalen-al (Ta.lex.) ar..aippu invitation, call (Tiv. Iyar-. Na_n-mu. 38); ar..ai-ttal to call, invoke, invite (Tiruva_ca. 29,1); to summon, direct to appear or to be brought (Kantapu. Vin:kut.i. 40); to call by name (Tiv. Periya_r... 4,6,2); ar..aippu-p-pattiram letter of invitation (Ta.lex.) vol.ka_ recognition (Kon.lex.) cf. ar..ivu tenderness, love (Ma.)(DEDR 281). vol. line; vorro furrow; vol.ombo vertical, a plumb-line determines the vertical (Kon.lex.)

2427.Marriage invitation: gira_ [Vedic gir, ge_r song; gr.n.a_ti to praise, announce; gu_rti praise = Lat. grates 'grace'] utterance (orig. song, important utterance, still felt as such in older Pa_li, therefore, mostly poetical), speech, words; Skt. girati, Lat. voro, OHG. querka (Pali.lex.) gira a knot; bapla gira the marriage knots, or the Santal method of intimating date of a marriage; seven or eight days before the date fixed for the marriage, seven or eight as the case may be, knots are tied on a large number of strings, one of which is sent to each family who is invited to be present at the marriage. One knot is loosed each night, and when all have been loosed the time for the marriage has arrived. Knots on a string are also employed to keep accounts, each knot representing so much; girja to join in a religious service, to conduct a religious service (Santali. lex.) gir addressing, invoking; speech, words, language; invocation, praise, song; gira_ speech, speaking, language (Skt.lex.) Ögr., Ögir praise; song of praise (RV. iii.62.8); girvan.as delighting in invocations, fond of praise or songs (RV. i.62.1); gr. to celebrate, sing, praise (Vedic.lex.) ki_r word, speech (Tiva_.); ki_r-va_n.am < gi_r-va_n.a Sanskrit as the language of the gods (Ta.lex.) gr. to utter a sound, call out, invoke; to relate, promulgate; to praise, extol; to make known, relate; to teach; gi_rn.i praise (Skt.lex.) gr._ declare, praise (Skt.); grand, grunzu^u counting; ganz^arun to count (K.); ganti (N.); ganti_, ginti_ (H.) (CDIAL 4234). cirar-r-u-tal to shout, call loudly (Kampara_. Kumpaka. 268); to be angry with (Kali. 97,29)(Ta.); ciracira (Te.)(Ta.lex.) gr.n.ati addresses, praises (RV.); girai says (Pkt.); caus. ga_rayate_ teaches (Dha_tup.); gar. to speak (Tir.)(CDIAL 150). jarate_ praises, addresses (RV.); jar- to speak (Pas'.); jar., jar to say (Par.); gar- to praise (Av.)(CDIAL 5149). a_gurate_ approves, praises (RV.); ahuran.u to please, suit (S.); a_ur.an.u id. (S.)(CDIAL 1050). cf. gan.ayati counts (MBh.); ga_n. to count, read (Ash.)(CDIAL 3993). cf. ga~_garvu~ to bellow like a bull (G.)(CDIAL 3951). cf. gun.ayati advises (Dha_tup.); gun.u calculation (Kt.); gurrun (Bashg.); gunai thinks (OAw.); gunna_ to think about, praise (H.); gun.ai ponders (OG.)(CDIAL 4191). ganya calculable, numerable; to be counted or regarded; worthy of esteem (Ka.lex.) cf. kir-a_vu (kir-a_vi-) to cry (Ta.); kire_ng abuse (Br.); kire_ng tining to abuse (Br.)(DEDR 1590). kirot korot to talk continuously, to cackle as a hen (Santali.lex.) gi_ra the voice (Kui)(DEDR 1615). gan.a [Vedic gan.a; Lat. grex flock; Skt. gra_ma; Lat. gremium to comprise; OBULG. gramada village community; OHG. chram; Pali. ga_ma a collection of houses, a hamlet (cf. Ger. gemeinde), a habitable place ] a meeting or a chapter (of two or three) bhikkhus, a company (opposed to sangha, the order and puggala, the individual); in general: a crowd, a multitude, a great many; gan.a-sanganika adj. coming into contact with one another (Pali.lex.) gan.aka a counter, one skilled in counting familiar with arithmetic; an accountant, overseer or calculator; enumerated as an occupation together with muddika and sankha_yika; as an office at the king's court (together with amacca_as gan.aka-maha_matta = a ministerial treasurer); as overseer; as accountant (Pali.lex.)

3774.Image: slit, rent: cir a slit, a rent; a sharp pan; to tear, to rend; cira a rent, a rip, a cut, a slit; cira_i the price of splitting and of sawing timber and boards; cirn to rend, to rip up, to slit, to split, to divide longitudinally with a saw; to be slit, to be torn, to be rent,, to be sawed (P.lex.) cira to tear, rend, split; a strip; mit cira bar.ge emanme give me a strip of garden land; ciri biri, ciri biti into small pieces; to mince; to splt into thin strips; ciro to tear, rend, split, divide; citil bitil, citir bitir to divide, to apportion, to break in pieces (Santali.lex.)

2428.Image: line: si_r-a, gi_r-u a line, a streak, a stripe; full of lines or stripes; ci_ru scratching; a shiver, fragment; ci_ra_gisu to shiver; civuru, ci_ru scratching; civvu, ci_vu to cut thin, shave, or scrape; to peel or bark; to pair or trim the nails; to make a pen or pencil; to form into a pointed shape; to smooth, furbish or polish (Ka.); ci_vu (Ma.Ta.); civvu, ci_vu (Te.); ki_su to scratch; si_l., gi_l.u, si_l.u to split, to be cleft; to be rent; si_l.ked.aha to split and throw to the ground (Ka.lex.) cf. cira_y splint, splinter, shivered chip of palmyra or other timber (Ta.lex.) cirai-ttal [cf. ks.ur] to shave (Tiv. Tiruma_lai. 38); to cut with a sickle (I_t.u, 3,9,6); kere to shave (Ka.); cirekka (Ma.)(Ta.lex.)

2429.Honorific term: siri_ an auspicious or honorific term prefixed to the names of persons and divinities, places and at the beginning of manuscripts, letters and documents (P.lex.) siri_ prosperity, beauty (P.lex.)

2430.Independent: serin (Skt. svairin) self-willed, independent; according to one's liking; seriviha_ra adj. lodging at one's own choice (Pali.lex.) serita_ independence, freedom (P.lex.)

2431.A measure: se_ra a kind of measure (Skt.); s'e_r (M.)(Skt.lex.) [pa_do_nadya_naka tulyam t.an:kairdvisapta tulyaih kathito_tra se_rah a : Li_la_vati_](Skt.lex.) se_ru a seer, a measure of weight or capacity that varies in various parts of the country (Ka.Te.); ce_r (Ta.); s'e_r (Ma.); s'e_ra (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) cf. ce_r a standard weight = 8 palams; dry or liquid measure = 1/24 par-ai in Ceylon = 70 cu. in. and upward in S. India (Ta.lex.) sirsa_hi_ the eighth part of chitta_n:k, a square measure of land each side of which is a karam which equals 5 1/2 ft. in length (9 sira_hi_ makes one marla_, 20 marla_s, one kana_l, 4 kana_ls one wigah)(P.lex.)

2432.Image: cascade: si_r-ud.u a cascade; si_r-umbul. being scattered, sprinkled etc.; si_r being scattered, sprinkled etc.; si_rpani spray or fine drops of water (Ka.lex.) cirar-u-tal to scatter (Patir-r-up. 22, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) siran.u to flow, glide (S.); Ösr. move (Skt.); sara going (Pa_n..); course? (VS.)(CDIAL 13247). saraka_iba_ to move to one side (Or.); xarkiba to go through, flee (A.); sarakvu~ to move, slip, slide (G.); sarakn.e~ (M.); si_run to go round, circulate (K.); siran.u to flow, glide (S.); serik to glide, slip, slide (Ash.Wg.); sarkn.a_ to move, get out of the way (P.); sarkan.o to move, disappear (Ku.); sarkanu to go the wrong way (of food); sarkinu to move a little, withdraw (N.); sarati runs, flows, glides (RV.); goes, flows (Pali)(CDIAL 13250). sar sudden forceful gush (M.); serⁱ stream of liquid, jet of water (G.); se_ri_ spring (Sv.); sarit stream (RV.)(CDIAL 13261). sarva_n.i_ spring of water (G.)(CDIAL 13263). sari cascade (Skt.lex.) seran.u to move, put on one side (S.); sirra spoutingly (of blood or water flowing)(N.); s'irn.e~ to enter, go in (usu. forcibly or smartly)(M.); caus. s'iravin.e~ to insert (M.); s'irakn.e~ to enter; s'irkavin.e~ to thrust, pierce (M.); sirko flowing, gliding (S.); sirko a rush or stream (of milk)(N.)(CDIAL 13420). sira_ stream; si_ra_ (RV.)(CDIAL 13421).

2433.Land watered by floods of the Indus: si_r a plot of land in the saila_ba_ cultivated by a separate tenant or a set of tenants; si_r.h, sir.h a plot of ground without a well, irrigated by the rising of the Indus; that part of a river where the stream is rapid; saila_ba_ land watered by floods of great river; saila_b inundation, dampness (P.lex.) ser (Chamba) also called seri crown land; state demesne (Chamba) a weight of 80 tolas; ce_rvai (ASLV)(Ta.) < seva_ a service ina_m or grant (IEG, p.309). s'e_va_r = s'e_va-va_ra treasury (RV. viii.1.22); s'e_va dear, precious (RV. i.73.2); s'e_vadhi treasure (RV. ii.13.6)(Vedic.lex.) s'e_vadhi one of the nine treasures of Kube_ra (Skt.lex.)

2434.Land liable to assessment: ciri < s'e_ri land liable to assessment, dist. fr. in-a_m (Ta.lex.)

2435.Image: fish: siri_han a fish of the carp family, labeo curchius (P.lex.)

2436.Image: broken pieces: ku_r-u broken pieces of anything (Kampara_. Nakarni_n.. 104); half; ku_r-it.u-tal to cut into pieces or slices, bisect, divide; to distribute in portions or small quantities (Pu. Ve. 1,14); ku_r-at.attal to dive into lots (S.I.I. i,65); ku_r-u-ceytal to cut in pieces, divide; to distribute in portions or small quantities; to exercise authority, as in the assessment of taxes etc. (As.t.a_taca. 71)(Ta.lex.) kucra_ broken to pieces (P.)(CDIAL 3489).

2437.Image: monkey: cirai monkey (Aka. Ni.)(Ta.lex.) ? cf. ciri to kill, hurt, injure (used only in the Veda) (Skt.lex.)

2439.Sacred ceremony: cira_van.am < s'ra_van.a ceremony performed generally on the full-moon day in the month of a_van.i, when the study of the ve_das is commenced with the investiture of a new sacred thread; cira_van.i a sacrifice performed on the full-moon day in the month of a_van.i (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.)

2440.Image: ladle: cirukku < sruk nom. sg. of sruc wooden ladle for pouring ghee on sacrificial fire (Te_vai. 175)(Ta.lex.)

2442.To cry: kel.ar, kil.ir, keral. to cry out, to roar; to dispute, to wrangle (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: the voice: gi_ra the voice (Kui); gi_ga, gi_ta, gi_ya word, syllable (pl. gi_anga)(Kuwi); giya~ voice (Kuwi)(DEDR 1615). kir-a_vu to cry (as a peacock)(Ta.); kiry- (kirc-) to shout; kiry a shout (Ko.); kir-c- to shout (To.); kir-acu, kir-icu, kir-uvu, kircu to cry, shout, scream (Ka.); kir-acuvike crying, etc.; kir-ugut.t.u, kirgut.t.u to cry, scream (Ka.); ki_r-u, ci_r-, ci_r-u to scream, cry out; gi_r-u, ci_r-u, ji_r-u screaming, shrilling, buzzing (Ka.); ki_rottuni to roar, as an elephant (Tu.); ci_ru, ci_r-u to call (Te.); ci_rud.u calling (Te.); kihpa (kiht-) to shout, cry out (Kui); ki_rr.- (-it-) to shriek, moan with pain, shout (Kuwi); kire_ng abuse (Br.); kire_ng tining to abuse (Br.)(DEDR 1590). To shout: cirar-r-u to shout, call loudly (Ta.); kerkir.- to shout (Nk.); keral to cry, shout (Ka.); ke_rle sound, noise (Tu.); ke_ru to cry out, be jubilant (Te.); keralu to cry out from alarm (Te.); ceralu jubilation (Te.); kere- (cock) to crow (Kond.a); gernga, grenga to groan, moan (Kui); qerge to sound (Malt.)(DEDR 1960). keral story, tale (Ga.); ke_r- to sing (Pe.Mand..Kuwi); ke_rond.i soty, tale, fable (Kui); khi_ri_ tale, fable, legend, riddle (Kur.); qeri tale (Malt.)(DEDR 2006). kel.ar to cry out, roar (Ka.); kil.a to express clearly (Ta.); kil.avu word, speech, language (Ta.); kil.ir-, kil.ir to sound, neigh (Ka.); ke_r. (cock) to crow (Kond.a); kel, kell to tell (Go.); kr.e id. (Pe.); kla_pa to crow, coo, lament (Kui); kelpa to invoke, petition a deity, repeat incantations; n. incantation, invocation (Kui); kr.e-/kr.en-, kre_cali to crow (Kuwi)(DEDR 2017). ke_ru (ke_ri-) to cackle (as a hen)(Ta.); to chuckle with joy, warble, cluck (as a laying hen)(Te.); ke.ri noise, shout (Kol.); ke.ri kak- to shout (Kol.)(DEDR 2009). Image: fowl: xe_r fowl (Kur.); qeru id. (Malt.)(DEDR 2013). Speech: gi_r, gira, gir, gire speech; the goddess of speech, Sarasvati (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ga_yane, ga_yani_ singer (MBh.); singing (Ca_n..); ga_an.a singer (Pkt.); ga_ine (N.); ga_in (B.); ga_yana singing (Pali); ge~_r.~ (Ku.); ga_in.a_ (Or.); gayanu playing a musical instrument (Si.)(CDIAL 4136). ge_ya to be sung (Pa_n..); singing, song (MBh.); geyya a mixed style of prose and verse (Pali); ge_a song (Pkt.); ge_ song (Pas'.)(CDIAL 4249). ki_ta-ca_lai hall where music is taught (Perun.. Ila_van.a. 7,131); gi_tam song, chant (Kampara_. Ka_rmuka. 40); melody, music (Tiruva_ca. 18,1); ki_ta-v-ur-uppu limbs or component elements of a musical piece, which are four: ukkiram, turuvai, a_po_kam, pirakalai (Cilap. 3,150, Urai); ki_ta_n:kam instrumental accompaniment to vocal music (Cilap. 3,14, Urai); ki_ta_n-ukam id. (Cilap. 3,14, Arum.); ki_rttittal to praise, extol (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 7,9,2); ki_rtti fame, celebrity, renown, distinction, glory (Tiruva_ca. 8,8); ki_rttimai id. (Tiv. Tiruppa_. 13)(Ta.lex.) Long story: katittal to tell, direct (Pa_rata. Ira_cacu_. 112); katai a long story, anecdote, or narrative (Tiv. Iyar-. Na_n-mu. 31); epic (Tiv. Iyar-. 2,64); Perun:katai, the story of Utayan.an- (Cilap. Uraippa_yiram, Pak. 9); talk, conversation; kataital to speak well of; to praise (Tiv. Iyar-. 2,64)(Ta.lex.) kath speak (Skt.); kathana narration (Sus'r.); conversation (Pali); kahan.a, kahan.a_ (Pkt.); ko~_r.~ saying (Ku.); kahini_ story (B.); kahan.a talking (Or.); kahan.a_ narrative (Or.); kahini_ (Mth.); kah^ani_ (Bhoj.); kahan saying, byword; kahani, kahani_ (H.); kahan.a, kihin.a story (OG.); kahen. message; kahen.i_ proverb, bad reputation (G.)(CDIAL 2702). kathayati converses with, describes (MBh.); kathe_ti speaks, preaches (Pali); kahe_i, kahai says (Pkt.); kahan.u (S.); kahin.a_, kaihna_ (P.); ka_hnu_ (WPah.); kaun.o (Ku.); kahanu (N.); kaiba (A.); kaha_ (B.); kahiba_ (Or.); kahal (Bhoj.); kahab (Mth.Aw.); kahna_ (H.); kahai (OMarw.); kahai (OG.); kahevu~ (G.); katha_pe_ti makes say (Pali); kaha_ve_i causes to be called (Pkt.); kaha_n.a_ to be called (WPah.); kau~r.~e to make say (Ku.); kaha_vvu~ to send a message (G.); kaha_na_ (H.)CDIAL 2703). katha_ conversation, speech (A_s'vGr.); story (MBh.)[subst. formed of katha_ how, why? (RV.)]; katha_ talk, story (Pali); kaha_, kahiya_ (Pkt.); kaha_ cry (L.); noise, rumour (P.); kiyu language (Si.); kuha_ speech; ku- in kuna_iba_ to send word (Or.)(CDIAL 2704). katha_naka a little tale (Skt.); kaha_n.aya (Pkt.); kiha_n.i_ (L.); kaha_n.i_ (P.); kaha_ni (N.); ka_ha_n.i (Or.); kaha_na_, kaha_ni_ tale, proverb (H.); ka~_n.i (Marw.); kaha_n.i_ (G.M.); ka_n.i_ (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 2705). kaha_ta a saying (S.); kaha_ut (P.); kaha_wat, kaha_ut (N.); kaha_wat (H.); kahevat (G.); kuha_ta halloing (Or.)(CDIAL 2706). kathita told (Mn.); conversation (MBh.); tale (Skt.); spoken (Pali); kahiya (Pkt.); kahia_, kiha_ saying, order (P.); kaio~ order (Ku.); kahi impers. it was said (OMarw.); kahyu~ ordered; order (as pp. of kahevu~ replaced by ki_dhu~ after type labdha- etc.)(G.); kahya_ (M.); ki_, kiv said, speech (Si.)(CDIAL 2707). kathyate_ is called (Skt.); kathya to be spoken about (R.); kacchati is spoken (Pali); kaccha fit to be spoken (Pali); ka_chab to make excuses, excuse oneself (Mth.)(CDIAL 2708). katth boast (Skt.); katthati boasts (Pali); katthai praise (Pkt.); katthate_ boasts, mentions with praise (MBh.); kad- to speak, tell (Pas'.)(CDIAL 2700). Song: ga_tha_ song; ga_th (RV.); ga_thika_ epic song (Ya_j.); ga_tha_ verse, stanza (Pali); ga_ha_ (Pkt.); ga_ha a kind of verse (S.); ga_ verse (B.); ga_he sings (MB.); ga_ha_ (Or.); description of a parti. kind of verse (H.); ga_ha verse (OG.); gaya song (Si.); gai song (Pas'.); ga_e singing; gai, gae (Sh.); gela_ singing (Mai.) (CDIAL 4126). ga_na singing (Ka_tyS'r.); ga_n.a (Pkt.); na_c-ga_n dancing and singing; ga_na_ singing (N.); ga_n (A.B.); ga_n.u~ singing (G.); ga_n.e~ (M.Konkan.i); ganu playing a musical instrument (Si.)(CDIAL 4130). ga_yati sings (RV.); ga_payati (MBh.); ga_yati (Pali); ga_ai, ga_i (Pkt.); ga_vu~ (G.); ga_n.e~ (M.); ga_vai sings (Pkt.); ga_in.u (S.); ga_van. (L.); ga_un.a_ (P.); ga_un.o (Ku.); ga_unu (N.); ga_iba, ga_uni wages for singing (A.); gauya_ (B.); ga_he (MB.); ga_iba_ (Or.); ga_va (OMth.); ga_bab (Mth.); ga_vai (OAw.OG.); ga_na_ (3 sg. ga_we)(H.); ga_ve (OMarw.); gab-, giv-, gib- ( i from gili)(Gypsy); gewun, gyewun (K.)(CDIAL 4135). ceppu to say, tell, relate, narrate, recite, scold, reprove (Te.); kebna_ (keppas) to scold, lecture (Kur.); ceppuka to say, (dog) growls when snatching at something (Ma.); ceppu (ceppi-) to say, speak, declare, tell; n. speech, word, answer, reply; ceppal saying, replying, declaring (Ta.)(DEDR 1955). Song; singing: gi_ta singing (S'Br.Pali); gi_taka (Pali); gi_a (Pkt.); giya (Si.); gi_la song (Mai.); gile singing (Sv.)(CDIAL 4167). gi_ti singing (Nir.); gi_tika_ (Pali); gi_i, giya_, gi_ya_ (Pkt.); qire, gref, gilav, gili (Gypsy); gi_a (D..)(CDIAL 4168). ga_tu song (RV.); ga_u song (Pas'.); ga_u_ cradle song (M.)(CDIAL 4123). Music: iyampu to sound, say, utter; iyakku to cause to sound; iyakkam a musical composition, pitch (of three kinds); iyam sound, word, musical instrument; iyantai an ancient melody type; iyavan- drummer; icai (-pp-, -tt-) to sound, sound as a musical instrument, express, signify, play as on a lute; n. sound, noise, word, fame, song, music; e_e Sa_maveda (Ta.); iyampuka to sound; ica, is'a song, music; is'ampuka to say, speak, utter (Ma.); ese to sound (Ka.); e_sa (e_si-) to sing, chant, recite, read aloud, relate, tell, say; n. act of singing, relating, telling (Kui)(DEDR 470). gi_ta singing (S'Br.Pali); gi_taka (Pali); gi_a (Pkt.); giya (Si.); gi_la song (Mai.); gile singing (Sv.)(CDIAL 4167). gi_tika_ singing (Pali); gi_ti (Nir.); gi_i, gi_iya_, gi_ya_ (Pkt.); qire, gref, gilav, gili (Gypsy); gi_a (D..)(CDIAL 4168). hi_t talk, conversation, promise, matter (talked about); hi_t kanning to talk, discuss, say things about one; hi_tmi_t conversation, gossip (Br.)(DEDR 470). ge_ya to be sung (Pa_n..); singing, song (MBh.); geyya a mixed style of prose and verse (Pali); ge_a song (Pkt.); ge_ song (Pas'.)(CDIAL 4249). gai sing (Skt.); song (Pas'.); ga_e, gai, gae singing (Sh.); gela_ singing (Mai.)(CDIAL 4126). gauya_ wages for singing (B.); ga_ve sings (OMarw.); gab, giv, gib, gili (Gypsy); gewun, gyewun (K.); ga_yati sings (RV.)(CDIAL 4135). sam.gi_ta chorus, concert (Skt.); san:gi_ta (Pali); sam.gia (Pkt.); sangiya collection of Buddhist sacred books (Si.)(CDIAL 12849). cf. iyar-r-u to compose; iyaipu harmony; icai union, harmony (Ta.); iyayuka to harmonise; is'ayuka to join together (Ma.)(DEDR 471).

2443.Parrot: ki_ra parrot (Skt.Pali.Pkt.); ki_r (G.); kirava_, girava_, gira_ parrot (Si.); kiro_t.a_ common wild parrot (M.)(CDIAL 3198). kare a paroquet (Santali.lex.) kil.i, kil.l.ai parrot (Ta.); kil.i (Ma.); kil.y vaky (Ko.); kil.y (To.); gil.i, gin.i (Ka.Tu.); gin.i (Kod..); ciluka (Te.); kil (pl. kilkul)(Pa.); killin (pl. kilkil)(Ga.)(DEDR 1584). sir.i_, hir.i_ (pl. -k) parrrot (Go.); hidkoo (pl.) id. (Go.); sir.a id. (Kond.a); hir.a a kind of bird (Pe.)(DEDR 2582). cf. ra_gho-si_r.i_ parrot (Go.); ra_go id. (Go.Nk.); ra_ghok (Nk.)(DEDR 5164). cf. ra_ga musical harmony, melody (Skt.lex.) cf. kitti_ praise (Pali); ki_rti report (RV.)(CDIAL 3200). ki_rtana telling (MBh.); ki_rtana_ id. (Sus'r.); kittana praise (Pali); kittan.a, kit.t.an.a praise, recitation (Pkt.); kitan singing (N.)(CDIAL 3199). si_rba- to cry (pair-word with ar.ba-); ar.baden si_rbaden crying constantly (Kond.a); hi_rba to call (intensive base only)(Pe.); cirqe to shout, make a noise (Malt.)(DEDR 2631). cf. arpini to weep, cry (Tu.); ar.up- to make to cry (Ga.); ar.ba- intens. to cry (of animals)(Pe.); to weep, cry (Kond.a)(DEDR 282).

2444.Wife: girni, ghirni wife, mistress of the house (Santali.lex.) gr.hin.i the mistress of a house, a wife (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) kirakasti < gr.hastin married woman (Ta.lex.)

2445.Title: kitta_ppu < khit.a_b (U.) title, degree, honour (Ta.lex.) Accounts: kirdi an account of receipts and disbursements (Ka.); kirda (M.H.); kirdapatra (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) kita_b book (H.lex.) Day-book: cit.t.ai memorandum of account containing details of major items of expense (Ta.); cit.t.a_ < cit.t.aha_ (U.) day-book (Ta.lex.) cit.t.i, cit.t.ha a rough daybook, an account taken on slips of paper before written fair (Ka.); cit.t.ha_ (H.); cit.t.ha a roll of lands under cultivation (Ka.); cit.t.a_ (M.H.); ci_t.u, ci_t.i a slip of paper; a bill, a bond (Ka.); ci_t.t.u (Ta.Ma.); ti_t.t.u (Ma.); cit.i_, cit.hi_, cit.t.i_ (M.H.); ci_t.i a written order (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ci_t.ni_sa an under-secretary, a clerk of higher standing (Ka.); cit.anavi_sa, cit.an.i_sa (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) centirukkam ola envelope of an ola letter; an ola scroll passed through the string of a flying kite (Ta.); < candraka (Skt.)(Ta.lex.)

2446.Lattice: gira_di lattice, battlement (Ka.); kira_ti (Ta.Ma.); grade (Port.)(Ka.lex.)

2447.Image: span: ge_n.u a span, distance measuring from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger (Tu.lex.) gen. span (measure)(Ka.lex.)

2448.Saleable: gira_ki a purchaser; customers (Ka.); girha_yaka (M.); kra_yaka (Skt.); gira_ki salable, in request, dear in price (Ka.H.)(Ka.lex.) Contract: gen. lease, rent; gen.e-ja_go tenement (Ka.lex.) ge_n.i rent on property, leasehold; ge_n.i ci_t. a lease deed; ca_la ge_n.i temporary lease subject to renewal at the end of every year; moola-ge_n.i a permanent lease; va_yide-ge_n.i a lease for a fixed number of years (Tu.lex.) ge_n.i rent, contract (Ka.Tu.); ge_n.ici_t.u a lease (Ka.Tu.)(Ka.lex.) kre_n.i, ke_n.i buying, purchasing, purchase; kre_tavya purchasable; kre_tr. a buyer, purchaser; kre_ya purchasable (Ka.Skt.); vikre_tr. a seller, a vendor (Skt.Ka.); vikre_ya to be sold, saleable, vendible (Skt.Ka.); vikraya = bikari sale, selling, vending (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Purchase: cf. xe_ndna_ (xindyas) to buy, purchase (Kur.); qnde to take along with, have with, possess (Malt.)(DEDR 2001). ke_n.ika_r-a a trafficker (Ka.); ke_n.e_m. an article of traffic (M.); mun:ge_n.i-ka_r-a a chief trafficker, a set.t.i; a chief (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) s're_ni, se_n.i a corporation of artisans following the same business, a guild of traders dealing in the same articles (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) To sell and buy: biki-kini selling and buying (B.)(CDIAL 11641). Trader: cf. vahoro, voro, horo trader (G.)(CDIAL 12175). cf. va_vr business, activity (Konkan.i); beora_ affair (B.)(CDIAL 12205). Grocery: cf. kira_n.i grocery, as sugar, spices etc. (Ka.); kira_n.a_ (M.)(Ka.lex.) kiran.a an occupation, place of work, workshop; to scatter; pp. kin.n.a scattering, effusion (of sun rays), effulgence (Pali.lex.) cf. kirayam < kraya sale (Ta.lex.) kiranava_ to weigh (Si.)(CDIAL 3172). kirayam sale (Ta.); selling price (Ta.); kraya sale (Skt.); kiraya-ca_san-am bill of sale, sale-deed (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) kira_ta the name of a savage tribe that inhabits woods and mountains, lubdhaka, s'a_bara; a dwarf, kir-u = small (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) Merchant: kira_t.a merchant (Skt.); kiri_t.a merchant (BhP.); kira_t.a fraudulent merchant (Pali); kira_d.a, kira_ya, cila_a, cila_i_, cila_iya_ a non-Aryan tribe, slave (Pkt.); kira_r.u Hindu shopkeeper (S.); kira_r., kara_r., kira_r.i_ member of a tribe of Hindus (also called aror.a_) who act as traders and moneylenders (L.); kira_r. merchant (H.); ke_ra_t.ika, ke_ra_t.iya false; kira_sa fraudulent (Pali); kirr.akka_ connected with Hindus (L.); kira_ta a degraded mountain tribe (VS.); cila_ti woman of this tribe (Skt.)[Alternance of k- and c-,-t.- and -t- suggests Drav. origin](CDIAL 3173). kila_ta, kira_ta dwarf (Skt.); kira_ta, kira_t.a man of a jungle tribe (classed with dwarfs among the attendants of a chief)(Pali); kela_ boy (Pas'.)(CDIAL 3182). kira_tam name of a country, one of 56 te_cam (Tiruve_n.. Cata. 97); kira_ta-mu_rtti S'iva as a hunter (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.) kir-i falsehood (Te_va_. 228, 6); kr.trima (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) kira_ya rent, hire, fire (Ka.H.)(Ka.lex.) kri_ barter (Skt.); to purchase; mark (KS. xxxiv.3)(Vedic. lex.) Groceries, drugs: kraya_n.aka goods for sale (Skt.); kaya_n.a, kaya_n.aga, kiya_n.aga (Pkt.); kiria_n.a goods for sale (Pkt.); kirya_n.o small kinds of grain from which oil is expressed (S.); karia_n.a_ small wares for sale (esp. grocery)(P.); karia_na_, kira_na_ groceries (H.); kiriya_n.u~ groceries, drugs (G.); kira_n.a_ (M.)(CDIAL 3584). karan.i medicine (Tailava. Pa_yi. 1); karan.am ingredients mixed and used in connection with funeral rites, being seven, viz., the five products of the cow together with rice and rapeseed (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Merchandise; to buy: kraya purchase (VS.); kaya (Pali.Pkt.); kraya (NiDoc.); kre_r-kerar lures (Gypsy); kre price (Kal.)(CDIAL 3581). gayar to sell (Bshk.)(CDIAL 3582).krayan.a buying (Ka_tyS'rS.); ken.e~ merchandise (M.); ke_ai buys (Pkt.)(CDIAL 3583). kirin to buy, to purchase; kikrinic a buyer; nui d.an:gran kirin akadea I have bought this ox (Santali.lex.) kri_n.a_ti buys (RV.); kin.a_ti (Pali); krinita bought (NiDoc.); ki_n.ai, kin.ai, kirin.ai (Pkt.); kuna_r sells; kin to buy (Gypsy); krenik, pp. kreniru to buy (Kho.); krin to sell (Phal.); krinoiki, imper. krin, krinyo_nu (Sh.); k^anun (K.); kinnu to buy (N.); kiniba (A.); kina_ (B.); kin.iba_ (Or.); ki_nab (Bi.Mth.); kinab (Mth.); kinal (Bhoj.); ki_nna_, kinna_ (H.); kin.iya, absol., caus. ken.avi (OSi.inscr.)(CDIAL 3594) cf. konu to buy (Te.lex.) kaya purchase, buying; -(a)kkaya buying and selling; vikkaya (kraya vikraya) buying and selling, trade in: vikkaya-pat.ivirata; kayati to buy; inf. ketun.; kayika a buyer, a trader, dealer; krayika (BHSkt.); kayin a buyer (Pali); kin.a_ti to buy; pot. kin.e; ger. kin.iva_; inf. kin.itun. (Pali)(Pali.lex.) kre_ya purchasable (Skt.); krayya (S'Br.); keyya for sale (Pali); kejja, kijja (Pkt.); keje~ grain or coconuts given in barter for vegetables (M.)(CDIAL 3604). xe_ndna_ (xindyas) to buy, purchase (Kur.); qende to take along with, have with, possess (Malt.)(DEDR 2001). konu (kon.t-) to buy, take (Te.); kon.- to take (Te.inscr.); ko_lu vb.n. of konu; taking, plunder (Te.); kor-- (-t-) to buy (Pe.); kod.a (kod.i-) to buy, take; buying, taking, plucking (Kui); ko_dali, kod.d.inai to take, buy; kod.- (-it-) to buy; bring (Kuwi); kol. (kol.v-, kon.t-) to seize, receive, buy; kol.vo_n- buyer, student; kol.l.unar buyers, learners (Ta.); kon.t.al receiving, taking; kon.a_- to bring, take, fetch (Ta.); kol., kol.u, kol.l.u (kon.d-) to seize, take away, obtain, buy (Ka.); kol.-/kon.- (kod.-) to marry (wife), buy (cattle), begin (funeral)(Ko.); kol.l.- (kovv-, kon.d.-) to take (Kod..); kon.uni (kon.d-) to take, hold, keep (Tu.)(DEDR 2151). Buyer: kaya [from kri] purchase, buying; kaya-(a)kkaya buying and selling; kaya-vikkaya buying and selling, trade; kayika a buyer, trader, dealer; kayin a buyer (Pali.lex.) cf. -kri_ 'barter' embedded in the following etyma: Sale: vikraya sale (AV.); vikkaya sale (Pali); vikraya, vikra (NiDoc.); vikkaa (Pkt.); vika_ (L.P.); bika_, biki (B.); bika_ (Or.); veku_ for sale (S.); vikiro sale; vikiri_ id. (S.); bikri (N.Or.); bikaruwa_ for sale (A.); bikri_ (H.); vakro (G.); vikra_ (M.)(CDIAL 11638). kra_payati (Pa_n..); vikka_yama_n.a sells (Pkt.); vika_un.a_, bika_un.a_ to sell (P.); bika_unu (N.); bika_iba (A.); bika_na (B.); bika_iba_ (Or.); bika_na_ (H.)(CDIAL 11640). Barter: biki-kini selling and buying (B.)[cf. ken.e~ merchandise (M.)(CDIAL 3583)]; vikka_ (Si.)(CDIAL 11641). vikraya sale (AV.); vikkaya sale (Pali); vikraya, vikra (NiDoc.); vikkaa (Pkt.); vika_ (L.P.); bika_, biki (B.); bika_ (Or.); veku_ for sale (S.); vikiro, vikiri_ sale (S.); bikri (N.); bikaruwa_ for sale (A.); bikri sale (Or.); bikri_ (H.); vakro (G.); vikra_, vikri_ (M.)(CDIAL 11638). kra_payati sells (Pa_n..); vikka_yama_n.a (Pkt.); vika_un.a_, bika_un.a_ to sell (P.); bika_unu (N.); bika_iba (A.); bika_na (B.); bika_iba_ (Or.); bika_na_ (H.)(CDIAL 11639). vikri_n.ite_ barters (AV.); sells (Mn.); vikri_n.ati barters (Skt.); vikkin.a_ti sells (Pali); vikrinati (NiDoc.); vikkin.ai, viki_n.ai (Pkt.); bikin, vegn, vukn (Gypsy); brikin (Dm.); r.eken, reken, ligin (Pas'.); bikin (Gaw.); bre~_kr (Kal.); bigin (Tor.); vikin.an.u (S.); vikun.anava_ (pret. vikka_) to sell (Si.); vikin.enava_ to be sold (S.); vrai~c sale (Kt.); ve_can. (L.); vikke_i, vikke_ai after fut. kre_s.yati, ger. kre_tavya (Pkt.); viketaviye (As'.); vikke_tum. inf. (Pali)(CDIAL 11640). vikri_ta sold (MBh.); sale (Mn.); vikrida, vikridaga, pret. vikridemi (NiDoc.); vikki_a, vikkia (whence pres. vikkai sells)(Pkt.); vikka_ pret. of vikun.anava_ (Si.); biki-kini selling and buying (B.)(CDIAL 11641). vikri_yate_ is sold (Skt.); vikijan.u to be sold (S.); vikan.u to be sold (S.); vikkan. (L.); vikn.a_, bikn.a_ (P.); biknu (N.); bikiba_ (Or.); bikna_ (H.); vikn.e~ (M.); bikiba to sell (A.); bika_ (B.); vi_kai (OG.); vikn.e~ (M.); vikkan (Md.)(CDIAL 11642). ve_ca_ (v.l. ve_ta_) hire, wages; ve_tana hire, wages (MBh.); ve_tane_na kri_tah- hired (Pa_n.. com.); ve_tana price (Skt.); vikri_n.a_no 'lpave_tanaih- (Skt.); ve_ti procures (RV.); veccai, vicce_i spends (Pkt.); ve_can. to sell (L.); vecn.a_, becn.a_ (P.); becn.o (Ku.); becnu (N.); besiba (A.); beca_ (B.); beciba_, biciba_ (Or.); becab, be~cab (Mth.); becna_ (H.); vecvu~ (G.); vecn.e~ to spend (M.)(CDIAL 12100). vyaya change, loss, expense (Mn.); vaya, vyaya expense (Pali); vyaga (NiDoc.); vaya (Pkt.); baya_ expenses (Or.); vaya, viya (Si.)(CDIAL 12170). vyayati spends (Dha_tup.); bayiba_ to spend (Or.)(CDIAL 12171). vikraya = bikari sale, selling, vending; vikrayika a seller, a vendor; vikrayisu to sell, to vend; bikari selling, sale (Ka.M.); vikara_, vikari_ (H.); bikarida_ra that sells, a vendor (Ka.lex.) va_n:ku to buy, take, drag, pull, take away (Ta.); va_n:kal receiving, borrowing, buying (Ta.); va_n.n.al purchasing; va_n.n.ikka to demand back; va_n.n.ippikka to make one take (Ma.)(DEDR 5336). Traders of leaves (tree products): ce_n-ai-t-talaivar men of the Ilai-va_n.ikar caste (Ta.lex.) ce_n-ai-t-talaivar, ce_n-ai-mutaliya_r chief of Vis.n.u's hosts; men of Kaikko_l.ar caste (Ta.lex.) Revenue collector: ce_n-ai-p-peruva_n.ikan- chief purveyor for an army (Perun.. Ucaik. 40,344); cf. va_n.ikan- trader (Ta.); va_n.ijya trade (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) sena_ official who collects revenue in a village, general (H.); sen.n.a, sin.n.a army (Pkt.); sen (G.); se_niya soldier (Pali); seniya, seni (NiDoc.)(CDIAL 13602). e_n-a_ti name of a division among sha_n.a_ns (whose occupation is toddy-drawing)(Tj.); barber; en-a_ti-na_yan-a_r name of a canonized S'aiva saint, one of 63 (Periyapu.); en-a_ti-mo_tiram ring being the insignia of the title of e_na_ti (Ci_vaka. 2569, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) s'en.vai, s'en.vi_, s'en.ai a class of brahmans (M.); s'en.vi (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 13587). ce_n-ai weapon; multitude, crowd; friends, relations; ce_n-ai-p-pat.aikal. big crowd, concourse of people (Ta.lex.) Company of travellers; market: ce_n.i side of a street; party of workers, set of players, company of travellers; ce_n-ai street; bazaar; market, fair (Ta.lex.) cf. seni_ the broad flat metal plates in a tobacconist's shop (Bi.); s're_n.i_ line, row, troop (RV. metr. often s'rayan.i); se_n.i guild, division of army (Pali); row, collection (Pkt.); sen.i row of raters in a thatched roof, the wooden plates on which the rafters are put crosswise (Or.)(CDIAL 12718). [cf. Pali lex. (Rhys Davids): sen.i (Classical Skt. s'ren.i in meaning 'guild'; vedic = row); a guild; their number was eighteen; -pamukha the head of a guild; a division of an army sen.imokkha the chief of an army; sena_ (vedic sena_ perhaps from si to bind); an army; -gutta a high official, a minister of war, only in cmpd. maha_-; -na_yaka a general; -pacca the position as general; -pati a general; -byu_ha massing of troops, grouping and fitting up an army; seniya belonging to an army, soldier; senaka a carter; sena (Skt. s'yena) a hawk. s're_n.yaka tribesman (?Skt.); s.i_n. a Shina man (Sh.)(CDIAL 12719)].

2449.A street: ke_ri a street (Ka.); ge_ri (Te.); ce_ri (Ta.Ma.); ke_rigol. to take a street, i.e. to betake one's self to it (Ka.lex.)

2450.To send or take back; Image: to face about: kirna_ (kirryas) to come back, return, face about, come round in turn (Kur.); kirta'a_na_ to send or take back, return; give in return (Kur.); kire to return (Malt.); kirtre to give or take back, recover (Malt.)(DEDR 1566). gir-i, gir-a, gir-u, gir-iki going round, whirling (Ka.); giragira round and round, spinning (Te.)(DEDR 1595). kere kere head forced down on the shoulders by carrying a heavy weight on the head, moving slowly and stiffly through having a load to carry (Santali.lex.) kirokoro head pressed down on the shoulders, as by carrying something heavy on the head (Santali.lex.) kerker stiff-necked (Santali.lex.)

2452.Scab: kiran.i a kind of itch; keran.i, kera_n.i a kind of scab; warts (Tu.); ciran:ku eruption, pimple, itch (Ta.); cirau itch, scab (Ma.); keraku scab (Ka.); kirmbuni, kirmbaruni to itch; rub, scratch; kirmba_t.a, kirmbelu itching, scratching; kra_n.i the eruptive kind of rickets; ke_re ka_ru a scaly-skinned leg; ke_re-me_yi a scaly skin (Tu.); cirugud.u a species of leprosy which causes large round spots all over the body, ringworm (Te.)(DEDR 1560). Scab: kila_sa leprous (VS.); a species of leprousy (Ka_tyS'r.); a cutaneous disease (Pali); kila_s whitish leprous spot, blotch, scab (B.); kil.as, kil.os strange mark indicating disease (M.)(CDIAL 3183). cilanti pimple, small boil, abscess, ulcer, venereal boil (Ta.); cilanni a kind of ulcer or bubo (Ma.); celidi a kind of skin-disease; a skin rash will small boils; celdi id. (Te.)(DEDR 2563). khasra, kasra, khas khos itch (Santali.lex.) gara a partic. disease (Sus'r.); ger, gel itch (Gypsy); garu mange (S.); garo mangy (S.); gar itch in throat and breast of a horse, farcy (H.); id., scurf on hair of horse of man (M.); geralo, gelalo affected by itch or scab (Gypsy); garal eczema (B.)(CDIAL 4039). cf. kharju itching, scratching, scab (Skt.)(CDIAL 3827). kin.a callosity (MBh.); scar (Skt.); callosity, scar, scab; kin.iya_ little boil (Pkt.); kin. wart, mole, scar (B.); kin.a scar, callosity, callosity on an archer's hand (Or.); kin wound, sore, scar, callosity (H.); kin., kin.e~, kin.a_ scar, callosity (M.)(CDIAL 3159). kina_ calloused (MBh.); kin.avant id. (MBh.); kinhe~, kine~, kina_ callosity (M.)(CDIAL 3162). Image: pustule: kuru pustule, blister, boil, sore (Ta.)(Cilap. Urai per-u kat.t.urai); pustule,, boil (Ma.); kuru, kuruvu a protuberance or excrescence on the body, a boil (Ka.); kuri a boil (Tu.); kur-upu a boil, abscess (Te.); kurup pimple (Nk.); kur small boil (Pa.); ku_r boil (Ga.); kurpum id. (Go.); kurpu id. (Go.); ku_ru a boil (Kond.a.Kuwi); ku_rr.u_ (pl. ku_r.ka) bubo (Kuwi); kura_r.a inflamed swelling, esp. in the neck (Br.)(DEDR 1780). gurul.e, gul.l.i, gul.l.e bubble, blister, pustule, small round shell (Ka.); gul.l.e, gulle bubble, blister, pustule; gulla a kind of small mollusk (Tu.); gulla a shell, a white pustule; gulaka shell, pebble (Te.); gurgela snail (?Kol.); gulli shell, cowrie (Pa.); gula snail (Pa.); gola, goli shell (said to be <Or.)(Kui); ghula snail (Halbi)(DEDR 1795). gut.i pustules of small-pox (Santali.lex.)

2453.Chiretta: cir-a_yita, kiriya_tu, cirya_ta, kira_ta a kind of gentian, agathotes chirayta Don., gentiana chirayta Roxb. (Ka.); cir-a_yattu (Ta.); kira_ta-tikta (Skt.Ka.); cira_tikta (Skt.); cira_i_ta, cira_yata (M.)(Ka.lex.) kira_kati a medicinal plant, nilave_mpu (Malai.)(Ta.lex.) cir-a_yattu-k-kucci Himalayan chiretta (Ta.); chira_ita_ (U.); kira_ta-tikta (Skt.); kira_yatu chiretta (M.M.)(Ta.); kaira_ta (Skt.); nilave_mpu French chiratta, andrographis paniculata; chiretta, swertia chirata (M.M. 177)(Ta.); ne_lave_mu (Te.); nelabe_vu (Ka.); nilave_ppu (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Gentiana chirayta = ophelia chirata : kira_ta-tikta (Skt.); bhu_nimba (Skt.); chireta_ (B.H.); the ophelia chirata is indigenous to the mountainous regions of northern India from Simla through Kumaon to the Morung district in southeastern Nepal. kira_ta-tikta means 'the bitter plant of the kira_tas, an outcast race of mountaineers in the north of India.' It is also called ana_ryatikta or the bitter plant of the non-Aryans. The Bhavapraka_sa mentions a variety of chireta_, under the name of Naipa_la, that is, produced in Nepal and describes it as a febrifuge. Chireta_ is regarded as tonic, febrifuge and laxative, and is used in fever, burning of the body, intestinal worms, skin diseases etc. It is much used in fevers of all sorts in a variety of forms and in combination with other medicines of its class... e.g. gulancha, raisins, emblic myrobalan, zedoary root... kira_ta_di taila or oil of chireta_... including root of sanseviera zeylanica (murva_) lac, turmeric, wood of berberis asiatica (da_ruharidra_), madder, root of citrullus colocynthis (indrava_runi), pa_chak root, root of pavonia odorata (ba_la_), of vanda roburghii (ra_sna_), scindapsus officinalis (gajapippali), long pepper, black pepper, ginger root, root of stephania hernandifolia (pa_tha_), indrajava seeds, sochal, vit, and rock salts, root of justicia adha_toda (va_saka), calotropis gigantea (devada_ru) and the fruit of trichosanthes palmata (maha_ka_la). The oil thus prepared is rubbed on the body in chronic fever with emaciation and anaemia (Sanskrit Materia Medica, pp.201-202). kalmeg andrographis paniculata (Santali.lex.) Swertia chirayita: Synonyms: chiretta, bitter stick, chirayta; chirette (Fr.); chiretta, ostindischer enzian (Ger.); part used: the dried plant; habitat: mountainous regions of northern India; plant: an annual, smooth herb, attaining a height of 1 m.; the plants are gathered in the fruiting condition, carefully dried and tied in bundles with bamboo strips. These are packed into small bundles or bales and exported from Calcutta; use: simple bitter. (Heber W. Youngken, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Co., 1950, pp. 675-676). Andrographis paniculata: bhunimba (Skt.); kirata (Skt.); kiryat, kirayat (H.); kalmegh (B.); nilavemu (Ta.Te.); nelavepu (Ma.); olikiryata (M.); plant: febrifuge, tonic, alterative, anthelmintic, useful in debility, dysentery and dyspepsia; infusion of plant: in fever; roots and leaves: febrifuge, stomachic, tonic, alterative, anthelmintic; habitat: throughout the plains of India, sometimes cultivated (GIMP, p.18). Swertia chirata = gentiana chirayta: kairata (Skt.); chireta (H.B.); chiraita (M.); nilavembu (Ta.Te.); nelaveppa (Ma.); plant: bitter, tonic, stomachic, febrifuge, laxative; habitat: temperate Himalayas, 4,000 to 10,000 ft. from Kashmir to Bhutan and Khasia Hills, 4,000 to 5,000 ft. Swertia angustifolia: pahari chiretta (H.); pahadi-kiraita (M.); used as a substitute for swertia chirata; habitat: sub-tropical Himalayas, 1,000 to 6,000 ft., from the Chenab to Bhutan . Swertia decussata: silajit (Deccan); kadu (Mahabaleshwar); Swertia paniculata: kadavi (M.); both plants: a good substitute for swertia chirata and gentiana kurroo; habitat: western ghats of Bombay State. (GIMP, p.237). cf. kira_tatikta the plant agathotes chirayta (Sus'r.); sirata_ gentiana chirayta (A.)(CDIAL 3174).

2454.Surround; giddiness: ghurn.i, gheora a whirlpool (Santali.lex.) girum whirlpool (Wg.); *ghe_r make go round, surround (Skt. < Drav.); giran again, back (Dm.); gir- to turn round (Pas'.); to go round (Wot..); to turn, walk about (Gaw.); to wander about (Bshk.); gir again (Pas'.); giri again (Gaw.); ghiran.u to feel sick, slide down (S.); ghirn.a_ to turn round, feel giddy, be surrounded (P.); ghiran. to move away (WPah.); ghira_ to surround (B.); ghirni_ rope-maker's twisting instrument (B.); pulley (H.); ghiral to be surrounded (Bhoj.); ghirna_ to be surrounded (H.); ghi~rt.i_ a whirl (M.); gere_ to make go round (Pas'.); gherem I turn round (Kal.); ge_run to surround (K.); ge_r circumference (K.); gheran.u to surround (S.); ghero siege (S.); gheri circumference (S.); ghern.a_ to surround, blockade (P.); gher, ghera_ circumference (P.); ghern.i_ dizziness (P.); ghe_ro circular movement (WPah.); ghern.o to surround (Ku.); ghernu, ghero circumference (N.); gher to surround (A.B.); ghera_ to surround (B.); gheriba_, ghera (Or.); gher, ghera_ (Bhoj.); circumference (M.); gherai surrounds, besieges (OAw.); gherna_ to surround (H.); gher, ghera_ circumference (H.); ghervu~ to surround (G.); gheran. sound sleep (G.)[cf. ku_runi to be drowsy, sleepy (Tu.)(DEDR 1902)]; ghero circumference (G.); gheri_ border or short hair (G.); ghern.e~ to surround (M.); gha~ver vortex, whirlpool, giddiness (L.)(CDIAL 4474). kir-ukir-u to be giddy (Ta.); kir-ukkam giddiness (Ma.); gir-i, gir-a, gir-u, gir-ake, gir-aki, gir-iki, gir-ike whirling, going round (Ka.); gir-a gut.t.u to go round (as the head from biliousness)(Ka.); gir-r-ane with a whirl (Ka.); giragira round and round, spinning (Te.); gir-r-una circularly, in a circle (Te.); giraka, gilaka, girra, gi_ra, gilla pulley over which to pull water from well; wheel of cart (Te.); ki_rkand a whirligig, water-beetle (Go.); girakn.e~ to whirl (M.)(DEDR 1595).

2455.Kingfisher: ciral kingfisher (Ta.); cira_l a kind of bird (?Go.)(DEDR 2551). Synonym: pon--va_y-p-pul., ciccili-k-kuruvi. (Ta.lex.)[cf. the imagery linking a bird and 'fish'.] kikir the king-fisher (Santali.lex.)

2456.Indian shrike: kirut.ige the keroula shrike, keroula indica; the great Indian shrike, lanius burra; the lahtora butcher bird, lanius lahtora; kirut.iga the bay-backed shrike (Ka.lex.)

2457.Fish-net: gira kind of fish-net (Bonda.Gutob.Parengi.Kharia.); a small round net for catching small fry (Munda.); fish-trap (Koraku.); ginir id. (Gutob.); ger- to catch fish (Sora.); gari cage (Ho.); gari, ganari a small round net for catching small fry (Munda.); to catch fish with a gira (Munda.); ger- to nibble (Munda.); generi a kind of fish-net (Santali.); giri a fish-net (Korku.); gad- to catch fish (Korku.); giri fish-hook (Korku.); gir-, gigir- to fish with hook (Korku.); geri fishing hook (Nahali.)[S.Bhattacharya, Some Munda Etymologies, 1966, pp. 28-41.] go_ra-bale large hand-net (Tu.); ko_ru-vala fishing-net (Ma.); go_rale small hand-net (Tu.); ko_r to cast net (Go.); ko_ral a fishing basket (Ma.)(DEDR 2231). jhali a net (Santali.lex.) Drag-net: karai-valai drag-net, having a cotton bag with fine meshes in the centre, sometimes 1/2 mile in length spread out from the shore in a semi-circle and after an hour or two withdrawn from the water while the boys beat it shouting so as to drive the fish into the bag as it nears the shore (Ta.); karavala id. (Ma.); karai-valai-t-to_n.i boat for fishing with the dragnet (Ta.lex.)

2458.A lunar race: kavuravar, kauravar Kaurava princes (Pa_rata. On-pata_m. 31)(Ta.lex.) kuru a prince of the lunar race after whom his family was called kuru-kulam (Pa_rata. Kurukula. 31); a certain continent; the country of the Kurus, one of 56 te_cam (Ta.lex.) kuru name of a country situated in the north of India about the site of the modern Delhi; the kings of this country; kuru-ks.e_tram name of an extensive plain near Delhi, the scene of the great war between the Kauravas and Pa_n.d.avas; kuru-ks.e_tra-yo_gah. a solar day in the course of which three lunar days, three asterims and three yogas occur (Skt.lex.)

2459.A division of the earth: kuruvarut.am < kuru-vars.a one of nine divisions of the earth situate between S'r.ngava_n- and the Northern Ocean (vat.a kat.al mutala_c cirun:kan:ka_r-um kuruvarut.am: Kantapu. An.t.ako_. 36); cf. cirun:kava_n- < s'r.n:gava_n nom. sg. of sr.n:ga-vat a mythical mountain believed to be one of the boundaries of the earth; cf. s'r.n:gam a horn (also, lordship, sovereignty, supremacy, eminence; s'r.n:ga_t.akah. a mountain with three peaks; s'r.n:gavat peaked; a mountain; s'r.n:gam the top or summit of a mountain; s'r.n:ga_ntara space or interval between the horns (of a cow etc.)(Skt.lex.) cirun:kam horn of a quadruped (Kampara_. Tiruvava. 33); a mythical mountain believed to be one of the boundaries of the earth; peak (Ka_cippu. Can-ar-kuma_ra. 5) (Ta.lex.)

2460.Resinous tree: kurat.ike, kurat.ige, kurut.ike, kurut.ige, korat.ige, kurat.ike_ bi_ja the seeds of the odina wodier (Ka.lex.) d.oka odina wodier (Santali.lex.) cf. uti, oti Indian ash tree, odina wodier (Ta.)(DEDR 614). cf. ji_vala_ the tree odina wodier (AV.); jiul, jiuli the gum exuding tree odina wodier (B.); divul feronia elephantum (Si.)(CDIAL 5248). ji_va_l.a substance, pith, essence (Ka.lex.) Odina wodier = lannea grandis: jiol (B.); moja (M.); jingan (H.); kalmina (Garhwal); oti (Ma.); kimlu (P.); jingini (Skt.); odi (Ta.); gumpena (Te.); bark: astringent, used as a lotion in impetigenous eruptions, leprous ulcers and obstinate ulcers; leaves: boiled and applied for local swellings and pains of body; habitat: common in deciduous forests throughout India, in the sub-Himalayan tract extending to the Indus and ascending to 4,000 ft. in the outer hills (GIMP, p.149).

2461.Tuber: kurd.a root, tuber (Pa.); kure id. (Ga.); kurud. a kind of vegetable (Ga.)(DEDR 1799).

2462.Atlantia monophylla: kuruntu wild lime, atalantia; atalantia racemosa; atalantia missionis (Ta.); kurunnu trichilia spinosa = atalantia monophylla (Ma.)(DEDR 1789).

2463.Common delight of the woods: kuruntu common delight of the woods, hiptage madablota, kurukkatti (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) cf. kunda (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) kuruntam a species of wild lime, atlantia racemosa (Tiv. Periya_r... 4,4,7); kuntam < kunda wild lime (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) kurundu cinnamon; kurundu-gal cinnamon-stone (Si.) (CDIAL 3328). cf. kurunnu trichilia spinosa = atlantia monophylla (Ma.)(DEDR 1789). cf. dod.li a large shrub or small tree, atlantia monophylla (Ka.); dod.l wild orange (lime), atlantia monophylla (Tu.)(DEDR 3493). Atlantia monophylla = atlantia malabarica: atavi-jambira (Skt.); makad-limbu (M.); adavi-nimma (Te.); kattunarenga (Ma.); kattukkichili (Ta.); oil from berries: used externally in chronic rheumatism and paralysis; root: antiseptic, stimulant; leaves: in snake-bite; habitat: Konkan, S. Mahrata country, N. Kanara, Madras State, W. Coast, W. Ghats, Carnatic, Deccan, N. Circars, Assam (GIMP, p.30). cf. Trichilia nervosa = sandoricum koetjape = sandoricum indicum (Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, p.486).

2464.Image: scorpion: so_r kupi scorpion (Kond.a); ho_ru kuppi crab (Kuwi)(DEDR 2888).

2465.Paddy: kur-uvai a dark species of paddy maturing in two months; an inferior reddish paddy maturing in three months (Ta.); kur-uva a sort of black paddy (Ma.)(DEDR 1858); kur-uvai paddy sown in vaika_ci and reaped in two months (Ta.lex.)

2466.Food: kho food (Tir.); kha_da (AV.); kha_d eat (Skt.)(CDIAL 3864). ko_ruvrau, ko_ruvau flaked rice (-p- > -v- in compound)(Kui); pra_ma a grain of boiled rice; pra_u rice, husked paddy (Kui)(DEDR 3982). cf. khen food after pyon^u dat. penas to drink (K.)(CDIAL 3867). cf. kho_h what is removed after pounding rice or maize (Sh.); khost.o husk (of maize etc.)(N.)(CDIAL 3948). Livelihood: kor-r-u food, means of subsistene (Ta.); food, rice (Ma.); kottu cooked rice (Inscr.Ta.); kohpe pej of man.d.eya (?Kuwi)(DEDR 2171). cf. pe_nz to strain water from boiled rice (Kond.a); pe_nj id. (Pe.Mand..Kuwi); pe_nja to strain a liquid, pour off rice water (Kui)(DEDR 4433). panta_ boiled rice kept in water for use next day (Bhoj.)(CDIAL 8085).] hen.d.a vinous liquor or toddy extracted from the wild date tree (Ka.); toddy, palm-wine (Tu.); pend.om rice-beer (Ga.); pen.d.am kalu id., country liquor (Kond.a); pendomi ka_d.u beer (Kuwi)[cf. ka_t.i fermented gruel or rice water, vinegar, gruel (Ta.)(DEDR 1436)]; pendomka (pl.; nd!) rice-wine (Kuwi)(DEDR 4397). ju_li soup (Sh.); jhol (Ku.); jhol juice, soup (N.); zol soup (A.); jhol (B.); jhol.a (Or.); jhor (Mth.); jhol (H.)(CDIAL 5416). cf. co_s.a sucking (Skt.); c^ah (K.); cos (B.)(CDIAL 4934). Food: co_r-r-i pith of trees; co_cci, con-r-i boiled rice (Ta.)(DEDR 2897). For the first element, in the sense of 'food', ko_ru- cf. ko_ruka to eat greedily (Ma.); kol.l.u to drink (Ka.); kro_lu to drink, eat (Te.); gronj- to drink, guzzle (Kuwi)(DEDR 2233). cf. c- initial consonant in: co_ru boiled rice, pith (Ta.); boiled rice, food, livelihood, brain, marrow, pith (Ma.); con-r-i boiled rice (Ta.); twi.r- cooked food (To.)(DEDR 2897).

2467.Cinnabar: kuruvinda black salt, the stone cinnabar (Skt.); cinnabar (Pali); kurivindaka vermilion (Pali); kurundu cinnamon (Si.)(CDIAL 3328).

2468.Ruby: kuruvinda ruby (Skt.Pali); kuruvim.da ruby (Pkt.); kuruvilla ruby (Si.)(CDIAL 3328).

2470. Corundum stone: kuraji, kuran:ga, kuranda, kurunda (Tadbhava of kuruvinda) the corundum-stone, spatum adamanticum, used for cutting and polishing diamonds (Ka.); kuriji, kuruvinda, korivinda (Te.); kurunta (Ta.); kuranda (M.)(Ka.lex.) Flint: kuruvinta-k-kal grey flint, emery (M.M. 247); red ochre (I_t.u. 3,1,2); kuruvintam inferior kind of ruby (Cilap. 14,186, Urai); vermilion (Ta.lex.) kuruvinda ruby (Sus'r.); black salt, the stone cinnabar (Skt.); ruby, cinnabar (Pali); kuruvindaka vermilion (Pali); kuruvim.da ruby (Pkt.); kurin.d.ru pumice-stone, any preparation used in place of it for polishing (S.); kurun.d. corundum stone (P.); kurin a kind of stone for sharpening tools and making bullets (N.); kuran.d. corundum stone, whetstone (H.); kuru~d corundum (a reddish soft stone used for mills, whetstones, etc.), red speck on white of eye (M.); kurundu cinnamon; kurundu-gal cinnamon-stone; kuruvilla ruby (Si.)(CDIAL 3328).

2471.Image: red streak (by a goldsmith/lapidary on a touch-stone?): korru, korad.u rainbow (Te.); kur-veli id. (Kond.a); korad.u a red streak in the clouds, a gleam or stream of a rainbow in the clouds (Te.); korad.u, kod.d.a a kind of rainbow appearing in a straight form (Ka.)(DEDR 2124).

2472.Re-inforcing colour: red: kurdi, kurudi red liquid prepared by mixing turmeric and lime, used for auspicious purposes (Tu.); kurudi coloured red water (Ka.); blood, red colour (Ta.); kuruti blood (Ma.)(DEDR 1788).

2473.Image: to sit down: ku_r to sit down (Ka.); ku_risu to cause to sit (Ka.); ku_r(u)cun.d.u to sit, be seated (Te.); kuc to sit (Pe.); kuh id. (Mand..)(DEDR 1900). kukuyut to sit, doing nothing (Santali.lex.)

2474. Bee: kerga bee (Mand..); khuriya bee (Nk.); kirga a kind of bee (Pe.); kirga vihan:ga a kind of bee (Kui); kri~_ya viha bee; kri~_ya ni_yu honey; kiringya a bee; kriya honey (Kuwi)(DEDR 1567). gan pl. bees (WPah.); gan beehive (K.)(CDIAL 3988). gen.olli bee (WPah.)(CDIAL 3990). gan.ha_r beehive (WPah.)(CDIAL 3991). Cricket: girli, in: je_t.a girli cricket (Kond.a); girngel id. (Pe.Mand..); girngili, krin:geli id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 1569). ghugri a species of cricket (Santali.lex.)

2475.Louse: si_r, i_r, si_ru a nit, an egg of a louse (Ka.); si_ri the louse called pediculus pubis; si_ru to clean from lice, to louse; si_ran.ige a comb for clearing the head of nits and lice (Ka.lex.) kirant.i flea (of bullocks)(Kon.lex.)

2476.Image: cloth-louse: ku_r-e a kind of cloth-louse (Ka.); ku_r-a_n, ku_r-a insect, moth, cockroach (Ma.)(DEDR 1926). kun.a an insect living in clothes (Skt.); ko~_w tick, louse (Ash.); ko~_ (Kt.Bashg.); ko_n., ku_nai tick, louse (Psht.)(CDIAL 3255).

2477.Image: to whirl; roar: kar-an:ku (kar-an:ki-) to whirl; n. whirling, gyration, kite (Ta.); kar-akku (kar-akki-) to spin (as yarn)(Ta.); kar-an.n.uka to turn around, whirl (Ma.); gar-a, gar-agar-a whirlingly, around and around (Ka.); kor-i, kor-e to whirl (Ka.); garu, gara, garagara, garrane a whirling noise (Tu.)(DEDR 1387). gargara whirlpool (AV.); musical instrument (RV.); gaggara crackling of geese (Pali); gaggaraka-, gaggalaka- whirlpool (Pali); gaggara- making an inarticulate noise (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4042). To whirl, roar: gaggara_yati whirls, roars (of waves) (Pali); gagara_y thunder (K.)(CDIAL 4045). Thunder: kar..ar-u (kar..ar-i-) to thunder (Ta.); karadil- (karadilt-) lightning strikes (subject abar sky)(Kol.); ij kar.alil- id. (Nk.)[ij lightning < bijli_ (H.)](DEDR 1354). ga~_garvu~ to bellow like a bull (G.); ga~_garn.e~ to be frightened (M.); ga~_gard.a_ outcry, brawl (M.)(CDIAL 3951). cf. gan:gi-reddu a bull (Te.lex.) To cause to whirl: gha_riba_ to cause to whirl, to reel, nod, doze (Or.)(CDIAL 4470). ghabiro deafish (S.); gha_bra_ confused (P.); ghabra_unu to confuse, be confused (N.); gha~_bra_na (B.); gha_bara_ confused (Or.); gha_bar, gha_bra_ startled (H.); gha_bhru_ confused (G.); gha_bra_ terrified (M.); ghabr.a_n.o to be puzzled (Ku.); gha_br.a_ to be confused (B.)(CDIAL 4427). To roar: ka.kl a.d.- (at.t.-) to abuse (Kol.); ka_kh'nai to growl, howl (Kuwi); kakh'nai to roar (Kuwi)(DEDR 1426). To roar, sound: aka_ris.am aor. calls (RV.); kara_unu to call out (N.); kara_hn.a_ to groan (P.); kara_hna_ (H.); kar-, kha_r- to call (Gypsy)(CDIAL 3060). ka_ra song (RV.); -ka_ra in cmpds. descriptive of sounds, e.g. hin:ka_ra, jhan:ka_ra, t.am.ka_ra, hakka_ra, hin:ka_ra (CDIAL 3053). karai to sound, roar, weep, lament, call, invite; to call, summon (Ta.); karayuka to cry, lament, neigh, caw, caterwaul; karaccil weeping, crying, lamentation; cry of certain animals or birds; karal.uka to mumble; karal.ca mumbling (Ta.); karv- (kard-) to bellow, caw; gagc- to make first tentative unmusical notes on clarinet when starting to play (Ko.); kar- (kar0-) to bellow; kark bellowing (To.); kare, kari to emit a sound, sound, call, invite; karasu, karisu, karesu, kareyisu to cause to call, have called, cause to sound, shout together; karaha, kareyuvike calling, etc. (Ka.); kareyuni, karevuni to crow; karmbuni to mutter; gaggelyuni to roar, cry (Tu.); kran:gu the sound of a bell; krandu to sound, ring, lament; n. sound, noise (Te.); karug-/karuk- to call, crow, invite; summon; karup- to cause to summon (a physician)(Nk.); kerip- (kerit-) to cackle (Pa.); karng- to call; karingi calling (Go.); kra_va the tongue of a bell (Kui); xarxna_ to ring, jingle, clink, give out a sound; xarxa'a_na_ to make ring, perform music (Kur.); qargre to cry out (Malt.)(DEDR 1291). Roar, thunder: garjita rumbling (Ya_j.); roaring (of elephant)(MBh.); a roaring elephant (Skt.); gajjia n. and adj. roaring (Pkt.); ga_jⁱ cattle (Ku.)(CDIAL 4049). garja_ roaring, thunder (Skt.); gajji thunder (Pkt.); graz roaring (K.); ga_j thunderbolt, wrath (H.); ga_j-vi_j thunder and lightning (G.)(CDIAL 4048). garjana roaring, thundering (R.); gajjana roaring (Pali); gajjan.a thunder (Pkt.); ga_jan (H.); gajun (OSi.)(CDIAL 4047). garjati thunders, roars (MBh.); gajjati (Pali); gajjai (Pkt.); grazun (K.); gajan.u (S.); gajjan. (L.); gajj'na_ (P.); ga_jn.o to be rounded, be famous (Ku.); ga_jai_ thunders, roars (OAw.); thunders (OMarw.); ga_ziba to thunder (A.); ga_je (MB.); ga_jiba_ (Or.); ga_jai to be happy (Bhoj.); ga_jna_ to thunder, roar, revel, be pleased (H.); ga_jvu~ thunders (G.); ga_jn.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 4046).

2478.Growl: hun.d.rau, gondrao, garjao, khan.d. rok to growl; gujrau, hudur. growl of tiger (Santali.lex.) kur-ukur-uppu, kur-ukur-uppai snoring, stertorous breathing (Ta.); kur-ukur-ukka to breathe with difficulty, the sound in the throat of a dying person (Mfa.); kur-ut.t.uka to grunt (Ma.); kurkku a snore (Ma.); gur-u, gur-u gur-u a sound in imitation of snoring or purring (Ka.); gur-r-ugut.t.u to growl, snarl (as dogs, bears, tigers)(Ka.); gur-r-u gur-r-u sound of growling, snarling, etc.; gu_ru to snore (Ka.); gurane the snarling of a dog (Tu.); guragut.t.uni, gurkut.t.uni to grunt (Tu.); gurru-korepuni to bark, growl, snore (Tu.); gurku, gurkugurku roar of a tiger, grunting of a pig (Tu.); gur-aka snoring; gur-r-u snoring, growling, snarling, gruff speaking, anger (Kor.); gur-r-umanu to snore, growl, snarl (Te.); kur-r-u to cry, yell, groan (Te.); gurra_na_ to snore (Go.); go_r to snore (Kond.a); d.ro_ka snore, snoring (Kui); dr.eki-ki_ali id. (Kuwi); gurra_rna_ to roar (as a tiger), snarl or growl fiercely, utter angry words or shouts of anger (Kur.); ghurring to growl (Br.); gur to growl (Si.)(DEDR 1852). koRo- (-t-) to doze in sleep , sit and doze (Kond.a); kot.rongi a_va to be drowsy, sleepy (Kui); kot.t.oni, koto_ni dozing, sleepiness; kotori-ho_cali, kothoni-ho_nai to nod with sleep (Kuwi); kot.t.a_vi, kot.t.a_y, kot.t.a_yut. yawn (Ta.); kot.t.a_vi yawn, gaping (Ma.)(DEDR 2172). cf. kora asthma (Ma.); kora, gora sound produced in the throat by hoarsenesss (Ka.); korape one who snores (Tu.)(DEDR 2122). kurai to bark; noise, roar, shout (Ta.); disagreeable sound, barking (Ma.)(DEDR 1796). guran.u to growl (S.); gurkan.u to purr (S.); gurrinu to growl (N.); gurgurra purring (N.); guruguru rumbling (N.); gurra_na_ to growl (H.); gurvu~, gurgurvu~ to growl, rumble (G.); gurgarn.e~, gurakn.e~ to growl, snarl (M.)(CDIAL 4207). ghuraghura_yate_ gurgles, snorts (Car.); ghurghurika_ gargling (Sus'r.); ghurghura_yati snores (Pali); ghurughurai, ghurahurai cries out (Pkt.); ghuruhurai growls (Pkt.); ghurukkai thunders (Pkt.); ghurghur snarling (P.); ghurghurn.o to snore (Ku.); ghurghura_unu to snarl, grunt (N.); ghurghura_na_ (H.); ghurghurn.e~, ghura_vn.e~ to roar, snarl (M.)(CDIAL 4486). ghurati cries out frighteningly (Skt.); ghuran.u to call, ask for, desire (S.); ghuran.u to snore, coo (of doves)(N.); ghuriba_ to gargle (Or.); ghurna_ to make a noise, be played (of instruments)(H.); ghurkan.u to snarl (S.); ghurakna_, ghur.akna_ to growl (H.); ghurakvu~, gharakvu~ (G.); gho_rai snores (Pkt.); go_run to babble in delirium, lament (K.); ghorai thunders (OAw.); ghorvu~ to snore (G.); ghorn.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 4487). Anger: kor-ukor-u (-pp-, -tt-) to bubble with anger; kor-u-kor-uv-en-al onom. expr. signifying anger (Ta.); kor-akor-a angrily; anger, angry look; kor-akor-al-a_d.u to be angry, have an angry look; kor-alu to grow angry (Te.)(DEDR 2166). Thunder: ghurghura_ growling (Skt.); ghurghuraka gurgling (Sus'r.); ghughuri frog (Pkt.); guguranava_ to thunder (Si.); gigiriya thunder (Si.)(CDIAL 4489). ghus. call, shout (Skt.); ghus.t.a shouted in: ghus.t.a_nna- food given away by proclamation (Mn.); ghut.t.ha proclaimed in a loud voice (Pali.Pkt.); gut.ho obstinate (S.)(CDIAL 4490). guma sound, noise (Si.)(CDIAL 4491). ghor loud howling (G.)(CDIAL 4523). ur-umu (ur-umi-), ur-umpu (ur-umpi-) to growl, grunt, (thunder) rumbles, murmur angrily; ur-umi, ur-umai kind of drum played chiefly by tot.t.iya beggars; urumu (urumi-) to thunder, roar, grumble; urum thunder; ur-ukku (ur-ukki-) to menace, threaten, address with harshness, severity, or anger; n. threatening (Ta.); ur-umpuka to roar, grumble; ur-umpal roar of tiger (Ma.); or-al(u), or-al.u, orlu to cry out from pain, scream; n. outcry, scream, snarl; r-oppu to roar, grunt (like a hog)(Ka.); ur-umu to thunder, roar; n. roar, thunder; or-alu to lament, wail, cry; roppu, r-oppu to roar, yell, drive; rollu to prattle, bewail; r-o_lu, ro_lu to weep or cry aloud (Te.); urum puyil thunderbolt (puyil ploughshare)(Pa.); urum thunder (Ga.); uram id. (Go.); urum- to lighten (Go.); ur-mi- (-it-) to thunder, roar; or-li- (-t-) to groan (as in illness, fever) (Kond.a); ru_mba (ru_mbi-), ru_ma (ru_mi-) to roar; n. roar; r-unja (r-unji-) to thunder, reverberate; n. sound of thunder (Kui); or-hali to groan; o_rhinai to squeak (Kuwi); hu_rra thunder (Br.); ora_l to roar (Apabhram.s'a)(DEDR 718). To suffer: ur-u (ur-uv-, ur-r--) to suffer, gather experience; ur-ukan. suffering, affliction, distress; ur-uval suffering, affliction; u_r-u affliction; ur-uttu (ur-utti-) to cause smarting or irritation, press uncomfortably (as a rough or uneven surface on one lying or sitting down), cause pain of mind, rankle (Ta.); ur-uttuka to chafe, terrify by fierce look (Ma.); ur-isu to suffer, endure (Ka.); ju_ga (ju_gi-) to suffer, be afflicted; n. suffering, affliction; ju_pka (< ju_k-p; ju_kt-) to afflict, persecute; cause to suffer; n. act of afflicting, persecution, ill-treatment (Kui)(DEDR 715). Violence; to throw: ur-ubu violence (of wind), rapidity, fleetness, speed, force (Ka.); rumbu galloping, running with speed; rummuni to move hastily (Tu.); r-uvvu, ruvvu, r-uppu, r-u_vu to throw, fling, toss; n. sound of wind produced by the fluttering of wings; uravad.i speed, force, violence; uravad.incu, urad.incu to hasten (Te.); ruv- (ruvt-) to throw; rusi- (rusit-) id. (< ruv + si.- to give)(Kol.); ur-mi- (-t-) to be flung at high speed (as a stone); ur-mis- (-t-) to fling, as a stone (Kond.a)(DEDR 719).

2479.Image: to bark, to emit (as a sound); cough: gu_ru phlegmatic and asthmatic disease (Ka.); gu_ru asthma, cough (Tu.)(DEDR 1903). kuri hoots (Pa.); kur-kur call to a dog (Malt.); kora to bark (Kod..); kure kure a sound in calling a dog (Ka.); kerv to bark (Ko.); kura barking (Ma.); kurai (-pp-, -tt-) to bark; noise, roar, shout (Ta.); kuraippu noise; kukkal, kukkan- dog (Ta.); kura disagreeable sound, cough (Ma.); kurekka to bark, cough; ku_rkka, ku_rkkam, ku_rkku snoring, war-cry, roar (Ma.); korapuni, korepini, korepuni to bark, roar; korejuni to make a noise (Tu.); ku_r to groan (Pa.); kuri- (owl) hoots (Pa.); kuhasca_na_ to bark, growl, groan (as in lifting a heavy weight)(Go.); xurruka_v a snore (Br.)(DEDR 1796). kutru a dog; koya a wild dog; hakar call of a dog when chasing (Santali. lex.) Image: dog: ku_ra dog (Tu.); ku_ran- dog (Ta.)(DEDR 1901). kurai to bark; n. shout (Ta.); kora to bark (Kod..); kur-kur call to a dog (Malt.)(DEDR 1796). kukka, kukki_ dog (Pkt.); kukka_ (H.); puppy (Si.)(CDIAL 3206). kurkura dog (Skt.); kukkura, kukkuri_ (VarBr.S.); kukkura, kukkurini_ (Pa.); kukkura (Pkt.); kukeri puppy; kukyry dog (Gypsy); ku_kar, ku_kari_ dog (P.); kukur, ku_kri_ (WPah.); kukri puppy (Tir.); kukur (Sh.); kukur, kuku_r (Ku.); kukur, kukurni puppy (N.); kukur, kukuri_ (A.B.); kukura (Or.); kukur (Mth.Bhoj.); ku_kur (Aw.); ku_kar, ku_kri_, kukur, kukkur (H.); kukro, kukri_ (Marw.); kukar (G.M.); kukura_ dog, puppy (Si.); khukur puppy (Sh.); kun:gra_ puppy (L.)(CDIAL 3329). kucuru dog (Wg.); kucur, kicir (Bshk. Wot..); kuju_, kiji_ (Tor.); ku_sar, kucara (Mai.); kucuro, kusuro (Chil.); kusur (Gau.); kucuro_ (Sv.); kucuro (Phal.); kucur^u puppy (K.)(CDIAL 3219). kutti_, kutta dog (Pkt.); kwt (Sog.); kut dog (Shgh.); kutu kutu sound made in calling a puppy (Sant.); kuto (S.); kutta_, kutti_ (L.P.WPah.B.H.); kuti (N.); kuta_, kuti_ (Or.); kutawa_ (Aw.); kutiya_ (H.); kuto (Marw.); kutto, kutti_ (G.); kutte- in cmpds. (M.)(CDIAL 3275). kuttira, kutar, kutri_, ko_tar, ko_ter, kuttar, kutri_ dog (WPah.); kutari (Or.); ku_tira (OG.); kutro, kutri_, kutru~ a wretched dog (G.); kutra_, kutri_, kutre~ (M.); kuti_r a pack of dogs (L.)(CDIAl 3277). kutu_ro puppy; kutu_ri pet name for a girl (Sh.)[cf. ku_turu daughter (Te.)]; kutu_ra_, kutu_ri_ puppy (L.); katu_ra_, katu_ri_ (P.)(CDIAL 3278). koti_ dog-keeper, game-keeper (L.)(CDIAL 3563). chuh call to a dog (Br.); chu_ sound uttered in setting on dogs (H.M.); cu_ id. (Ta.Ka.Tu.); cu id. (Tu.); cu. id. (Kol.)(DEDR 2718). cokkan- dog; cokki bitch (Ma.)(DEDR 2830). cokkan- monkey (Ta.); cokkan monkey (Ma.)(DEDR 2830). cf. semant. ko_ti monkey (Te.lex.) cf. ku_guvike crying aloud (Ka.)(DEDR 1868).

2480.Frown: ghu_ra staring fiercely (S.); ghu_r frown; ghu_rn.a_ to frown on, rebuke (P.); ghu_r frown, stare; ghu_rna_ frown at, stare at, ogle (H.); ghurkan.u to rebuff (S.); ghurakn.a_ to frown, scold (P.); ghurkanu to frown (N.); ghurakna_, ghur.akna_ to frown at (H.); ghurakvu~, gharakvu~ to frown (G.)(CDIAL 4496). ahirkuhir to stare; aril kuril id. (Santali.lex.)

2481.To covet: ghu_rn.a_ to look lustfully at (P.); ghu_ran.u to stare fiercely at (S.)(CDIAL 4496). ku_r (-v-, -nt-) to covet, hanker after (Ta.); kur-uka to love, mind; ku_r-, ku_r-u love; ku_r-r-a_n friend, lover, protector (Ma.); ku_r to mind, be attached to, love; ku_rpa, ku_pa loving, beloved; lover, husband; ku_rpu, ku_rme love (Ka.); ku_rimi, ku_rmi friendship, love, affection; ku_r(u)cu to be lovable, be coveted, be attached (Te.)(DEDR 1897).

2482.Hog: gut.i a hog (Te.); gu_ru to uproot the earth with tusk (Ka.)(DEDR 1922); ko.re tusk of elephant or boar (Kod..)(DEDR 2257). Image: boar: kor-r-an boar, ram, tomcat (Ma.)(DEDR 2170). To butt, gore; to crush: ud- to crush (nits, lice)(Pa.); ur-- (uRt-) to butt, gore (buffalo, etc. with horns), crush (nits)(Kond.a); uz-(ust-) to butt, gore; to crush (lice)(Pe.); uy- (cow) to gore; to crush (lice)(Mand..); ubga (< ug-b-; ugd-) to collide, strike against, butt; pl. action uska (uski-)(Kui); ur- (-h-) to butt, gore; u_rhali to butt (Kuwi)(DEDR 706). rok to gore (Santali.lex.)

2483.Image: tusk; sharpness, point of an arrow, spear: ku_r sharpness, pointed edge (Ta.Ka.); id., point of an arrow (Ma.); kru_ru sharp (Te.)(DEDR 1898). Image: tusk: ko.re tusk of elephant or boar (Kod..); ko_r-e a tusk, fang; cutting, sharpness, pointedness (Ka.); ko_r-u cutting, tearing (Ma.); ko_r-uka to tear the flesh by thorns (Ma.); ko_r-a tusk, fang, tooth (Te.); ko_ru tusk (Go.)(DEDR 2257). cf. ku_r (-pp-, -tt-) to be sharp (as the edge or point of an instrument) (Ta.) (DEDR 1898). Image: tusk: ko_r-a tusk, fang, tooth (Te.); ko_r-ai a scratch, as on the body (Ta.); go_r-u to scratch (Ka.); ko_runi, go_runi to dig out or up (?Tu.); ko_ru to scrape with a grater, cut, scratch; n. scrapings of coconut (Te.); tusk (Go.); gro_pa (gro_t-) to claw, scratch; n. act of clawing, scratching, a scratch (Kui)(DEDR 2257). gebar-u to scratch as the ground; gebbu id., loosen a stone by scratching or digging with the nails (Ka.); giv- (dog) to scratch up the earth; givv- to scratch (Go.)(DEDR 1976). cf. gre- (-t-) to scoop up with the hand (Pe.); grepa- to scoop up (Mand..); gra_pa (gra_t-), gre_pa (gret-) to soop up, shovel into with the hands, scrape together (Kui); grecali (gret-) to gather up, take handful (Kuwi); ker- (-t-) to take handfuls (Kond.a)(DEDR 1959). Image: to uproot, hog; tusk of elephant or boar: gu_r-u to turn or uproot the earth with horns or tusks (Ka.); gut.i a hog (Te.)(DEDR 1922). [cf. khad.ga rhinoceros.]

2288a. Pick-axe: khurpa, khurpi an instrument for digging up weeds or roots with, or shaving off grass just above the ground (Santali.lex.) kurappam currycomb (W.)(Ta.); korapamu (Te.); korapa (Ka.); kurappa (Ma.)(Ta.lex.)

2161.Image: shell of tortoise: gorpa shell of tortoise (Ga.); gorpo id., shell of egg; gorpa shell of tortoise; skull (Kuwi)(DEDR 2129). kopparai < kho_pra_ (U.) dried coconut-kernel, copra (Ta.); kobbera (Te.); kopparige (Ka.); koppari (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) kopiri_ skull (S.); ko_pri_ skull, crown of head (L.); ko_par top of head (Bshk.)(CDIAL 3519). khopr.i_ skull (Ku.); khopri (N.); khopr.i_ skull, shell (H.); skull (G.M.)(CDIAL 3936). kipri skull (Pe.); shell of snail, etc.(Pe.); kirpi shell (Mand..); kirpa_, girpa skull (Kuwi)(DEDR 1555). kil.icil bivalve, mussel, oyster-shell (Ta.); kil.ici a shellfish, kil.iil oyster shell (Ma.)(DEDR 1585). cf. cippi oyster shell (Ma.)(DEDR 2535). Image: turtle, tortoise: kamat.am < kamat.ha turtle, tortoise (Pa_kava. Ma_yavan-ami. 29); kamat.a_tan-am a raised wooden board, raised like a tortoise, used as a seat while meditating (Caivaca. Potu. 61)(Ta.lex.) kavve tortoise (Kol.Nk.Ga.); kavva id. (Pa.)(DEDR 1342). Coconut kernel: khu_p^ara coconut shell, chestnut (K.); khopar, khopri_ skull (P.); khoppa_ coconut kernel (P.); khopa_ id. (P.H.); khupuli hard shell of coconut (Or.); khopr.i_ shell, skull (H.); khopra_ coconut kernel (H.); khopre~ (G.); khobre~ coconut kernel (M.)(CDIAL 3936). kopparai, koppari dried coconut kernel, copra (Ta.); koppara id. (Ma.); kobbari, kobari id. (Ka.); koppara, koppari, kobbari, kobari id. (Tu.); kobbari, kobbera kernel of the coconut; pertaining to the coconut (Te.); kobri id. (Kuwi); ku_rpasa the inner part of a coconut (Skt.)(DEDR 2105). ?cf. jhuna_ old, dried up coconut (B.); jhu_na_ ripe coconut (H.); jhun overripe (B.)(CDIAL 5410). Image: bottomless mud-vessel; husk: ko_mpai-k-kalayam a bottom-less mud-vessel; ko_mpai shell of a coconut or arecanut with the husk, young palmyra fruit after the edible kernel is removed; empty-headed person (Ta.); ko_mba id. (Ma.M.)(Ta.lex.) Husk: cf. sopa chaff of grain, rind of fruit (Kond.a); coppa_ skin of fruits, husk of grain, shell of pulses; copla_ skin or shell of fruits (Kur.); copr.a scabbard (Malt.)(DEDR 2846). kotumpu coconut fibre; kutampai roll of palmyra leaves or cloth worn in the ear-lobe to widen the perforation; katampai coconut husk or fibre that covers the nut, ends and bits of palmyra leaves cut for writing; ko_tu refuse, waste, empty kernels, etc.; covering, capsule, pod; fibrous structure of flowers (Ta.); kotumpu, kotumpil strong fibrous fruit-stalk of coconut, used for strings; husk of corn before the ears burst, covering of coconut blossoms; kotampa fibres used as a string; katampa husk of coconut (Ma.); kodumbu, kudumbu the cymbiform sheath of a bunch of coconuts (Tu.)(DEDR 2087).

2484.Malay dagger: kiricu < kirusu (Ta.) Malay dagger, small double-edged sword (W.); kiricu-kkatti id.; kir-icu < kri_s (Malay.) Malay dagger (Ta.lex.) kirtalagu a drawn blade of a knife or sword; kittalagu a small blade (Ka.lex.)

2485.Dagger: ko_ri dagger (Pas'.); kadara iron goad for guiding an elephant (Skt.)(CDIAL 2711). ko~_gu, gor-ugu to shave (Te.); kori, korita_na_, korrita_na_, kor.ita_na_, kori_, korri_, kora_na_ to shave (Go.); ko_ri_ta_na_ to cut the hair, shave (Go.)(DEDR 2258).Sickle; razor: co_i, co_ sickle (Wg. < ks.auri_); ks.aura performed with a razor (VarBr.S.); n. shaving (Skt.); ks.auri_ knife (Skt.); c.ho_ra knife (Dm.); c.hor (Kal.)-- khaura razor (Pkt.influenced by Skt.)(CDIAL 3756). cf. ks.ura razor (RV.); sharp barb of arrow (R.); knife, dagger (Skt.)(CDIAL 3727). ko_n.am elephant-hook (Maturaik. 592)(Ta.lex.)  Image: arrow: keeri arrow (Kui); gi' erri arrow shaft (Kuwi)(DEDR 1932).  Scraper; to cut with a sickle: kere to shave, scrape, scratch (Ka.); kerakalu scrapings of burnt rice from a pot (Ka.); kE.ri to scratch (Ka.); kiri to shave (Ka.); keran.t.u to dig with the nails, scratch (Ka.); gere a scratch as with the fingernails (Ka.); kerepuni to scrape, polish (Tu.); kerecuni, keran.t.uni to scratch the ground (as a fowl)(Tu.); kirejuni to cut as straw, grass-stumps, etc.; to scrape or clear, as the ground (Tu.); kiresu, keresu to scrape (Tu.); kerk- (kerekt-) to shave; kerren to sharpen (Kol.); ker- to shave (Nk.); kir-, kirv-, kirc- to scratch (Pa.); kirp- (kirt-) (fowl) scratches (Pa.); xercna_ (xircyas) to rub off, scour (Kur.); qerce to scrape (Malt.); qere to shave (Malt.); qertre to be shaved; qeru barber (Malt.); karghing to shear, crop down, mow down (Br.); cirai to shave, cut with a sickle; ciraiyan- barber (Ta.); curan.t.u, cur-an.t.u to scratch, scrape with fingernail or instrument, erase; curan.t.i, cur-ant.i scraper, scrapings (Ta.); cira shaving; a grater, scraper for coco-nuts (also cirava)(Ma.); cirekka to shave, scrape (Ma.); cireppu shaving, scraping (Ma.); cirayan a shaved person (Ma.); cirampan the god of barbers (Ma.); cirakuka, curakuka to grate (Ma.); ciran.t.uka, curan.t.uka to grate (Ma.); ciran.t.uka, curan.t.uka to scratch, scrape (Ma.); cikkuka, cikayuka to scratch (as fowls)(Ma.); kekarv- (kekart-), kekrv- (kekrt-) to scratch lightly (to wake a person), (cattle) paw the ground before fighting, (animal) digs (Ko.); kerf- (kert-) to scratch, egg on; kok- (koky-) (buffalo) scratches itself against rock (To.)(DEDR 1564).

2561.Ox-antelope: kod.al (ma_v) a kind of deer; kod.a_ ma_v, khod.d.a ma_v blue bull; gur.iya ma_v nilgai (Go.); guri god. bison (Ga.); gura bison (Kond.a); gud.va nilgai (Pa.)(DEDR 1664). Image: antelope: kuri antelope (Pa.); kori id. (Kol.); kuruy deer (Ga.); kurs (pl. -k) deer, antelope (Go.); kruhu (pl. kruhka), krusu (pl. kruska) barking deer, jungle sheep (Kui); kluhu antelope; kruhu (pl. kruska), kurhu antelope (Kuwi); ku_ran hog-deer (?Ma.); kuran:ga a species of antelope, antelope or deer in general (Skt.)(DEDR 1785). ro_hit red deer (VS.); ro_hita a kind of deer (Skt.); ro_hia a kind of deer (Pkt.); roya the wild sheep (Dm.); ruya_-min, roya~_-min (Dm.); rohi_ the slate-coloured antelope or nilgai, antelopa picta (M.)(CDIAL 10865). ro_hicca a kind of deer (Pali)(CDIAL 10868). kr.s.n.amr.ga black antelope (MBh.); kelmuva deer (Si.)(CDIAL 3454). [Semantic radical: kr.s..] goria antelope (Kol.); kor.i sheep (Ta.)(DEDR 2165). karam.gi_ antelope (OG.); kuran:ga antelope (MBh.Pali); kulan:ga (Skt.); kulun:ga (TS.); kurun:ga (Pali); kuram.ga (Pkt.); kuran:g (P.); kura~g (G.); kura~gi_, kura~gn.i_ f. (G.); kurun:ga (Si.); kiran:gu the elk russa aristotelis (Si.)(CDIAL 3320). kuran:g light chestnut colour (Kho.)(CDIAL 3321). Image: antler: so_ markhor (Ash.); c.o_w male markhor (Wg.); ucu_ horn (Pr.); s.o_ (Tor.)(CDIAL 12715). srun:g horn (Kho.); s.ugo (Sh.)(CDIAL 12713). cf. s'r.n:ga horn (RV.)(CDIAL 12583). ?cf. jin:ke antelope (Ka.Tu.); jin:ka id. (Te.)(DEDR 2504). cin:ki stag's horn (Ta.lex. < s'r.n:ga (Skt.) Images: spotted deer; circle with dot in the centre: ur..ai deer (Ta.); ur..a-ma_n, ur..al-ma_n porcine deer (Ma.); duppi the spotted deer with branching horns, the axis (Ka.); ure, ule, ul.e deer (Tu.); ur.up (pl. ur.pul) spotted deer (Pa.); d.uppi id. (Ga.); lu_pi, luppi, duppi, d.uppal spotted deer (Go.); d.upi axis deer (Kond.a)(DEDR 694). Male ibex: us.un. young male ibex; female ibex (Kho.) ?< *ut-s'r.n:ga having upright horns (Skt.); ucchr.n:gita (Skt.)[horns of adult males curve back more and more as they grow, those of females and young males are shorter and straighter (cf. Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, v.101)](CDIAL 1856). ?cf. jin:ke antelope (Ka.Tu.); jin:ka id. (Te.)(DEDR 2504). ko_ju (pl. ko_ska) antler (Kui)(DEDR 2200).

2525.Image: antelope: kurhu antelope; kruhu (pl. kruska); kluhu antelope (Kuwi); kruhu (pl. kruhka), krusu (pl. kruska) barking deer, jungle sheep (Kui)(DEDR 1785). Image: antelope: kuran:ga a deer in general (Skt.lex.)

2502.Image: short, woolly sheep with twisted horns: kur-umpa_t.u short, woolly sheep with twisted horns (Ar..akarkala. 41)(Ta.lex.)

2495.Image: antelope; ram: kur-i, kor-i a sheep; a ram (Ka.); kuri (Tu.); kor-i (Ta.Ma.); gor-r-e (Te.); kur-iga_va, kur-igo_va a watcher or tender of sheep, a shepherd; kur-idar-i to cut down or slaughter sheep or something as if it were a sheep; kur-imande a flock of sheep; kur-imar-i a lamb; kur-ihat.t.a a sheepfold; kur-ihin.d.u a flock of sheep (Ka.); kur-iho_ta a ram; kur-itana a sheepish, foolish disposition (Ka.lex.) cf. kl_vi < go_pi_ shepherdess (Tiv. Periyati. 2,1,4)(Ta.lex.) Images: boar, cat : kor-r-an ram, boar, tomcat; kor-r-i ewe, female cat, bandicoot; kur-ii, kur-ui she-cat (Ma.); kwat-y cat (To.); kotti male or female cat (Ka.); kuttiri a civet cat (Tu.)(DEDR 2170).

3995.Harrow; bearded dart or lance: cau coulter of plough (P.H.); cavr.u (G.); cav-ta_le~ a sort of harrow to draw off rubbish (consisting of a beam pierced with 14 pins)(M.)(CDIAL 4723). caval.am bearded dart or lance (Ta.Ma.); sabal.amu (Te.); sabal.a (Ka.); s'arva-la_ (Skt.); at.ucaval.a-t-tet.utta por..utu (Kalin.. 424)(Ta.lex.) s'alya arrow, javelin (RV.)(CDIAL 12352). Ferryman: caval.a-k-ka_rar a class of fishermen; ferryman; lancers; pikemen (Ta.lex.); caval.am lance, a bearded javelin (Ma.); sabal.a spear, lance, pike (one of the tatsamas)(Ka.); sabal.amu a kind of spear (Te.)(DBIA 153). caval.-tat.i flexible stick; a kind of oar; caval.ai-k-ka_rar a caste of weavers in Tinnevelly district (Ta.lex.) sarvala_, s'arvala_ an iron club or crowbar (Skt.); savvala, sabbala spear (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13279).

2491.Image: a mark, a sign: kur-upu, kur-ipu, kur-uvu, kur-uhu a mark, a sign, a token; a characteristic, acquaintance (Ka.); kur-upid.u to mark; to indicate; to define; to observe, to see; kur-upondu a mark or sign to be obtained; kur-upa one who has a mark (Ka.); kur-i, gur-i a mark, a sign; aim, an object of aim; a butt (Ka.); gur-i (Te.); kur-i (Ta.); kur-i to mark, mark out; kur-itu kol.l.u to mind (Ka.); kur-ittukkol. (Ta.); gur-icu (Te.); kur-itu is commonly looked upon as a particle: with a view to, etc. (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) kut. mark of punctuation (A.)(CDIAL 3236).

2509.Image: piece, section: kur-ai piece, section (Ce_tupu. Mutti_r. 18); deficiency, imperfection, want, default (Kantapu. Varaipun-ai. 20); kur-a id. (Ma.); kor-a (Te.); kor-e (Ka.); kur-ai piece of flesh, as prepared for table (Paripa_. 17,18); kur-aiccal deficiency; scarcity, as of an article; curtailment (Ta.); kur-accal (Ma.); kor-ate (Ka.); kur-ai-c-ca_l, kur-ai-ca_l balk in ploughing (Ta.lex.) kut.i, kut.ra, kita a piece; khudri very small piece (Santali.lex.) cf. kut.t.a powder (Pali); kut.a_ powder of dried fish (M.); kur.ko, kur.ki small piece (N.)(CDIAL 3237). kot.ini hammer, esp. a blacksmith's (Kho.)(CDIAL 3239).

2508.Image: currycomb: kurappam currycomb (Ta.Ma.); korapa, gorapa id. (Ka.); kurapamu, kor.apamu, gor.apamu id. (Te.)(DEDR 1771). khara_ramu id. (Te.lex.) currycomb a comb consisting of a series of upright serrated ridges, for grooming horses (English)(Doubleday lex.)[cf. curry rub down with a comb and brush XIII cent.; Sp. correar prepare (wool) for use; OF. correier arrange, equip, curry (a horse); curry favel rub down the fallow or chestnut horse, which, for some obscure reason, was taken as a type of perfidy or duplicity; hence curry-comb (ODEE).]

2532.Image: drill plough: go_ra a drill plough (Te.); go_ra-cekka a drag with which rivers are cleared (Te.); a hand instrument for levelling a ploughed field (Te.); go_ra-palaka id. (Te.); go_ri a kind of rake; go_re a shovel for cleaning a boat (Ka.); go_ru gather or sweep together, remove the impurities of a heap of grain by repeated piling, draw a plank to which a handle is attached with the hand over ploughed ground to level it (Ka.); go_ri a kind of rake; go_runi level a ploughed field with a plank (Tu.)(DEDR 2231). palu-gor.r.u a kind of harrow (Te.)(DEDR 3986). [pal tooth (Ta.)(DEDR 3986).] go_ri drawing, drawing in; drawing together; raking; go_ri-halli = go_ri a rake; go_risu to cause to sweep together or to heap; go_ru to draw; to gather, to sweep together; to wish with a net to whicha handle is attached; to draw a plank to which a handle is attached, with the hand over ploughed ground to level it; drawing etc. (Ka.); go_ra-cekke a drag with which rivers are cleared; go_ralu, go_rlu drill ploughs (Te.); go_ru-man.e a kind of rake; a piece of board used for removing the excess jaggery from the top of a mould (Ka.lex.)

2533.Image: seed drill: ku_r-ige a seed-drill, sowing machine drawn by oxen (Ka.cf. MIAI, p.29. kurgi is a distance that may be ploughed and sown in one day, with a pair of bullocks and drill plough (M.). ku_ru to fill or stuff anything, to load (Te.); ku_r-ige hod.e to work with the ku_r-ige (Ka.lex.)

2503.Image: a very short handle: kur-umpit.i a very short handle (Ta.Ma.); short scimitar (Maturaik. 637)(Ta.lex.)

2486.Sharpness, sword:ku_rahu sword (Ka.)(DEDR 1898). kur ploughshare (L.); kuredna_, kurodna_ to scrape (H.); kuracn.e~ to nip off with the nails (M.)(CDIAL 3319). kura_ to scrape, scratch out, gnaw (B.)(CDIAL 3530). korni_ dried portion of food stuck to a pot (Ku.)(CDIAL 3529). ko_rita scraped out of the ground (Bhpr.); pounded (Skt.); koroina to dig (D..)(CDIAL 3530). ku_r.e knife (Kui); ku_r.am knife (Kond.a); small knife (Kond.a)(DEDR 1912). ku_r sharpness (Ta.Ma.Ka.); pointed edge, pivot on which door swings (Ta.); point of an arrow (Ma.); to be sharp (as the edge or point of an instrument (Ta.); ku_rpu sharpness, valour, penetrating look (Ka.); ku_pi a barber's knife (Ka.); ku.t.- (ku.t.i-) to sharpen (Kod..); kurpu sharpness of cutting instrument (Tu.); kru_ru sharp (Te.); ku_ci sharp, pointed, tapering (Te.); ku_camu a peg (Te.)(DEDR 1898).   ku_rcci, ku_rppu, ku_rmai, ku_riyam sharpness, keenness, pointedness; ku_rccu id., pointed stick; ku_riyan- sharp, clever person; ku_ccu sharp point (Ta.); ku_ruka, ku_rikka, ku_rkka to be sharp; ku_rppikka to sharpen; ku_rppu, ku_rccam sharpness; ku_rmma id., edge of sword, wit (Ma.); ku_rike sharpness, pointedness; ku_ritu, ku_rittu that which is sharp (Ka.); ku_rida a sharp, brave, or acute man (Ka.); ku_t.uni to sharpen (Tu.)(DEDR 1898).

2416a.Battle-axe; sickle: kul.ir battle-axe; trident; sickle (kul.irpurai kot.un:ka_y : Malaipat.u. 110); knife for cutting the stems of leaves (Ta.lex.) cf. kulis'a or s'u_la (Skt.) kor..u awl (Tol. Pa_yi. Urai)(Ta.lex.)

2490.Ploughshare: kur..a, kur..u, gur..a, gur..u ploughshare, iron used in cauterizing (Ka.); kor..u bar of metal (Ta.); ploughshare (Ta.Ma.); ku. id. (To. < gu.- Badaga); koru a bar of metal (Tu.)(DEDR 2147). {kov- (Ko.) iron point of plough transforms the -r- to -r..-; for -u-: cf. ur..u to plough, dig up; ur..avan-, ur..avo_n-, ur..a_an- ploughman, agriculturist (Ta.); ur..a_l ploughing, scratching; ur..unar ploughmen; ur..akku to plough (Ta.); ur..uka, ur..utuka to plough (Ma.)(DEDR 688). cf. ugta_ a plough, ploughshare (Kur.)(DEDR 688). cf. kor..u 1. bar of metal, bullion; 2. ploughshare (kol.u (Ma.); 3. awl (kor..u-c-cen-r-a var..i-t-tun-n-u_ci yinitu celluma_r-u po_la : Tol. Pa_yi. Urai)(Ta.lex.) keran.t.u (Ka.); curan.t.u (Ta.Ma.) to scratch, scrape with finger-nail or instrument (Ta.lex.) kurelna_ to poke (P.); kuredna_, kurodna_ to scrape (H.); kuracn.e~, kurtud.n.e~ to nip off with the nails (M.)(CDIAL 3319). hur.ka bar of door (Santali.lex.) Ploughshare: ka_r-u ploughshare (Ta.Ka.); kar-r-u, ka_ru id. (Te.); kara plough (Go.); ploughshare (Kuwi); ka_rru plough (Kuwi)(DEDR 1505). Plough without a pole: kur ploughshare (L.); ku_t.a part of a plough (Pali); id., its share (Skt.); kut.aka plough without a pole (Skt.); kur. ploughshare, sole of plough (L.); ku_r., ku_r.ha_ (X ka_r.hna_ to plough) body of a plough (H.)(CDIAL 3393).

2508a.Scraper: ks.urapra sharp-edged like a razor (Skt.); sharp-edged arrow (MBh.); sharp-edged knife (Skt.); a sort of hoe (Skt.); khurappa arrow with a horseshoe's head (Pali); a kind of arrow, knife for cutting grass (Pkt.); khuruppa id. (Pkt.); khurpo a pot-scraper (S.); khurpa_, khurpi_ pot-scraper, grubber for gras (P.); khurpo sickle (N.); khurpi weeding-knife (N.); khurpa_ spud for grubbing up grass [B. X khanitra digging tool (RV.); khanta_ long-handled spade (B.)(CDIAL 3814)]; khurapaa, khurapa_, khurapi, khurupa_, khurupi id. (Or.); khurpa_ blade of hoe (Bi.); khurpi_ small hoe for weeding (Bi.); khurpa_ weeding knife (H.); scraper (Mth.); khurpi_ scraper (Mth.); small weeding knife (H.); kharpo scraper (G.); kharpi_ grubber (G. X ka_pvu~ in karpi_ weeding tool); khurpe~ curved grubbing hoe (M.); khurpi_ grub-axe (M.)--Deriv.khurapna_, khurupna_ to scrape up grass (H.); kharapvu~ to cut, dig, remove with a scraper (G.); khurapn.e~ to grub up (M.)(CDIAL 3730). ks.urati cuts, scratches, digs (Skt.); churati cuts off, incises (Skt.); khurati scrapes (Pali); churai breaks (Pkt.); chorvu~ to dig up with a sharp spade (G.)--Extension with -d.-: khurr.an.u to scrape (S.); khurr.i scrapings (S.); --with -kk-: khurka itching (S.); khurkan. to scratch (L.); khurkn.a_ (P.); khurkanu to scrape (N.); --with -cc-: khurcn.a_ to scrape (a pot)(P.); khurca_ scrapings (G.) --X tro_t.ayati : khurtud.n.e~ to nip off (M.)(CDIAL 3729). chorna_ to cut (H.); khorvu~ to stir up, chorvu~ to dig out (G.)(CDIAL 3753). Razor: kh- forms: khura razor (Pali); knife, razor (Pkt.); khu_r^u razor (K.); khuryo grass-scraper, tip of silver at the bottom of a scabbard (S.)[cf. kuro silver (Drav.)]; khuro razor (WPah.); khuro-mun.d.o the shaving of heads (Ku.); khuro head of a spear, ferrule of a stick, pin at the top or bottom of a door (N.); khur razor (whence khura_iba to shave)(A.); khura (Or.); khu_r razor (Bi.)); khura_, khuri_ spiked part of the blade of a chopper which fits into the handle (Bi.); Iron nail to fix ploughshare: khura_ iron nail to fix ploughshare (H..); karaya razor (Si.)(CDIAL 3727). chura~_r.i_ razor-case (H.); ks.urabha_n.d.a razor-case (Skt.); ks.uradha_na (S'Br.)(CDIAL 3731). holat a razor (Santali.lex.) Knife,dagger; razor: ks.ura razor (RV.); sharp barb of arrow (R.); ks.uri_ knife, dagger (Skt.); ch- forms, esp. in sense 'knife' are wide-spread outside dialectical bounds:-- chu_ri_ knife, dagger (Skt.); churika_, chu_rika_ (Skt.); churika_ (Pali); ks.ura (NiDoc.); chura knife, razor, arrow (Pkt.); churi_, churia_ knife (Pkt.); ciri knife, razor (Gypsy); churi, curi, c.uri_, c.ui_ knife (Gypsy); c.huri dagger (Dm.); c.hu_ri knife (Kt.); c.hur dagger, knife (Bshk.); c.hu_, c.hu_r (Dardic); c.u_r small knife (Sh.); churi_ knife with a hooked blade (S.); churi_ knife (L.N.H.Or.); small knife (P.Ku.); chura_ razor (N.Bhoj.Aw.); dagger, razor (H.); dagger (Or.); large knife (P.); churo small knife (Ku.); suri knife (A.); churi (B.); chu_ra_ razor (Bi.); chu_r dagger, razor (Mth.); charo large knife (G.); chari_ small knife (G.); sura_, suri_ knife (M.); siriya dagger (Si.); cir dagger (Wg. < Psht. < IA.)(CDIAL 3727). Sword; peg; pivot; sharpness: ku_rahu sword (Ka.); ku_camu a peg (Te.) ku_r (-pp-, -tt-) to be sharp (as the edge or point of an instrument), be keen (as the intellect); n. sharpness, pointed edge, cutting or sarcastic speech, pivot on which door swings (Ta.); ku_rcci, ku_rppu, ku_rmai, ku_riyam sharpness, keenness, pointedness; ku_rccu id., pointed stick (Ta.); ku_ccu sharp point (Ta.); ku_r sharpness, point of an arrow (Ka.); sharpness, acuteness (Ka.); ku_ruka, ku_rikka, ku_rkka to be sharp; ku_rppikka to sharpen; ku_rppu, ku_rccam sharpness; ku_rmma id., edge of sword, wit (Ma.); ku_rike sharpness, pointedness; ku_ritu, ku_rittu that which is sharp (Ka.); ku_rida a sharp, acute, or brave man (Ka.); ku_riyan- sharp, clever person (Ta.); ku_rpu sharpness, valour, a keen, penetrating look (Ka.); ku.t.- (ku.t.i-) to sharpen (Kod..); ku_t.uni id. (Tu.); kurpu sharpness as of a cutting instrument (Tu.); kru_ru sharp; ku_ci sharp, pointed, tapering (Te.)(DEDR 1898). Bloody, cruel: kru_ra bloody, cruel (AV.); hard, solid (Sus'r.); bloody, raw, cruel (Pali); ku_ra, ku_ri, kurula, kurud.a cruel (Pkt.); ku_, f. ku hard (Tor.); ku_ro hard, severe (of things and people), strong, firm (Sh.); kura hard (D..); kru_r^u, ku_r^u cruel (K.); kura_r.a_ hard, stiff, callous (L.); kru_ra_ hard times (WPah.); ku_r pitiless, savage (H.); kuru (Si.); kuriru cruel (Si.)(CDIAL 3602). Cruel: ku_r..a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man (Ka.); ku_r.., ku_ra fierce, cruel (Ka.); ku_l.a, khu_l.a bad, mean, cruel (Tu.); ku_l.a, ku_l.u~d.u a wicked man, a cruel man (Te.)(DEDR 1913). ku_l.an- worthless, useless person (Tiruppu. 109)(Ta.lex.) kura_is'un.i_ name of a popular village goddess (Or.)(CDIAL 3603). cf. kravis. raw flesh (RV.); kravya bloody, raw (TS.); raw flesh, carrion (Nir.); kavva flesh (Pkt.); krui red, bloodshot, reddish brown, auburn, crimson (Kho.)(CDIAL 3585).

2528.Image: bracelet: kuruku bracelet, armlet (Kalla_. 44,22(Ta.lex.)

2529.Image: ladle: ko_rikai, ko_rakai ladle (Ta.); ko_ruka to draw water; ko_rika iron ladle (Ma.)(DEDR 2231).

2566.Metallic plate: ko_ram, ko_rakam metallic dish or plate (Ta.); ko_rakai begging-bowl of the Buddhist ascetics (Ta.); ko_ra cup, tray (Te.)(DEDR 2228). khora almsbowl; khoraka pot (BHSk.); khoraya a kind of round pot (Pkt.Ardhama_gadhi).

2492.Image: tortoise: kurul.ai tortoise (?Ta.)(DEDR 1795). horo, kat. horo, kumd.hia horo tortoise (Santali.lex.) kurul.ai tortoise; young of certain animals (dog, pig, tiger, hare, jackal); young of a snake (Ta.lex.) ku_rma tortoise (VS.); kumma (Pali.Pkt.); ku_rmi_ (MBh.); krum, krum^u, kurm (K.); kumi_ tortoise, turtle (S.); kar.-kumma_ tortoise (L.); kar-kumma_ turtle (L.); kumma~_, kummi~_ tortoise, turtle (P.); kumu tortoise (Si.)(CDIAL 3414). Roof: kaurma appertaining to a tortoise (Skt.); kum portion of a roof midway between ridge-pole and eaves (A.); klo_m roof (Ash.); krum (Kt.); krem back (Kho.); lu_nd roof; kundu_r, s.ond, tu_n, te_n, plen, obl. plende (Pas'.)(CDIAL 3415).

2487.Tools of an artisan: kora-mut.t.u tool, instrument (Ka.); kor-a-mut.t.u id. (Te.); kor-a use, profit; useful, profitable (Te.)(DEDR 2161). The radical for the second element is related to mon.d.e blunt, deficient (Ka.); mon.d.u blunt (Tu.)(DEDR 5114). mud.o, mun.d.ho blunt (S.)(CDIAL 10187). [cf. mut.t.u tool, instrument, sundry things (Ta.); implement, tool, thing, utensils, furniture, things belonging to a house as beams, etc. (Ka.); instrument, tool (Te.); mut.ga.rn Kota economic associate with Badaga or with Kurumba (he gives tool, etc.); Kota economic associate with Toda (less formal than kel. relationship (Ko.); mut. tools (To.)(DEDR 4937)]. The compound morphemes may be interpreted as: the sharp and the blunt instruments. The radical for the first element is related to ko_r.a tusk, fang, tooth (Te.); ko_runi, go_runi to dig out or up (?Tu.); ko_r.e cutting, sharpness, pointedness; a tusk, fang (Ka.); ko_r.u cutting, tearing (Ma.)(DEDR 2257). Image: nail: go_ru nail (Te.)(DEDR 561). hot.ak to rip with a tusk (Santali.lex.) kore, kor-e profit, use, good, avail, advantage (Te.); kro, krom. as prefix (Ka.) = su (Skt.); kor-e clothes, raiment, especially also that which is given on a wedding day (Ka.); ku_r-ai (Ta.); kor-ai (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) kor-e to cut as wood with a saw, as the throat with a sword, as the stalks of millet, to break as a hole in a wall, to bore as a hole by a drill, to cut as letters with a knife, as a bow-string with the had, to excavate as running water the soil; to pierce as cold (Ka.); kure, kore to be excavated, bored etc. (Tu.); kor-i to nibble as a mouse; to nip off the husks of grain (Ta.); kur-ai to cut off as the splint of trees (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) For semant. piercing cold: korv- (kord-) to be cold; kor, korv coldness (Ko.); kwar-- (kwar-0-) to feel cold; kwar- cold; kwar- (kwar0-) to be cold (To.); kor-e, kor-i to pierce (as cold); kor-eta, kor-ata the piercing of cold (Ka.); koral.e cold (Tu.); karvun id. (Kol.); kharra_ frost (Go.); kari_ng, koring cold (Go.)(DEDR 2168).

2488.New, unused cloth: ku_r-ai cloth, clothes (Ta.); ku_r-a a set of cloths, thick cloth (Ma.); kor-e clothes (Ka.)(DEDR 1925). ko_r-a rough cloth (Ma.); kwi.r rag (To.); ko_r-i id., worn-out blanket (Ka.); ko_ro rough cloth (Tu.)(DEDR 2255). ko_ra brand new, unused, unwashed (K.); koro new, unwashed, blank (S.); kora_ new (of a pot), unbleached, unwashed (P.); rough, uncleaned, unbleached (B.); new, unhandled, unwashed, simple, poor (H.); new, just made, unused (M.); new (of cloth), unbleached (Or.); kora_ luga_ unbleached calico (Or.); koro unused, dry, rough (Ku.); koru~ new, unwashed, unused (G.)(CDIAL 3526).

2493.Image: lock of hair: kuri_ram a kind of head-dress of women (Skt.lex.) kurul., kurul.u, kurl.u, kurala a curl or lock of hair (Ka.); kurui., kur-ul. (Ma.); kural, kurul., koral, curul. (Ta.); kurulu (Te.); kurala, kurula (Skt.); kural.a (M.); surul. (Ka.); kural. hair; kurul.dumbi curls regarded as black bees; kurul.dongal a tassel or tuft of hair (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2499.King: kural king (Go.)(DEDR 1782).

2494.Image: pot with wide mouth: kurul.e an earthen vessel with a wide mouth, used for churning etc. (Ka.); ba_ne, ba_n, ba_ni a large earthen pot with a broad mouth (Ka.); ba_ne (Te.); gud.a_n.a (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2496.Shine; silver: kure pure silver (Ka.M.); kuru-vista a pala of gold, a weight of gold equal to about 700 troy grains (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) kuru brilliancy, lustre, effulgence; (-pp-, -tt-) to glisten; kuruku, kuruttu whiteness; kurumai lustre, brightness; kuricil illustrious person (Ta.); kurj beautiful or handsome person (Ko.); kuro silver (Kol.Nk.); khura id. (Nk.); kuro id.; kural king (Go.)(DEDR 1782). kuru (in alchemy) philosopher's powder, a compound of various metals; mercury; a mineral poison (Ta.lex.) kur-umut.ittal to make a preparation helpful for calcining minerals; to make a mercurial preparation for purposes of alchemy (Ta.lex.) kur-ukkam a prepared arsenic; kur-u-mat.al small receptacle for sacred ashes (S.I.I. ii,144)(Ta.lex.) cf. kuvai crucible, melting-pot, ponnurrukkum-kukai < guha_? [iruntai-k-kuvai yotteana : Tan.ikai-p-pu. Tiruna_t.t.u-p-pu. 63)] (Ta.lex.) ko_ve crucible, mould (Tu.); crucible (Ka.); kuva crucible (Ma.); kuvai, kukai crucible (Ta.)(DEDR 1816).

2498.Capital of a pillar: kur-untar-i ornamental capital of a column or pillar; stake; blocks built in a wall to support timbers (Ta.lex.)

2500.Millet: kural Italian millet (Ta.); koyl., korly setaria italica (Ko.); kor-ale, korle a kind of millet, panicum italicum (Ka.); kor-r-alu pl. id. (Te.); kor-r-a the cereal yielding kor-r-alu (Te.); koyla panicum italicum (Pa.); ko_hala_, kohala_, kohala, ko'la panicum miliare (Go.); gorran (pl.), gora, korra mand.eya corn, eleusine coracana (Go.); kor.en a grain (= ka_ngu (Or.)(Kond.a); kueri millet (Kui.)[setaria italica = panicum italicum.](DEDR 2163). kukra setaria glauca; erba setaria italica (Santali.lex.) Image: corn-ear: koralu, koral.u an ear of corn (Tu.); kural corn-ear, spike (Maturaik. 272); flower-cluster, link, tie, band; stalk, sheath of millet or plantain (Pur-ana_. 168,6)(Ta.)(DEDR 1775). kor.le > co_l.am > la_w, rau millet (Dardic); la_u rice (Dardic)(CDIAL 11031). kuri_ a kind of grass or corn (Skt.lex.) dula_va twice-reaped (Skt.); dula_o land on which two crops are grown in one year, second of two crops in one year (Dardic); dula_o ba_n second sowing (Sh.(Lor.)(CDIAL 6454). [The particle co_- is coalesced with zo_ barley and new words are formed to connote the great millet family of grains.] cf. kuler gruel, pej (Kond.a.Pe.); kuleri porridge made of d.era (eleusine coracana)(Kond.a)(DEDR 1809). kode, lapra kode eleusine coracana (Santali.lex.) Millet: kor..ale, korle a kind of millet, panicum italicum which is proverbially small (Ka.); kor-r-alu pl. (Te.); kural (Ta.)(Ka.); kor..e a sort of grain; jal.l.u (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) gundli, layo gundli, kode, kokor jan:ga, janhe, ir.i, layo a cultivated millet (Santali.lex.) Panicum: cf. kor-r-alu setaria italica = panicum italicum (Te.); ayk a grain; kan:g panicum italicum (Pa.)(DEDR 195). cf. kampu Italian millet (Ta.); kambu_ = kuruvinda pennisetum typhoideum = panicum spicatum (Skt.)(DEDR 1242). dol panicum stagninum (Santali.lex.) kode cultivated millet (Santali.lex.) jon.d.ra Indian corn (Santali.lex.) gud.lu, gud.ulu, gud.rulu, gur.ulu a cultivated food grain of the millet kind. There are six varieties: (1) bica-gur.ulu black-seeded; (2); rend.oagur.ulu somewhat less black seeds; (3) saramcadlomgur.ulu with white seeds and panicles reseming the tuft on the tail of a sambur; (4) nindirbo_gur.ulu with larger seeds, the brown colour of white-ant heads; (5) pund.i gur.ulu white-seeded; (6) bur.iagur.ulu white-seeded; all are possibly forms of panicum miliare gundli millet type grain (H.); gur.lu (Oraon)(Mu.lex.) cf. kural Italian millet (Ta.)(DEDR 2163).

2501.Image: sedges and bulrushes: ko_rai sedges and bulrushes (Ta.); ko_ra sedges and bulrushes, cyperus juncifolius (Ma.); korana_ri-gad.d.e a kind of sedge, cyperus hexastachyus (Ka.)(DEDR 2235). Large ola bag: ko_rikai large ola bag for grain, set on a wooden horse; ko_rai-p-pa_y grass mat, bulrush mat (Ta.lex.) kuri_ a partic. kind of grass (Skt.); ku_ri_a_ a partic. kind of good grass (L.); kuro spear-grass (Ku.N.)(CDIAL 3324).

2504.Image: quail: kur-umpu_r.. quail (Ci_vaka. 1651)(Ta.lex.) ghura f. a quail (Santali.lex.)

2505.Image: hillock: kur-umpor-ai hillock (Patir-r-up. 74,7)(Ta.lex.) kur-umpor-ai the hilly tract; town in a hilly tract; forest, jungle (Nar-. 321)(Ta.); kur-um-por-ai-na_t.an- chief of the sylvan tract (Ir-ai. 1,18)(Ta.lex.)

2507.Causeway: kurampu artificial bank; dam of sand, brushwood, loose stones, etc. running out from the banks of a river diagonally for a distance, upstream, to turn the water into an irrigation channel (C.G.); causeway, bund; ridge in a ricefield or garden (Kampara_. Na_t.t.up. 2); boundary, limit (Na_lat.i, 153)(Ta.); kurimid.i, kurimid.i-gat.t.u a bank for retaining water in a field (Te.)(DEDR 1772).

2510.Image: sun rises: kur (sun) rises, to emerge (Nk.); kuy rise (sun), appear (star), to come out (Nk.); kuri (sun) rises; to come forth, to start, protrude from hole (Kol.); kuru_y to start (Kol.)(DEDR 1820). gurate_ raises (Skt.); gulia stirred, churned (Pkt.); gur- to take, buy (Pas'.)(CDIAL 4208). ur.a rise! (Santali.lex.) su_ra sun (RV.); su_rya, su_riya (RV.); su_ri_ a name of Kunti_ as wife of the sun (Pa_n.. va_rtt.); sauri_ (f. of saura relating to the sun (MaitrUp.) wife of the sun; a name of Tapati_ daughter of the sun (MBh.); su_ra sun (Pali.Pkt.); surya (Pali); su_ri (Tir.); suri_ (Nin..Shum.); su_ri_ (Gaw.); su_ri (Kal.Kand.); surya (Sv.); su_ri (Phal.); su_ri sun, sunshine (Sh.); su_re, siri_, siri sun (K.); (h)ira, (h)iri, (h)iru, (h)ira (Si.); iru (Md.); sur sun (Pas'.); si_r (Bshk.); si_ (Tor.); swi_r (Mai.); sir (Wot..); so_, s^uo sun (Ash.); so_i, so (Wg.); su_ (Kt.); ser (Dm.); sa_ (Gmb.); svar sun (Skt.)(CDIAL 13574). svarga heaven (RV.); suvarga (TS.); sagga (Pali.Pkt.); spagra, svaga (As'.); svarga (KharI.); saga (Si.)(CDIAL 13910).

2511.Amaranth: kurabaka a kind of red barleria, red amaranth (MBh.); kurava, kuruba id. (Skt.); ratta-kuravaka red amaranth tree (Pali); kuravaya amaranth (Pkt.); karavu phyllanthus indicus (Si.)(CDIAL 3322). Red is distinguished from the yellow variety amaranth: kurun..a yellow barleria, yellow amaranth (Skt.); kuran.d.aka (Pali); kuramt.aya (Pkt.); kurun.d. the herb chenopodium murale (P.)(CDIAL 3326). Henna: korin.t.a barleria (Pkt.); go_ran.t.e, go_rat.e barleria prionitis (Tu.Ka.); go_ran.t.a, go_ra~_t.a lawsonia alba (Te.); kurun.t.a(ka), gorat.e, go_rat.e, go_ran.t.a, go_ran.t.i barleria prionitis (Ka.); kurii various barleris and justicia species (Ma.); kuraci, kurici, kuran.t.am, kuran.t.akam, ko_ran.t.am henna, lawsonia alba (Ta.); common yellow nail dye, thorny nail dye, barleria prionitis (Ta.); kurici conehead, strobilanthes; various strobilanthes and barleria species (Ta.); kurige various strobilanthes species (Ka.)(DEDR 1849). kolinta, korinta, kulanta, kuranta (Tagalog.Philippines){Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, pp. 642, 885: Lawsonia alba: a perfume is prepared by distilling the flowers; the dye, henna obtained from its leaves is extensively used in shampoos, rinses, brilliantines and the like for giving the hair, a rich, auburn, tint. Henna is used in North Africa, Asia Minor, and India for dyeing the nail, the palms of the hand, and the soles of the feet to an orange-red colour. It is used in the near East for dyeing the hair of children and of men, and the tails and manes of horses. It is also used for dyeing skins and Morocco leather. Ehrmann states that henna has been used since time immemorial in Arabia as a cosmetic, Etude du henne, J. Pharm. et Chem. 39, 1894, p591.}

2512.Image: monkey: kuran:ku monkey, ape; kuran:kan- mischievous fellow, as a monkey; ko_nti ape (Ta.); kuran.n.u, (hon.) kuran.n.an monkey, chiefly macao (Ma.); korg black monkey (Ko.); kwarg monkey (To.); koran:gi, ko_ti id. (Ka.); kuran:ga, ko_ti (Tu.); k(r)o~_ti id. (Te.); ko.ti red-faced monkey (Kol.); ko_ti id. (Nk.); ko_nti monkey (Ga.Kond.a); ko_ti red-faced monkey (Ga.)(DEDR 1769).

2513.Corn: kuri_ a kind of grass or corn (Skt.lex.)

2514.Image: framework of bamboo: cf. kuruju framework of bamboo slats (Ka.)(DEDR 1786).

2515.Images: ox with curving horns; bend; bow: kuran:ku (kuran:ki-) to bend, incline, droop, wither, hang down, dangle, repose, diminish; n. bending, inclining; kun:ku (kun:ki-) to decrease, diminish, sink, be humbled; ku_r (-v-, -nt-) to bend, contract with cold (Ta.); kun:kuka to sink low; kucuka to stoop, bow (Ma.); ku.g im/ku.g et buffalo/bullock with horns curving under chin (Ko.); ku.x ir buffalo with horns curving under chin (To.) kuggu, kun:gu, kucu, kurgu to sink, become low, be bent down, be depressed, crouch, decrease, ceae or stop (as a voice or speech); kuggisu, kurgisu to cause to be depressed, etc.; kurgu state of being bent etc., a hump; kur..gu to contort, shrink (Ka.); k(r)un:gu, krun:gilu to sink, fall down, fall in a heap; kuncu to depress (Te.); gurcip- (gurcit-) to bend (Pa.); kun:g- to be wrinkled or contracted (of the skin)(Go.); gr.u_c- to bend (Mand..); gro_nga (gro_ngi-) to crouch over the fire; kro_su bending, bowed; kro_su inba to be bent, bowed, bending over, hanging over; kr.o_- to bend; kr.o_p- id. (Kui)(DEDR 1767). Image: bend: kuran:ku to bend (Ta.)(DEDR 1767).

2516.Pith of bamboo: kuruku pith as of a tree or elephant's tusk; kuruttu pith as of elephant's tusk, brain matter; kuruti brain (Ta.); kottemu the pulp of palmyra fruit (Te.); gurju pith (Kuwi); gudda_ the pulp of fruits or of coconut, kernel (Kur.)(DEDR 1783). kuru nut (Ta.); kernel, nut, esp. of jackfruit (Ma.); seed (esp. of jackfruit); nelli kuru rice with husk, paddy (Kod..)(DEDR 1781). cf. gudd, gudda_ pulp, kernel, marrow (P.); gudi_ marrow (Ku.); gudo pith, kernel, seed, grain (Ku.); gu_da_, gu_di_ pith, brain (H.); gidi brain; gidro pith of bamboo (N.)(CDIAL 4197). go_rda brain; go_rdha, go_da (Skt.); god brain (B.); goda (Or.); ko_d. kernel (K.); kd.ⁱ brain (K.)(CDIAL 4314).

2517.Darjeeling red cedar: kuran:kam shingle tree = Darjeeling red cedar, artocarpus fraxinifolius; kur-an:kan- id. (Ta.); kuran.n.am id. (Ma.)(DEDR 1768). cf. lakucha artocarpus lakoocha (GIMP, p. 27).

2518.Heliotrope gurugulu sunflower, heliotropium indicum (Ka.); gurugu, gurigi, guraga, gunugu, gunaka, gunuku id. (Te.)(DEDR 1784). hastis'un.d.a_ heliotropium indicum = heliphytum indicum (Skt.); hatisura (B.)(Sanskrit Materia Medica, p.300). Heliotropium europaeum (heliotrope, turnsole) Mere inhalation of the herb is said to soothe the nerves. (James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 1985, p. 226). Heliotropium indicum: hastisunda (Skt.); hatisura (H.B.); burundi (M.); telkodukki (Ta.); leaves: applied to boils, ulcers, wounds and in stings of insects and reptiles; plant: diuretic; habitat: throughout India (GIMP, p.131). ce_r..ukon.d.i gid.a an annual herb, the Indian turnsole, heliotropium indicum (Ka.lex.)

2519.Announce marriage to house-gods and witnesses: kuri- to announce (marriage) to house-gods and witnesses (Kod..); gur to aim at (Kuwi)(DEDR 1847). Village council; definition, accurate description; secret appointment by lovers; tryst; mark, sign: kur-i (-pp-, -tt-) to design, intend, contemplate, consider (Akana_. 364); think; to draw as a line (I_t.u, 2,4,3); sketch outline in painting, aim at, narrate briefly, tell, foretell, predict; n. mark, sign, stamp, emblem, token, symbol, indication, designation; aim, mark to shoot at (Te_va_. 356,3); secret appointment by lovers, tryst, kur-i-y-it.am (Tol. Po. 130); village council (Co_r..avami. 55); goal, motive; definition, accurate description (Tol. Po. 47); omen, generative organ (Ta.); a mark, sign, aim (Ma.); to paint, decorate; announce (marriage) to house-gods and witnesses; drawing, spot on forehead or sectarian mark, embroidery, act of making formal contract of engagement of marriage (Kod..); gur.i an aim (Kod..); guri an aim, mark, butt, responsibility (Tu.); gottu knowledge, understanding, acquaintance (Tu.); gur.i an aim, object aimed at, design, purpose, sign, token, esteem (Te.); gur-utu a mark, sign, token (Te.); gurt(u) un.d.u to be remembered (Te.); kur-i, gur-i, kur-ipu id., object of aim (Ka.); kur-ippu intention, gesture, summary, mark, sign (Ta.); gor.pa (gor.t-) to aim at, hit the mark; n. an aim, hitting the mark (?Kui); gurri ki_nai to observe, point; gur- to aim at (Kuwi)(DEDR 1847). kur-ippe_t.u day-book, the items of which are transferred to ledger; memorandum book (Ta.lex.); kur.ippo_lai cadjan memorandum, accounts book; ola record of a child's birth, for casting its nativity; kur.i-y-i_t.u name given to a thing or concept (Ta.lex.)

2520.Formal contract: kurke to write (Malt.); guri esteem, token, sign, object aimed at (Te.); an aim, mark, responsibility (Tu.); an aim (Kod.); a mark, sign, aim, object of aim (Ka.); kuri id. (Ka.); to mark, take note of , regard (Ka.); kuruhu a mark, sign, token (Ka.); kury aim (To.); gurti a mark (Kod..); kuri act of making formal contract of engagement of marriage; drawing, spot on forehead or sectarian mark (Kod..); a mark, sign, aim (Ma.); mark, sign, symbol, aim, mark to shoot at, goal, motive, omen, generative organ (Ta.); to design, intend, draw, aim at, narrate briefly, tell, foretell, predict (Ta. cf. kuravan fortune-tellers, basket-makers, fowlers, snake-catchers (Ta.)(DEDR 1844); kurikka to mark, note, write, point at, refer to (Ma.); kurippu memorandum, abstract (Ma.); intention, gesture, summary, mark, sign (Ta.)(DEDR 1847). cf. kera_ clerk (B.)(CDIAL 3170).

2539.Image: small piece: kur.ko, kur.ki small piece (N.); kut.ka_ small stick, piece (M.)(CDIAL 3237). cf. kur-u short (Ta.)(DEDR 1851). kor-uku n. a bite; to bite, gnaw (Te.); kork- (korokt-) to bite, sting, nibble (Kol.); kork- to bite (Nk.); kork- to cut with the teeth o scissors, gnaw, nibble (Pa.); kork- (koruk-) to gnaw, nibble (Pa.); go gnaw (Ga.); kork-, ko_ka_na_ id.; koh-k- id., bite, nibble (Go.); koRk- (-t-) to crush with the teeth, bite (Kond.a); kor-i (-pp-, -tt-) to nip off the husks of grains, nibble grain, graze, pick up food here and there (as cattle)(Ta.); kor-ikka to nibble (as a mouse), eat grains, nipping off the husk (Ma.); kor-uku, kor-aku, kur-uku, kur-un:ku to bite, gnaw, nibble (Ka.); kurik- (kuriki-) to munch (Kod..); kori- (korip-, koric-) (snake) strikes, (rat) eats grain by cracking husk (Kod..); kur-ekka to cut off (Ma.); kwar-f- (kwar-t-) to cut (To.); kur-ai (-pp-, -tt-) to cut, reap; n. piece, section (Ce_tupu. Mutti_r. 18) (Ta.); kor-e, kor-i to break (as a hole in a wall), bore, excavate, pierce (Ka.); kor.e a cut-off piece (as of sugarcane)(Ka.); korcu to cut to pieces (Ka.); ko_r-a a cut-off portion (Te.); kra_pa act of sawing (Kui); kud.- (kut.t.-) to cut (Pa.) (DEDR 1859). kur-ai to reap, as a crop (katir-c-ca_li kur.aikkunar : Kacippu. Irupat. 60) (Ta.lex.) Image: fragment; half of a loaf of bread: kut.ke small fragment, crumb, etc. (Nk.); kut.ka a piece; kut.ka_ sa_ri half of a loaf of bread; kut.ki, kut.ke a piece, lump (Go.)(DEDR 1666). 24 or 48 kurgi = one pat.t.i of land. [one kurgi = 2 to 8 acres; cf. MIAI, p.44.]

2521.Mark, sign: kur-upu, kur-uvu, kur-uhu a mark, sign (Ka.); ku_nu, ku_n a mark, sign (Ka.)(DEDR 1847). Image: to butt: guri butt, an aim (Tu.)(DEDR 1847). kur-i (-pp-, -tt-) to design, intend, think, draw, sketch outline in painting, aim at, narrate briefly, tell, foretell, predict; n. mark, sign, symbol, aim, mark to shoot at, goal, motive, omen, generative organ (Ta.); a mark, sign, aim (Ma.); to paint, decorate; announce (marriage) to house-gods and witnesses; drawing, spot on forehead or sectarian mark, embroidery, act of making formal contract of engagement of marriage (Kod..); gur.i an aim (Kod..); guri an aim, mark, butt, responsibility (Tu.); gottu knowledge, understanding, acquaintance (Tu.); gur.i an aim, object aimed at, design, purpose, sign, token, esteem (Te.); gur.utu a mark, sign, token (Te.); gurt(u) un.d.u to be remembered (Te.); kur-i, gur-i, kur-ipu id., object of aim (Ka.); kur-ippu intention, gesture, summary, mark, sign (Ta.); gor.pa (gor.t-) to aim at, hit the mark; n. an aim, hitting the mark (?Kui); gurri ki_nai to observe, point; gur- to aim at (Kuwi); kurke to write (Malt.)(DEDR 1847). kur-ippe_t.u day-book, the items of which are transferred to ledger; memorandum book (Ta.lex.); kur-ippo_lai cadjan memorandum, accounts book; ola record of a child's birth, for casting its nativity; kur-i-y-i_t.u name given to a thing or concept (Ta.lex.)

2535.Share; partnership; share inherited from father; king's portion; share in cultivation: ku_r-u section, division, part, share (Ta.); part, share, party, partnership (Ma.); ku_r id. (Ma.); ku_r-r-a_n partner (Ma.); ku.r- (obl. ku.t--) share (Ko.); ku.r- share, share inherited from fatheer (To.); ko_r-u a part, portion, share in cultivation, etc. (Ka.); ko_ru a share, the king's or government's portion (Te.)(DEDR 1924).

2522.Embroidery strip: kur broad strip of embroidery (Ko.); kur-i to design; n. mark, sign, symbol (Ta.); kuri to decorate (Kod..); gur-i design, sign (Te.); kurke to write (Malt.)(DEDR 1847). To be engraved: kr..o_ce, kr..occe to be engraved (Te.inscr.); kur..i to excavate, inscribe, engrave (Kalit. 84, Urai.)(Ta.)(DEDR 1818). To scoop, carve, engrave: ko_rita scraped out of the ground (Bhpr.); pounded (Skt.); koroina to dig (D..); ku_r- to dig (Pas'.); koran.u to scrape, or scoop out (S.); korna_ to dig, excavate, cut (P.); to dig or scrape or scoop out (H.); kora_, kura_ to scrape, grate, scratch out, powder, gnaw (B.); koriba_, kuriba_ to scrape, rasp, comb (Or.); korna_ to dig or scrape or scoop out (H.); korvu~ to scoop, carve, bore a hole (G.); korn.e~ to scoop, engrave, cut gradually off (M.); kornu to scratch, tear, comb (N.); koriba to hoe (A.); korokiba to scoop out (A.); kakorna_ to scrape (H.)(CDIAL 3530). korni_ dried portion of food stuck to a pot (Ku.); kura_uni id., milk boiled till nearly solid (N.)(CDIAL 3529). prakut.ya having cut into small pieces (MBh.); a_ko_t.e_ti breaks, beats down, stamps (Pali); ko_t.ayate_ breaks (Skt.); ku_run to gouge out, extract (an eye, kernel of walnut, etc.)(K.); kornu to tear, scratch, comb (N.); koriba to hoe (A.); kor.a_ to dig, bore through, pierce (B.); kor.ab to dig, cut through (e.g. a field embankment to let out flood water)(Bi.); kor.na_, korna_ to dig up, scrape out, carve (H.); kol.avanava_ to beat down, stamp (Si.); kol.anava_ to press, flatten, smooth (Si.); korokiba to scoop out (A.)(CDIAL 3495). khurati scrapes (Pali); churai breaks (Pkt.); khurkak itching (S.); khurkan. to scratch (L.)(CDIAL 3729). ks.o_rayati scrapes (Skt.); chorna_ to cut (H.); khorvu~ to stir up (G.); chorvu~ to dig out (G.)(CDIAL 3753).

2538.Image: to graze: ko_ri to bite (Wg.)(CDIAL 3530). kor-i to nip off the husks of grains, nibble grain, graze (Ta.); kor-ikka to nibble, eat grains (Ma.); kor-uku, kur-un:ku to bite, gnaw, nibble (Ka.); kor-i (rat) eats grain by cracking husk (Kod..); kork- to bite, sting, nibble (Kol.); to bite (Nk.); to cut with the teeth or scissors, gnaw, nibble (Pa.); to gnaw (Ga.Go.); koRk to crush with the teeth, bite (Kond.a)(DEDR 2164).

2531.Image: shovel, instrument for levelling: go_ru to draw, gather oor sweep together; go_ri drawing, drawing in, raking, a kind of rake; go_re a shovel for cleaning a boat (Ka.); go_ra a drill plough; go_ra-cekka a drag with which rivers are cleared; go_ra-cekka, go_ra-palaka a hand instrument for levelling a ploughed field (Te.)(DEDR 2231). Image: to bore a hole: cf. koran.u to scrape or scooop out (S.); korna_ to dig, excavate (P.); kora_, kura_ to scrape, grate (B.); koriba_, kuriba_ to scrape, rasp, comb (Or); korna_ to dig or scrape or scoop out (H.); korvu~ to scoop, carve, bore a hole (G.); korn.e~ to scoop, engrave, cut gradually off (M.); kornu to scratch, tear, comb (N.); koriba to hoe; korokiba to scoop out (A.); kakorna_ to scrape [with expressive redup.] (H.)(CDIAL 3530).

2523.Vow: kur-ai vow requiring fulfilment; request (Perun.. Makata. 15,37); needs (Kur-al., 680); kur-ai-kol. to represent one's wants, needs (Perun.. Makata. 21,104) (Ta.lex.) kiria a vow (Santali.lex.) Image: obeisance: kur-ai-y-ar-u to bestow liberally and free one from wants, anxiety, etc. (Ta.lex.) er-agu a bow, an obeisance (Ka.lex.) Image: a vow: harike, parake, harake a vow (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) kiria an oath, a vow, a solemn affirmation; to take an oath; kiria kasam, kiria kasat. an oath, to take an oath (Santali.lex.) Vow paid to god, wish, desire: ko.ryk vow paid to god (Ko.)[cf. kurik to munch (Kod..)(DEDR 2164)]; ko_rike wishing, desiring (Ka.); ko_rika, ko_riki desire, wish, longing, selection (Te.); ko_rike, ko_rige hope, desire, wish (Tu.); ko_rikkai request, wish (Ta.); ko_ru to request, wish (Ta.); a wish (Ma.);to purpose, think, wish, desire (Ka.); to desire, request, want, choose (Te.); ko_r to desire (Ga.)(DEDR 2164). Solicitation: ko_rikkai (Ta.); ko_rika (Te.); ko_rike (Ka.Tu.) request, solicitation; wish, desire (Ta.lex.) kosaru to ask for a little extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Te.); ko_r to desire (Ga.); kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables, etc. (Kond.a); ko_rinai to vote (Kuwi); ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2232).

2530.To request, to desire; vow paid to god: ko_ru (ko_ri-) to request, wish; ko_rikkai request, wish; kocur-u, kucar anything extra obtained from a shopkeeper as a bargain (Ta.); ko_r-uka to wish, hope, purpose, think; ko_r-u a wish (Ma.); ko.ryk vow paid to god (Ko.); ko_r-u, ko_ru to purpose, think, wish, desire; ko_rike wishing, desiring; kosaru to demand an article gratis or into the bargain; be greedy, desire, hanker; n. anything asked for and given to boot; eagerness, cupidity; kosarike hankering after, desire (Ka.); ko_runi to desire, hope, expect; ko_rik, ko_rig hope, desire, wish; kusuri, kusri, kosaru anthing given to boot when a person buys commodities (Tu.); ko_ru to desire, request, want, choose; ko_rika, ko_riki desire, wish, longing, selection; kor-alu to desire, wish; kosaru to ask for a litte extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Te.); ko_r- to desire (Ga.); kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables etc. (Kond.a); ko_rinai to vote; ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2332).

2527.Image: hole in the centre of the smith's forge for the bellows: kuruku hole in the centre of the smith's forge for the nozzle of the bellows (Cilap. 4,59)(Ta.lex.) khoerak small hole; khokro hole in tree (Santali.lex.)

2524.Chief: kuravan- < guravah nom. pl. of guru, elderly person qualified by age, family connection, respectability, knowledge or authority, to give advice and exercise control; any one of ain:kuravar (aracan-, upa_ttiya_yan- or kuru, ta_y, tantai, tamaiyan-: king, teacher, mother, father, brother)(A_ca_rak. 17); minister; brahma_, as the father of all (Ta.lex.) kuricil person of dignity, illustrious person; philanthropist, benefator (kuricin-i_ nalkaya_n. kol.l.um paricil: Pu. Ve. 9,5); lord, chief (po_rmiku poruna kuricilen-a: Tirumuru. 276); kurucil illustrious person (po_miku kurucil: Patir-r-up. 31,36)(Ta.lex.) kurj beautiful or handsome person (Ko.)(DEDR 1782). gorok respect, old person (Si.); gaurava venerableness (Skt.); go_rava dignity (Pkt.); gorava, gurava id. (OG.); ga_rava esteem (Pali.Pkt.); galove (As'.); ga_rava pride (OG.); ga_rvo (G.)(CDIAL 4346). cf. -ga_ru a suffix of respect in titles etc. (Te.lex.) kuricil lord, chief (Tirumuru. 276); philanthropist, benefactor (Pu. Ve. 9,5); person of dignity, illustrious person (Ta.lex.) guru, garu, gulu, galu important, venerable (As'.); guru, gurua teacher (Pkt.); garua_ heavy, venerable (H.); garu_u big (OG.); garavu~ grand; ger family priest (G.); garuva, garuya big, important (OM.)(CDIAL 4209). Rich: garvara haughty (Skt.); gavvira (Pkt.); gabbar proud, rich (P.H.)(CDIAL 4065). Pride: garva pride, arrogance (R.); gabba (Pali); gavva (Pkt.); ga_va (Ap.); ga_b boast (B.); ga_ba_na to vaunt (B.)(CDIAL 4064). Illustrious person: gurka_r, gurka_ra_ headman (of a part of town or of a village, appointed by ecclesiastical authority; whereas the Pat.el is nominated by civil authority) (Kon.lex.) kur-u-mun-i lit. dwarfish sage, Agastya (Kalla_. 62,20); kur-u-mun-ivan- id. (Ce_tupu. Na_t.t.up. 1); kur-umai shortness, brevity, conciseness (Ka_cika. O_n:ka_ravilin.. 22); kur-ucu id. (Ka.); kur-uppu id. (Ma.); kur-umai dwarfishness, low stature (Ta.lex.)  kuru family priest (Kampara_. Kaiyat.ai. 16); king; eminence, excellence, exaltedness; a prince of the lunar race after whom his family was called kuru-kulam (Pa_rata. Kurukula. 31); kuru-nilam (Pa_rata. Kirut.t.in.a. 7) the country of the Kurus, one of 56 te_cam; the Kuru dynasty (Ta.lex.) kurukkal. priests; officiating Brahman priests in S'iva temples; S'aiva Ve_l.a_l.a priests who minister to non-Brahmans; Kauravas, as descendants of Kuru (Tol. Po. 72, Urai, Pak.231)(Ta.lex.) -kol sprung from a noble family (OSi.); kaula relating to a family (R.)(CDIAL 3565). Family: kuru tribe, family (S.); kull (L.); kul (P.); sub-caste, family (WPah.); clan, caste, family (N.A.B.); herd, clan, caste, family (H.Marw.); kula herd, troop (RV.); race, family (Pa_n..); noble family (Mn.); house (MBh.); clan, household (Pali); family, house (Pkt.); kul house (Dm.); dada-kul grandfather's relations (Sh.); kol family, race (K.); kul.a clan, caste, family (Or.): kula (OMth.); kul. family, tribe (G.); ku_l., ku_l.i_ (M.); -kolat. family (OSi.); kulaya family, caste (Si.); kul.a_ of good family (Or.); akul.a_ illegitimate (of bith)(Or.)(CDIAL 3330). kuli_na of good family (S'Br.Pali); kuli_n.a (Pkt.); kolyun^u (K.)(CDIAL 3345). kuladi_pa glory of a family (MW.); kuladi_va (Pkt.); kuliva_ (OM.)(CDIAL 3336). kulaji, kuluji, kulaci, kuluci genealogy (B.)(CDIAL 3337). gulgulia wandering tribe (Santali.lex.) kulam family, lineage (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 3,7,9); noble lineage, high birth (Kulamve_n.t.in- ve_n.t.uka ya_rkkum pan.ivu : Kur-al.., 960); caste, tribe, nation (Na_n.man. i.82); herd, flock, shoal, colletion, assemblage; kulavan- person of noble birth (Kalla_. 10); kulamutal first ancestor, founder of a family (ten-n-ar kulamutal : Cilap. 4,22); son; family god; (Ta.lex.) kaula relating to a family (R.); of noble family (Skt.); -kol sprung from a noble family (OSi.)(CDIAL 3565). kulaputra son of a noble family, respectable youth (MBh.); kulaputrakaka (Skt.); kulaputta (Pali.Pkt.); kulattur cousin (Wg.)(CDIAL 3338). kul.a_ra wife's family house (OG.)(CDIAL 3339). kulika of good family; kinsman (Ya_j.); agga-kulika of very good family (Pali); kuriya_ lady, mistress (H.); kal.iyo of noble birth (G.)(CDIAL 3342). kaveluka, ka_veluka title (LP.IEG.E.I.Vol.XXXIV, pp.144-45.); kaul (M.); cf. kivelu. kula-k-kot.i woman of noble birth (vaiyaiyen-r-a poyya_-k- kula-k-kot.i : Cilap. 13,170)(Ta.lex.) Venerable: guru teacher; kambru guru teacher of charms (Santali.lex.) guru, gurua teacher (Pkt. < Skt.); gor^u, gur^u dense, solid (K.); guru heavy (RV.Si.); gulu, galu important, venerable (As'.); garua_ heavy, venerable (H.); garu_u big (OG.); ger family priest (G.); garuva, garuya big, important (OM.)(CDIAL 4209).[Variety of phonetic forms and semantic expansion into adjectives, indicates Drav. origin.] kuru spiritual preceptor (Tiv. Periya_r... 5,2,8); family priest (Kampara_. Kaiyat.ai. 16); father (Ka_cippu. Ire_n.u. 11); heaviness, weight (Pur-ana_. 32); eminence, excellence, exaltedness (Uri. Ni.)(Ta.lex.)

2526.Image: small shots: care small shots (Tu.lex.) cirakam water drop (Tiva_.) (Ta.lex.)

2534.Image: big cooking vessel: carige, cerige a big cooking vessel made of copper or brass; caramuri parched rice; caru an oblation of rice offered to god through sacrificial fire (Tu.lex.) cf. cirakam water-pot, ewer (Kalit. 51)(Ta.lex.) cf. karaka an ascetic's or student's waterpot (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) Image: a shallow vessel: karakam < karaka ewer, pitcher, water-vessel with a spout (Tol. Po. 625); the Ganges; decorated water-pot carried in procession in propitiation of certain gods or goddesses, either when an epidemic prevails, or when an auspicious ceremony is to take place in the family (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) karaka water vessel (MBh.Pali); karaya, karia_ pot for serving spirituous liquor (Pkt.); kara_ a well (Pas'.); karai_ spouted water vessel (Bi.); small earthen pipkin (H.); karua_ spouted water vessel (P.Ku.); karuwa_ small brass waterpot with a spout (N.); karua_ waterpot with a spout (H.); karwa_ pot for pouring water on plaster (Bi.); waterpot with a spout (Mth.); karna_ earthen vessel for milk or curds (Bi.Mth.); karha_ waterpot (esp. that used in the marriage ceremony)(M.)(CDIAL 2781). saraka a vessel, a drinking vessel (Pali.lex.) cf. s'ara_va a partic. measure (TS.); shallow cup or dish, its flat cover (Gr.S'r.)(CDIAL 12334). cf. karacai, karicai a measure of capacity = 400 marakka_l (Ta.); garase, gerase id. (Ka.); garise id. (Te.); kari_sa a square measure of land, being that space on which a kari_sa of seed can be sown (Pali)(DEDR 1261). ka~rwas t.hili a small earthenware vessel in which a little dhan is placed and sent with a bride to her new home. The pot is ornamented with figures drawn in white (Santali.lex.) Earthen vessel; pitcher; pot: kandal a small earthen water-vessel (Ka.); kandelu pitcher, large pot (Tu.); kan-n-al earthen vessel, waterpot (Ta.)(DEDR 1415). gad.d.uka waterpot, vessel for boiled rice (Skt.); gad.u, gad.uka (Skt.); gad.ubi_ iron vessel (Sh.); gud.d.u~_ inkpot (WPah.); gar.u, gar.ua_ waterpot with spout (Or.); gad.u~_, gad.uva_ drinking cup (M.)(CDIAL 3984). Image: pot: ghan.t.i_ small metal pot; small bell (H.); gan.d.i_ iron kettle (Pas'.)(CDIAL 4421). ghan.t.a_, ghan.t.i_ bell clock (Or.); ghan.t.a_ bell, clock, hour (H.)(CDIAL 4421). Measure: kat.an- measure, definite quantity; a dry measure (Ta.lex.) kat.am waterpot, vessel (kat.amun-i ce_r-alo_t.um)(Kantapu. Tirukkal. 65); sign of the aquarius in the zodiac; dry measure = 2 kur-un.i; kat.amai-k-ka_l authorized measure of capacity (Insc.)(Ta.lex.) kat.ava pot (Te.lex.); kat.am dry measure = 2 kur.un.i (one kur.un.i = 1 marakka_l or 8 measures (Ta.lex.); kut.am waterpot (Ta.Ma..); kut.uvai vessel with a small narrow mouth, pitcher of an ascetic (Ta.)[cf. ghat.ika_ small pot used for begging (Pali)(CDIAL 4406)]; kut.ukka small cooking vessel with narrow mouth (Ma.); kut.uva small vessel (Ma.); kur.ky small pot (To.)(DEDR 1651); ku_t.a waterpot (Skt.)(CDIAL 3227). kuri pot (Kui); kurri, kur'i pot (Kuwi); kurvi earthen cooking pot (Go.); kurvi_ earthen jar (Go.); kur.vi_ pitcher (black, for cooking)(Go.); gurigi a very small earthen pot (Te.)(DEDR 1797). guli:mi, gulu:mi a big vessel (Sora.). [Seven: cf. gul Proto-Munda: '7'. gul-ji seven (Sora.); gal (Santali); guli-gi (Pareng). -ji in Sora is a plural suffix (Sora.lex.)] ko_l.amba pot (Pali); ko_lam.ba dish (Pkt.); ko_r.mo_ pitcher (Nin:g.); kol.a~be~ pot with large opening (M.)(CDIAL 3502).[cf. kol.l.u to drink (Ka.); kro_lu to drink, eat (Te.); gronj to drink, guzzle (Kuwi); ko_ruka to eat greedily (Ma.)(DEDR 2233).] ko_ram, ko_rakam metallic dish or plate (Ta.); ko_rakai begging-bowl of the Buddhist ascetics (Ta.); ko_ra cup, tray (Te.)(DEDR 2228). khora almsbowl; khoraka pot (BHSk.); khoraya a kind of round pot (Pkt. Ardha-ma_gadhi). ko_y vessel for taking out toddy (Ta.); kwa.y bamboo pot used at ti. dairy (To.); xo_ cooking-pot (Br.)(DEDR 2225). xo_yna_ (xojjas) to measure, ascertain the extent, height, quantity or capacity of (Kur.); xo_yta_rna_ to be measured (Kur.); qoye to weigh, measure (Malt.); qoytre to have anything weighed or measured (Malt.); ka_hta_na_ to measure, count, to number, to count (?Go.); kah- to count; ka' to measure; kahca_na_, kahta_na_ id. (?Go.)(DEDR 2227). karaka an ascetic's or student's waterpot; kaman.d.ala (Skt.Ka.); karaga (Tadbhava of karaka) a kind of water-jar; karkari, karaka; karambor.. to carry a karaga; karagalantike a small water-vessel; keyyad.ige (Ka.); geraseda_vi a basket-well, a well made with rings of wicker (Ka.Te.); kerase, garase, gerase, gerise, gerese a kind of flat bamboo basket in the form of a square (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Open basket: kha_ra a particular measure (Skt.); in cmpds. (Pa_n..); kha_ri_ a measure of grain (RV.); ks.a_raka net for catching birds (MBh.); cage or basket for fish or birds (Skt.); kha_ri_ a mesure of capacity (Pali.Pkt.); kha_r a dry measure, amount of land for which a kha_ri_ of rice is needed (about 4 acres); khr^u old worn basket round a portable stove (often used for carrying fish)(Ka.); [For semant. 'worn-out' cf.: ko_r-i worn-out blanket, rag (Ka.); kwi.r rag (To.); ko_ra rough cloth (Ma.); ko_ro rough cloth (Tu.)(DEDR 2255); kho_r^u a large basket of withies (K.); kha_ro, kha_ri_ large basket made of rushes (S.); kha_ra_, kha_ri_ large basket made of reeds (L.P.); kha_ru basket carried in the hand (WPah.); kha~_ra_, kha~_ri a kind of basket (A.); kha_ra a measure of grain (Or.); kha_ra_ net for holding straw or grass (H.); kha_ri_ a measure of 60 pounds (G.)(CDIAL 3875). kerc flat basket for drying grain, placed in rack over fireplace (Ko.); kerase, gerase, gerise, gerese a kind of flat bamboo basket square in form (Ka.)(DEDR 1966). Image: hiding: karappu concealing, screening; hiding as one's thoughts (Kur-al.. 1053)(Ta.lex.) karan.d.a wickerwork box (Pali); karam.d.a basket (Pkt.); kran.d.a large covered trunk (K.); kron.d.^u basket of withies for grain (K.); kan.d.o basket (Ku.); kan.d.i_ long, deep basket (H.); kan.d.i basket-like conveyance (N.); kara~d.o wicker or metal box; ka~d.iyo cane or bamboo box (G.); kara~d. bamboo basket (M.); karand.uva small box or casket (Si.)(CDIAL 2792). Image: conical basket: karappu conical basket for catching fish; weel, hen-coop; karappu-k-kuttutal to catch fish a basket, dazzling them by a strong light and thrusting the wheel upon them (J.)(Ta.); karappor-i a kind of trap for catching monkeys (Ta.lex.) Grain basket: gampa large basket (Ga.); basket (Te.); kemparai basket, grain basket (Ta.); gampe basket (Ka.); gappal pl. a set of baskets (Kol.); gappa bamboo basket (Pa.); basket, bag (Go.); goppa id. (Go.); gapa basket in which to carry grain (Kond.a); gapati, gapend. a basketful (Kond.a); gapa a basket (Pe.)(DEDR 1243). kal.opi a vessel, basin, pot; a basket, crate (Pali.lex.) Measure of capacity: kha_ri a measure of capacity, equivalent to sixteen dro_n.as or about three bushels; kan.d.uga (Ka.Skt.); kha_ri_va_pa sown with a kha_ri of grain; kha_ri_ka (a land) holding or sown with one kha_ri of grain (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) kari_s.a lit. the amount of manure required (Skt.); kari_sa a measure of seed, the amount of land requiring that seed (Pali); kiriya extent of ground for sowing eight bushels of rice (Si.)(CDIAL 2807). cf. ka_r manure (M.)(CDIAL 3054). cf. ks.a_ra flowing; juice, essence; treacle (Skt.); kha_ra flowing, dropping (Pkt.)(CDIAL 3675). Measures: 4 kars.a/ dharan.a = 1 pala = 1 S'ata-ma_na; 20 (ma_s.a) manjist.a (maca_t.i) = 1 kal.acu; (Synonym: kr.s.n.a-kaca [Pa_n.d.ya inscription of Ma_ranjad.aiyan; MAER, 181 of 1912, S.I.I., IV, no.5; MIAI,p.108.] (Ba_lambhat.a, Journal of Tanjore Saraswati Mahal Library, Vol.XXI, no.1, 84; cf. MIAI, p.108). kun-r-i-man.i a standard weight of gold = 4 paddy grains = 2 gr. troy = 1/2 maca_t.i = 1/32 pagoda. Image: wicker-basket: kacca_l wicker-basket for catching fish (Ta.); khacla (Kur.); kacan:ku-k-ku_t.ai wicker basket (Ta.lex.) Image: hen-coop: kha~_c basket for carrying birds (such as quails)(N.); kha~_ca_ hen-coop (B.H.P.); large basket of tamarisk twigs (Mth.)(CDIAL 3767). cf. pakke tamarisk tree, tamarix indica (Ka.Te.)(DEDR 3812). kujelu a kind of weel for catching fish (Tu.); kua small bamboo basket (Pa.); kunje small basket (Ga.); kucca, ku_ca large basket (Go.)(DEDR 1644). Image: cup; lid: cara_kai metal cup (Catu.)(Ta.); cara_vam anything long and thin, as a bar, a rib (Cu_t.a_.); cf. s'ala_ka_ (Skt.); caruku-c-cat.t.i shallow wide-mouthed vessel (Intupa_ka. 62); caruva-c-cat.t.i, caruvam shallow wide-mouthed vessel saraka (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) cf. a_ru a pitcher (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) saraka a drinking-vessel, wine-glass, goblet; drinking spirits; distribution of spirituous liquor (Skt.lex.) ca_ra_yap-pa_va_lai vessel for receiving distilled spirits; cf. sara_va a lid, cover; a shallow dish, saucer (Skt.); s'ara_va a shallow dish, platter, an earthenware vessel, tray; a cover; a measure equal to two kudavas (Skt.lex.) ca_ra_yam spirituous liquor, arrack (Pata_rtta. 1490); id. (Ma.); sa_ra_ya (Te.Ka.); sa_ra_yi (Tu.); ca_ra_ya-p-pa_va_lai vessel for receiving distilled spirits (Ta.lex.) Image: porous earthen pot; a strainer: jharjhara a strainer (Bhpr.); jhajhari a large kind of hookah bottom (S.); jhajjhar, jajjhari_ earthen pot with a narrow neck (P.); jha~_jra_ cullender, strainer (B.); jha~_jhar porous (Bhoj.); jhajjhar large porous water jug (H.); jhajhri_ full of holes, riddled (H.)(CDIAL 5349). Metal vessel with a long neck: jha_ri_ metal vessel with long neck (S.); jha_r.i_ drinking vessel with spout (Mth.); jha_ri (N.); drinking vessel with spout (B.Or.Bi.); id. (H.G.M.); za_ri drinking vessel with spout (A.); ca_t.i *jar, waterpot (Pkt.); earthen vessel or pitcher (H.)(CDIAL 5377). Possibly, the S. form jha_ri_ may be the radical which resulted in all the Indian forms with extension of meaning in H.M.group. ca_t.i vessel, jar, measure of capacity (Pali); saliya, haliya earthen pot (Si.)(CDIAL 4736). Image: wide-mouthed earthen vessel: caru a kind of vessel in which a particular oblation is prepared: a cauldron, a pan, a pot, a kettle (RV. vii.104.2) (Vedic.lex.) (Ka.lex.) carupu an oblation of rice, etc. for presentation to the gods or manes; havis (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) cara_vam < s'ara_va shallow wide-mouthed earthen vessel (Patin-o. A_l.u. 16)(Ta.lex.) caru a kind of vessel in which an oblation is prepared; caru-ce_lin name of S'iva; caru-stha_li_ a vessel for boiling rice, etc. for presentation to the gods and the manes (Skt.lex.) s'ara_va a partic. measure (TS.); shallow cup or dish, its flat cover (Gr.S'r.); s'ara_vaka (Sus'r.); sara_va, sara_vaka cup, saucer (Pali); sa-s'arava having a lid (KharI.); sara_va a kind of dish (Pkt.); sara_ shallow earthen vessel used as a lid (B.Or.); sara_u, sara_, sara_wa_ earthen cover; sara_i_ small earthen cover (H.); sara_vlu~, sa_vlu~ an earthen dish (G.); ceri_ water-jar (Ash.); ceri_, cari_ (Wg.)(CDIAL 12334). caru pot, saucepan (RV.); caluka small pot (Skt.); caru a kind of dish (Pkt.); co_rki_ kettle (Nin:g.); caru_ large copper vessel used by dyers (S.); carvi_ brass vessel (L.); saru earthen cooking pot (A.); carua_, carui_ earthen pot for storing grain or cooking (Bi.); caru_ pot, cauldron (H.); carua_ large earthen pot (H.); carui_ smaller earthen pot (H.); caru large copper pot (G.); carvi_ small copper pot; carur.i_ metal jug (G.); carvi_ sort of bowl or pan (M.)(CDIAL 4692). Bowl: ca_ro bowl, pan (Gypsy.european); ca_t.t.a_, ca_t.t.i_ large earthen vessel (P.); ca_t. large pot for storing ghee (WPah.)(CDIAL 4738). cad.d.a oil vessel in a lamp (Pkt.); ca_d.i earthen vessel (S.); car.iya_ earthen griddle for baking bread or parching grain (Mth.); ca_d.u_ saucer-shaped vessel forming part of a lampstand (G.); ca_d.e~ id. (M.); ca~_r. earthen vessel for grain (Bi.) X bha~_r. < bha_n.d.a pot, dish, vessel, ornament, wares (Mn.)CDIAL 4739). Image: trough: cat.t.ha_ watering trough for cattle (P.)(CDIAL 4729). sat.t.uga, tat.t.uga a flat kind of trough for serving boiled rice (Tu.)(DEDR 2309). To lick, eat: cat.t.e_i licks (Pkt.); car, car, (Gypsy); cat.- (Pas.); c.at. (Wot..); cat.an.u (S.); cat.t.an (L.); cat.t.n.a_ (P.); ca_t.n.o (Ku.); ca_t.nu (N.); ca_t.vu~ (G.); ca_t.n.e~ (M.); ca_t.a_ (B.); ca_t.iba_ (Or.); ca_t.ab (Bi.Mth.Aw.); ca_t.na_ to lick, taste, eat (H.)(CDIAL 4573). cas.el to drink (Psht.); casa taste (S.)(CDIAL 4727). cat.akam cup, drinking vessel (Ta.lex. < cas.a) cet.t.i earthen pot or pan (Ka.); cat.ige, cat.t.ige small earthen pot with a broad mouth (Ka.); cat.t.i earthen vessel, pan (Ta.)(Perumpa_n.. 377, Urai); pot, pan (Ma.Ka.); broad-mouthed spittoon, chamber pot (Tu.); earthen pot with a wide mouth (Te); sat.i cooking pot (Kond.a)(DEDR 2306). t.and.i small pot, cup (Pa.); earthen pot of medium size (Go.); t.a_ndi pot (Pe.); ta_nd.i id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2946). tat.a_ big pot, pot (Ta.); tat. big clay pot into which milk is collected at milking (Ko.); churning vessel (To.)(DEDR 3027). ca_t.i jar, a measure of capacity (Ta.); jar (Ma.); ca.r.y big basket with wide mouth (Ko.); to.r.y, tod.y broad storage basket (To.); ja_d.i jar (Ka.); large earthen vessel (Tu.); large bottle or jar (Te.) The forms with j- may result from contamination with forms of the H.M. group jha_ri_ water-pot with spout. (DBIA 158). ca_t.i jar (ca_t.imat.t.ayin-r-u : Ci_vaka. 1614)(Ta.lex.) tond., tond.a_ mouth, spout (of a vessel)(Kon.lex.)

2536.Large division of land: karai large division of co-parcenary land in a village consisting of dry and wet lands and garden fields (S.I.I. ii,114; G.S.A.D. i,288); karaiya_l.an- owner of karai land in a village (W.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Village officer: karaikka_ran- village officer (Ta.); karakka_r (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Image: street: kara parish (Ma.); kar parish, a social or caste jurisdictional division (Tu.)(DEDR 1294). ke.ry, ke.r street, exogamous division in Kota village (Ko.); ke.ry street of Badaga village (To.); ke_r street (Ka.); ke.ri hamlet (Kod..); ke_ri street, lane (Tu.); ge_ri stret, passage (Te.); se_ri_ street, quarter (Pkt.)(DEDR 2007). ce_ri town, village, hamlet; street, quarters of the Pariahs (Ta.); assemblage, village street (Ma.)(DEDR 2007). ke_rigol. to take a street (Ka.lex.)

2537.Abundance: qre to be enough, be much, be in excess (Malt.); qortre to supply or provide for abundantly (Malt.); ku_r exuberance, abudandance; intense, excessive (Ta.); ku_ru to be abundant, excessive, occur, obtain, be filled with (Te.); xo_rna_ (xu_rya_) to thrive, be prosperous, increase in honour (Kur.)(DEDR 1899).

2540.Plantation: kurukku plantation thick with young palm trees (Ta.lex.)

2541.Measure: kol. a small measure of weight in ancient times (Tol. Er..ut. 164, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) kur-un.i a grain measure = 1 marakka_l or 8 measures; kur-un.i-p-pa_t.u land requiring one kur-un.i of paddy to sow it; kur-ukkam measure of dry land varying in different parts of Tamil country from 3/4 acre to 7 acres (R.F.); shortness, abridgement; kur-ukku transverseness, breadth. (Ta.lex.) Tribute, revenue: kur-ai tribute, revenue (Ta.lex.) Isle: kur-ai small isle, ait in a river (Kampara_. Pu_kkoy. 2)(Ta.lex.) Island: kur-uva, kur-ava, kurva island (Ka.); koorta an island (Go.)(DEDR 1860). t.ikuria belonging to an island (Santali.lex.) kur-ai small isle, ait in a river (Ta.lex.) kur-uva an island (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2542.Image: palanquin-bearer: ku_r-iya_n- headman of the civiya_r or palanquin bearers proclaiming the titles of the person seated in it (J.)(Ta.lex.)

2543.Village revenue: ku_r-r-aris'i obligation of husking paddy belonging to the temple into rice and the charges to be met for the same: kur-r-u-nel, ku_r-r-u-nellu tax for husking paddy payable to king (Ta.)(SITI.IEG.) cf. ku_r-u section, division, classification (Man.i. 30,236)(Ta.); id. (Ka.Ma.); ku_r-u-ceyva_n- lit., one who apportions; village revenue officer (Ta.lex.)

2544.Promulgate: kr. call (Skt.); akari_s.am aor. calls (RV.); kara_unu to call out (N.); kar to call (Gypsy); kara_hn.a_ to groan (P.)(CDIAL 3060). ka_ra song (RV.)(CDIAL 3053). ku_r-u-tal to speak, say, declare, assert (Tol. Col. 70); to cry aloud, promulgate, proclaim (W.)(Ta.lex.) Image: voice; throat: guhur sound of voices; ghogo loud voice (Santali.lex.) kural voice, word, throat, windpipe (Ta.Ma.); kurelu nape of the neck (Tu.); koral sound, voice, throat, neck (Ka.); kora gullet, windpipe (Kod..); kuralu, koral.u humming a tune, responding to a call (Tu.)(DEDR 1774). Image: adam's apple: kural-val.ai adam's apple; projection of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx (Perun.. Makata. 14,55); kural-val.ai-t-ta_pan-am laryngitis (In.. Vai. 231)(Ta.lex.) gulti-n, goltin hollow at the back of the neck (Sora. lex.) kor.okla the Adam's apple (Kond.a); go_r.enji id. (Kui); gr.okla_ id. (Kuwi); gr.okla throat (Kuwi)(DEDR 2150). Image: neck: kulla, ko_la neck (Pkt.); kullha_ that part of a bullock's hump on which yoke rests (L.); kola_ having an inflated throat (B.); kulala neck (Si.)(CDIAL 3353). kori neck (Gypsy)(CDIAL 3607). gola neck; kan.t.a the throat; gola kan.t.a swollen throat of cattle; d.hokoc, hor. okot Adam's apple (Santali.lex.)

2545.Share: ku_r-u section, division, classification (Man.i. 30,236); id. (Ka.Ma.); part, portion, lot, share (Pata_rtta. 78); ku_r-u-ka_cu share-money; ku_r-u-c-ci_t.t.u deed of partition; ku_r-u-ceyva_n- lit., one who apportions; village revenue officer (I_t.u, 5,2,8); ku_r-u-pat.u-tal to be divided; ku_r-u-pat.uttu-tal to divide, analyse, classify; ku_r-u-pa_t.u division, sub-division, classification; portion, section (Ta.lex.)

2546.Image: crooked: ku_ra crooked (Khot.); ko_ra movable joint (Sus'r.); ko_le curved, crooked (Ash.); ko_la crooked (Dm.); ko_la_ curved, crooked (Pas'.); ko_l crooked (Bshk.); ku_^ulo (Phal.); ko_u curved, crooked (Sh.)(CDIAL 3538). cf. kho_ra lame (Ka_tyS'r.); kora lame (Si.); kera lame woman (Si.); khoran.d.o (N.); khora_iba to limp (A.); khora_ lame (OAw.H.)(CDIAL 3941).

2547.To receive and supply what is necessary: goras to receive and supply what is necessary to one in want or in distress; goras sa~oha~hom receive and care for them; goraset.koae she thinks of and provides for them; do goras aguyepe go and coax her to come; goroj need, want, necessity, interest; garaj id. (Santali.lex.) cf. kharcu expenditure (Te.lex.) cf. carakku goods (Ta.lex.)

2548.Whip: korat.a_ < corda (Port. = cord, rope) whip (Ta.Ma.); korad.a_ horse-whip, scourge (Te.); kor-at.a_ (Ta.); kor-ad.e_ (Ka.); kor-at.a_ (Ma.); kord.e (Tu.)(Ta.lex.) korar.a_, kor.a_ whip (P.); korra_ (N.); korar.a_ (H.Or.); kor.a_ (B.Or.); kur.a_ (Or.); kolr.a_, kor.r.a_, kor.a_ (H.); korr.o, koyr.o, kod.d.o (G.); kord.a_ (M.)(CDIAL 3528).

2549.Image: rainbow: korad.u, kod.d.a a kind of rainbow appearing in a straight form (Ka.); korad.u a red streak in the clouds, a gleam or streak of a rainbow in the clouds; korad.u, korru rainbow (Ka.); kur-veli id. (Kond.a)(DEDR 2124).

2550.Image: myna: kurakam myna, starling, acridotheres tristis (Ta.); goravan:ka, goravan:ke the common maina, acridotheres tristis or the pastor (Ka.); goruvan:ka, go_ra, go_ran:ka, go_rin:ka, go_ruvan:ka myna (Te.); go_ro_d. id. (Go.)(DEDR 1766). kuran:kara, kurun:kara the Indian crane; kururi_ a kind of bird (having a plaintive tone); kurari_ a female osprey; kurara, kurala an osprey (Skt.lex.) gero, gorr.a the common Indian sparrow, passer indicus (Mu.); gauriya_ (H.); gerwa (Sadani) (Mu.lex.)

2551.Image: small bird: kuruvi, kuri_i small bird (Ta.); kuruvi, kurikil, ku_ri sparrow (Ma.); kibbi id. (Kurub.); gubbi, gubbil, gubbacci a small bird, esp. a sparrow (Ka.); gurubi, gurbi, gubbi sparrow (Tu.)(DEDR 1793). ghardidi a small tailor bird, orthotumos sutorius (Santali.lex.) gr.ha-bali-bhuj a sparrow (Skt.Ka.); kalavin:ka id. (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: bird: gharwa the sparrow, passer indicus (Santali.lex.) ca_rikai myna (Kalla_. 7); < sa_rika_ (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) sa_rike, s'a_rike, sa_rake the bird called maina (either the gracula religiosa or the turdus salica (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: pigeon: kar-por-ukki a kind of pigeon, tringa variegata (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.lex.) Image: cuckoo: ka~r.i_ ce_r.e_ the Indian cuckoo, cuculus micropterus microp (Santali.lex.) kar-a_ chirp of a quail (W.)(Ta.lex.) ko_rakai Indian cuckoo; ko_racam a kind of partridge (Ta.); ko_kila (Skt.)(Ta.lex.); kurakam myna, starling, acridotheres tristis (Ta.); goravanka, goravanke the common maina, acridotheres tristis or the pastor (Ka.); goravanka, go_ra, go_ranka, go_rinka, go_ruvanka myna (Te.); go_ro_d. id. (Go.)(DEDR 1766). kulinga fork-tailed shrike (MBh.); kulinkaka sparrow (Skt.); kulika_ a kind of bird (VS.) <Prob. Austro-as. kulinka a particular bird (Pali); kulang forktailed shrike (P.)(CDIAL 3343). kuyil koel, Indian cuckoo (Ta.); (kuyilv-, kuyin-r--) to call, whoop, halloo; utter, tell (Ta.); kuyir-r-u (kuyir-r-i-) to telll, utter (Ta.); kuyil, kur..il Indian cuckoo (Ma.); kukil cuckoo; v.t. to cry as a cuckoo; ku_gula cuckoo (Ka.); ko_gile, ko_jile, kuyilu id. (Tu.); kuhu pat.a id. (Kuwi); kokila Indian cuckoo (Skt.); kuhila id. (Pkt.)(DEDR 1764). ko_kila_ the Indian cuckoo cuculus indicus (MBh.). [Among NIA.forms those of S.Or.Mth.Bhoj.Aw.G. apparently, unless borrowed are <-illa-: all others, except M., may be <-illa] ko_kila (Pali); ko_ila (Pkt.S.OAw.); koil (P.WPah.Mth.H.); koili (N.Or.); koilⁱ (Bhoj.); kuli (A.); kuila (MB.); ko_il (H.M.); koyal (H.G.); koyalr.i_ (G.); koi_l. (M.); koya_l. (M.); kovula_, kevili_ (Si.)(CDIAL 3483). kun.a_la the Indian cuckoo (Pali); kun.al (Si.)(CDIAL 3258). kuyil koel, Indian cuckoo, eudynamis honorata (Ta.); kuyil, kur..il Indian cuckoo, cuculus or eudynamis orientalis (Ma.)(DEDR 1764).

2552.Image: crab: kuru-cilla a crab (Skt.lex.) kat.kom a crab (Santali.lex.) d.at.o, d.it.om pincers of a crab (Santali.lex.) Image: crab; pincers: kur-at.u crab, forceps, pincers (Ta.); kor-ad.u a kind of pincers (Te.)(DEDR 1843). Image: pincers: ka_ru pincers, tongs (Ka.Te.Ga.)(DEDR 1473). pat.aka_ru tongs, pincers (Ka.Te.)(DEDR 3864).

2553.Image: fish with sharp bones: kur-icci a kind of fish with many sharp bones (Ma.); kurci a kind of fish (Tu.)(DEDR 1848).

2554.Hilly tract: kur-ike village (Ka.); kur-icci village; village in the hilly tract (Ir-ai. 1, Urai.); id. (Ma.); kur-i-ca_r-r-al convening a meeting of the village assembly by blowing a horn (Ta.lex.) kor-aca a thievish wandering hill-tribe that sell wooden combs etc. (Ka.); kur-icci (Ma.); kur-icciyan a hill man (Ma.); koraca-va_d.u, korice_-va_d.u a hill man; a gypsy (Te.)(Ka.lex.) kur-i ke_l. to consult a fortune-teller; kur-i-col to divine (Ka.); kor-a-ca_d.u to use words that revealsecrets, vulnerable points or touchy quarters (Ka.lex.) kur-ici hilly tract, one of five kinds of nilam (Ci_vaka. 1563)[the five kinds are: kur-ici, pa_lai, mullai, marutam, neytal (cf. aintin.ai (Nampiyakap. 4, Urai.); kur-ici-k-kir..avan- Murukan, as the god of the hilly tract; kur-ukkaiyar members of the family in the Ve_l.a_l.a caste to which Tiruna_vukkaracar belonged (Periyapu. Tiruna_. 15); kur-ukkai a shrine in Tanjore district where S'iva burnt Ka_man to ashes, one of at.t.av-vi_rat.t.am (Te_va_. 191,1)(Ta.lex.). Image: drum: kuravai-p-par-ai a drum of the hilly tracts (Ir-ai. 1,17, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) Village, hilly tract: kur-ici hilly tract, one of five kinds of nilam (Ta.); kur-ici-k-kir..avan, kur-ici-kir-aivan-, kur-ici-ve_ntan- Murukan- (Skandha), as the god of the hilly tracts (Ta.lex.) kun-r-a-va_n.ar, kun-r-avar moutaineers, inhabitants of the hilly tract, kur.ici nila ma_kkal. (Ta.lex.) kur-u-m-por-ai hilly tract, kur-ici nilam; town in a hilly tract; forest, jungle (Ta.lex.) kur-am Kur.ava tribe (Ta.)(DEDR 1844). kur-umba a caste of mountaineers (Ka.); kor-ava name of a tribe of mountaineers (Te.); fem. koravanji, kor-avata a gypsy (Te.)(DEDR 1844). kur-iccai an additional appellation of villages or towns (Ta.); pa_lkur-ike name of a village in southern Maha_ra_s.t.ra (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. ku_lyo along the bank of (sina ku_lyo along the bank of the river)(Sh.)(CDIAL 3417). Mountaineer: kur-am Kur.ava tribe, palmistry as practised by Kur.ava women (Ta.); kur-avan- man of a caste of fowlers, snake-catchers, basket-makers, and fortune-tellers; fem. kur-atti, kur-avi, kur-avaci; kur-avan.a_r the Kur.ava tribe of the mountain (Ta.); kur-avan wandering tribe of basket-makers, snake-catchers, and gypsies; kur-icci hill country; kur-icciyan a hill tribe (Ma.); kor-ava, kor-ama man of a now settled tribe who make blankets, mats, etc., are musicians, etc.; fem. kor-avaji, kor-avati, kor-aviti (commonly fortune tellers); kor-aca a thievish wandering hill tribe that sell wooden combs, etc. (Ka.); korage man of a tribe that feeds on carrion and whose women wear leaves; fem. korapal.u; koraji, koraju a serpent charmer (Tu.); kor-ava name of a tribe of mountaineers (Te.); fem. kor-avata; koravanji a gypsy (Te.)(DEDR 1844). kur-avan- inhabitant of the hilly tract; inhabitant of the desert tract; pretender, cringing hypocrite; mercury, quicksilver (Ta.lex.); kur-a-va_n.ar the Kur-ava tribe of the mountain (Ta.lex.) Shepherd: kur-umpu petty chieftains; a class of savages supposed to form a part of the aborigines of south India; village (Ta.); a sub-division of the Pal.l.a caste; kur-uba man of the shepherd caste; kur-umba a caste of mountaineers (Ka.); kur-umpar petty chieftains; an aboriginal tribe; hunters; a caste of shepherds who weave blankets (Ta.lex.); kur-umban shepherd; caste of mountaineers in Wayana_d.u (Ma.); kur-uppu a chief (Ma.); kurb man of Kurumba tribe living in the Nilgiri jungles (To.); kur-ube shepherd (Kod..); fem. kurubati (Kod..); kur-ube shepherd (Tu.); kur-upa, kur-uma a caste of shepherds who weave blankets (Te.); kurmal shepherd (Go.)(DEDR 1844). Hillman: kul.uvan- fowler's attendant, hillman (Ta.); kul.ivai fowler's attendant (Ta.); kul.uvan hillman (Ma.)(DEDR 1836). kulu_ta, kulu_taka name of a people (VarBr.S.)(CDIAL 3348).

2555.An ancient, submerged province: kur-umpu < kur-u-mai village in a desert tract; village; stronghold, fort (Pur-ana_. 177); strength, power (Malaipat.u. 504); a class of savages supposed to form a part of the aborigines of South India, divided into: ka_t.t.u-k-kur-umpu, na_t.t.u-k-kur-umpu; wickedness, mischief (Ta.); kur-umbu id. (Ka.Ma.); kur-umpan-ai-na_t.u an ancient province of the Tamil land believed to have been submerged (Cilap. 8,1, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) kur-umba, kur-uba a man belonging to a fort (Ka.); kor-r-avan-, ko_ a headman, king; kur-umpu a fort (Ta.); kur-u a hill (Ta.Ma.); kur-uppu a chief (Ta.Ma.); kur-umba a caste of mountaineers; kur-ubatana the profession of a shepherd (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Petty chieftains: kur-umpar petty chieftains (Perun.. Ucaik. 43,55); an ancient aboriginal tribe; cf. kulambhara; hunters, those who live by chase (Ci_vaka. 1079); kur-umban id. (Ma.); kur-umpar a caste of shepherds who weave coarse blankets (Ta.); kur-umban id. (Ma.); kurupa id. (Te.); kur-uba id. (Ka.); kurubi id. (Tu.); kur-umpar a sub-division of the Pal.l.a caste (G.Tj.D. i,90); kur-umpar-ko_t.t.am stronghold of the Kurumbas; kur-umpat.ai fort (Akana_. 35); kur-u-mut.i-kut.i family of petty chiefs (Tol. Po. 30, Urai.); kur-u-vaci theme of a petty king securing the welfare of his kingdom by paying tribute to an invading monarch (Pu. Ve. 3,17)(Ta.lex.)

2556.Mischief: kur-umpu wickedness, mischief, battle, war (Ta.); haughtiness, insolence (Ma.); kur-umpan- mischief-maker (Ta.); indolent, stubborn (Ma.); kur-umbu, kur-umbi stubbornness, foolishness; kur-uba a stubborn, foolish man (Ka.)(DEDR 1856).

2557.Fort: kur-umpu stronghold, fort (Ta.); Man belonging to a fort: kur-umba a man belonging to a fort (Ka.)(DEDR 1857).

2558.Image: tiger: kur-ukka tiger (Perun.. Ila_van.a. 18,18, Arum.)(Ta.lex.)

2559.Image: leopard, hyaena: kur-uva, gur-uva, kur-uba hyaena (Ka.); kirbn leopard (Ko.)(DEDR 1599). Image: tiger: kuyavari tiger, as having sickle-shaped stripes; ve_r..an. kuyavari ko_t.pir..aittu (Tin.aima_lai.25)(Ta.lex.)

2560.Log, stump: kur-at.u small block or clump of wood, plank (Ta.); kur-at.u, kurat.u piece of wood; kuran.a log, stump, gnarled wood; kuran.t.i board used as seat, stump; kuran.t.u log (Ma.); kud. club, bar of door, log (Ko.); kud. large stick, club (To.); kor-ad.u trunk of a lopped tree, stump, piece of wood; kodan.t.i log of wood (Ka.); kut.t.i small piece of wood (Kod..); korad.u log, stump; kodad.u chopping-block (Tu.); kudan.t.i, kodan.t.i a small log of wood (Tu.); kor-ad.u the trunk of a tree of which the branches are lopped off, a stump (Te.)(DEDR 1842). hurut, khun.t.ut, gun.d.ra a stump of tree (Santali.lex.)

2562.Cardamom: ko_ran:gi small cardamoms (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2563.Performer: ko_ra, kho_ra one who does, performs, is occupied with (anything bad) etc. (Ka.); kho_ru (H.)(Ka.lex.)

2564.To dazzle: ko_rayisu to be dazzled (Ka.); ko_ragincu to dazzle the eyes (Te.)(Ka.lex.)

2565.Crookedness: ko_re crookedness (Ka.); ko_repat.a a small flag with which a lance is adorned, and any similar one (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2567.Image: sprout: kurukka to sprout, shoot (Ma.); kuruttu sprout, shoots of grain (Ta.); sprout, shoot (ma.); kurunnu id. (Ma.); kurul.e plantain sprout (Ka.); kurumbo 'n:kurah..(Skt.)(DEDR 1791). Image: leaf: cf. kur..ai tender leaf, sprout, shoot (Pur-ana_. 50); kur..ai-tal to fade, languish, become spoilt, as flowers or twigs (Kur-al., 90); kur..ai-kar-i vegetable curry softened by boiling (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: new shoot, sprout: ko_r-a a shoot; sprout, first sprout (of paddy after planting); ko_r-u new shoot, fresh stalk, stem, or bud; new, green, immature (Kui); kor.ung new shoot, sprout (Pa.); kor.un young shoot (Ga.); kor.i leaf-shoot (Go.); kor.ta month of Bhadra_ (Aug.-Sept.) when new paddy is worshipped (Go.); kr.ogi fresh, new (of leaves)(Pe.); kor.gi newly sprouted, green, immature, unripe (Kui); kor.gari (pl. kor.gai) new shoot, fresh stalk, something green, immature, unripe (Kui); ko_r.a kod.a to sprout (of paddy)(Kui); ko_na bud (Kui); go_n.i sprout, offshoot (Kui); khrogi ko_ma a soft twig (i.e.soft, young, tender)(Kuwi.) [cf. ko_ma branch (DEDR 2115)]; kr.o_gi immature, young (Kuwi); xo_r leaf-bud, new leaves, fresh and tender leaves of vegetables (Kur.); xo_rna_ (xu_rya_) to shoot out new leaves (Kur.); qoro Indian corn when green (Malt.); qoroce to sprout (Malt.); xarring to sprout (Br.); xarrun green, blue, black and blue; fruitful (Br.); xarruni_ greenness, wife (Br.)(DEDR 2149). kora- (Skt.); ko_raka- bud (R.); bud, sheath (Pali); ko_raya, ko_rava bud (Pkt.); kuru bud, tender leaves (Si.)(CDIAL 3527).

2568.Bastard sago: gorba the salphi tree, caryota urens (Pa.); gorga, gorge, gor.ga, hurga id. (Go.)(DEDR 2131).

2569.A fragrant plant: ko_rinde a kind of fragrant plant; jani, jatu_ke, janani, cakravartini, kal.avige (Ka.); ko_rinde, go_rinte (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cf. jatu_ke a kind of fragrant tree (Skt.Ka.); jatuke a kind of fragrant substance of perfume; pa_pad.i, pa_pat.e (Tadbhava of parpat.e) a shrub or small tree, pavetta indica (ixora pavetta; ixora tomentosa)(Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Pavetta indica: papata (Skt.); papari (H.); kukura-chura (B.); papat (M.); pavattai (Ta.); papatakkommi (Te.); pavatta (Ma.); root: bitter, aperient, prescribed in visceral obstructions; pulverized and mixed with ginger and rice-water given in dropsy; leaves: boiled in water and a fomentation made which is used in haemorrhoidal pains; habitat: throughout India (GIMP, p.187). Pavetta indica: According to Dymock, Warden, and Hooper, the roots contain a green resin... Dymock quotes Ainslie, who says that this plant has a bitter but not unpleasant-tasting root, possessing aperient qualities... Nadkarni reports that a local fomentation with the leaves is useful in relieving the pain of piles. (Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, p.925).

2570.Image: buffalo: ka_ra_ [karu-mai + a_] buffalo (Tacaiva_. 380); ka_ra_vu id. (Te.); ka_ra_ id. (U.)(Ta.lex.) ko_r-i buffalo (Kond.a); ko_d.ru, ko_dru_, go_d.ru buffalo (Kuwi); ko_ru, pl. ko_rka buffalo (Kui.); kud.ru id.(Pe.Mand..)(DEDR 2256). kun.d.hi_ crooked-horned (of buffalo)(P.)(CDIAL 3261). kun.d.i_ crooked (of buffalo's horns)(L.)(CDIAL 3260). kud.d.ha_ having horns pointing inwards (L.)(CDIAL 3248). kan.t.i buffalo bull (Tol. Po. 623); ko_t.t.uma_ he-buffalo (Cilap. 15,98); lit. animal with tusks or horns: elephant: ko_t.t.uma_ var..an:kun. ka_t.t.aka ner-iye_ : Ain:kur-u. 282); boar (Cilap. 15,99, Arum.); ko_t.t.umalai lit. tusked mountain, elephant; ko_t.t.uman.-kol. to break up earth with horns or tusks; ko_t.t.in-am herd of buffaloes, as having horns (Ta.) (ko_t.t.in-at ta_yar makan-an-r-e_ : Kalit. 103,33)(Ta.lex.) Image: male buffalo: ko.n.e male buffalo (Ir.); ko_n.a id. (Ka.); go_n.e id. (Tu.)(DEDR 2212).

2571.Milk-hedge: kalla dillenia aurea (Pa.); kalla_ id. (Go.)(DEDR 1316). kal.l.i spurge, euphorbia; milk-hedge, euphorbia tirucalli; prickly pear, opuntia dillenii (Ta.); milk-hedge plant (Ma.); id., euphorbia tirucalli (Ka.); sp. tree (Kod..); milk-hedge; prickly pear, opuntia dillenii (Tu.); milk-hedge, euphorbia tirucalli (Te.)(DEDR 1383).

2572.A plant: kal.l.a name of a plant (Ka.); kal.l. a kind of grass (Tu.)(DEDR 1384).

2573.Image: long hook: kal.l.i a long hook employed to pluck fruits from tall trees and having a small bag at the end so that the fruit might be caught in it without letting it fall to the ground (Tu.lex.)

2574.Declare: kal. be known; kal.ai declare, warn, inform; kal.it known, or perhaps knowledge (Kon.lex.) kalike dissimulation, dissembling (Tu.lex.)

2575.Coffer: kalembi a chest, coffer (Tu.lex.)

2576.Betel-nut: kal.iy-at.aykka the quite ripe areca nut (Ma.); kal.i to ripen well; n. state of being quite ripe; kal.iy-ad.ike a superior kind of betel-nut (Ka.); kal.i-ad.ake the quite ripe areca-nut (Kod..)(DEDR 1380).

2577.Acanthus ilicifolius: kar..utai-mul.l.i holly-leaved bear's breech, acanthus ilicifolius (Ta.); kar..u-mul., kau-mul. a tree whose fibres serve as string (Ma.)(DEDR 1365).

2578.Image: overflow; abundance: kar..i much, great, excessive; (-v-, -nt-) to be great in quantity or quality, be abundant, extensive; kar..iya exceedingly; kar..ivu excess, abundance, surplus (Ta.); kar..i to be excessive; kar..iha exceeding (Ka.)(DEDR 1358). kar..umu (kar..umi-) to be full, complete, abundant, copious, overflow; n. denseness as a tuft of hair (Ta.); krammu to spread, extend, overspread, overflow; kraccu to surround, overspread (Te.); garja (garji-) to spread out, increase, multiply, grow thick and outspreading (Kui)(DEDR 1368). cf. ca_l (ca_lv-, ca_n-r--) to be abundant (Ta.)(DEDR 2470). kar..al to throw away; kar..alu to remove (Ka.lex.)

2579.To send; to subtract: kal.asu, kal.isu, kal.ahu, kal.upu, kal.ipu, kal.uhu to send; kal.e, kal.i to send forth; to throw away; to let go, abandon, leave; to subtract or deduct; to spend as time and money; to go beyond, to cross (Ka.Tu.Ma.); kal.ai (Ta.); kal.uhisuvike sending (Ka.lex.) kolkedean. I sent him; koladean. I sent to him; kol to send (Santali.lex.) ghalln. to send, to remit, to transmit, to forward, to despatch (P.lex.) ka_lna_ act of sending or causing to move (B.)(CDIAL 3091). cf. hallai moves (Pkt.); hallhn.u~ id. (WPah.)(CDIAL 14018). kal.vi subtract, e.g. an account (Kon.lex.) kal.asu, kal.isu to make subtract; kal.aha lessening (Ka.lex.) kar..i-ttal to subtract (Ta.lex.) ghallai, pp. ghallia throws (Pkt.); galu_m I send (Phal.); ghallan. to send (L.); ghalln.a_ (P.); ghaluwa_ something thrown in as extra to a purchase (N.); gha_liba to shake violently, abuse by raking up unpleasant secrets (A.); gha_lai throws (OB.); pours in, puts, places (OAw.); gha_lna_ to throw (H.); gha_lai puts, places, gives (OMarw.); gha_lai places (OG.); gha_lvu~ to thrust in (G.); gha_lan.em. to pour, throw, put (OM.); gha_ln.e~ to pour (M.); gha_lu_ka to put, place (Konkan.i); ghitta poured, thrown; ghattai, pp. ghattiya pours, throws, sends; ghattan.a (Pkt.); ghattan. to pour, drop, spread out (L.); ghattn.a_ to pour, throw, put in or on, wear (P.); gha_tala_ pp. of gha_lan.em. (OM.)(CDIAL 4457). kar..i (-v-, -nt-) to pass (as time, season), slip away (as prosperity, adversity), elapse, become spent, be ruined, expire, die, finish, come to an end, be discharged (as excreta); (-pp-, -tt-) to reject, discard, separate, abandon, deduct, cut off (hair, nails), prune, spend or waste (as time), void (excreta); kar..iccal diarrhoea; kar..ical that which is rejected; kar..inta_r deceased persons, poor or destitute persons; kar..ippu (kar..ippi-) to spend, pass (as time), complete; n. expulsion, rejection, that which is cast aside; kar..iyal departing, that which is cast away; kar..ivu passing (as time), leaving (as a place), discharging (as from the bowels), waste, refuse, deduction, death, destruction; kar..al (kar..alv-, kar..an-r--) to pass away, disappear, be expended (Ta.); kar..iyuka to pass, be spent, be over, live; kar..ikka to make to pass, pass time, live, die, kill; kar..iccal diarrhoea; kar..ippu what is rejected (Ma.); kana.r. (obl. kana.t.-) distant place where no one lives (i.e. ka- + na.r.); kavc- (period of time) passes, disappear from sight, pass successfully over all the difficulties of life; (kod.c-) to disappear from sight, die; kod.c- to make disappear, chase out of sight, drive (buffalo) over hill, finish funeral (To.); kar..i to go or be removed very far, pass away, end, die; make to pass, purge; n. going far, a great distance; kar..ipu to cause to go away, remove; pass or move over, cross; kar..ivu ending, etc.; kar..alisu, kar..alcu to put aside, lose; kal.e, kal.i to send forth, abandon, reject, spend (as time and money), leave behind (Ka.); kayy- (kayyuv-, kayj-) (time) passes; kay- (kayp-, kayc-) to pass (time); perform (ceremony)(Kod..); kariyuni to elapse, expire, pass (as time); karipuni to deduct, subtract, spend, remove; karip, karipelu deduction; kal.eyuni, kal.evuni to lapse, pass (as time), be spent (as money); kalevuni to be deducted; kalepini, kalepuni to subtract, deduct (Tu.); kal.e, kale to remove (Kor.); kay- (ka-) to defecate (Pa.); kar.s- (-t-) to evacuate the bowels (Kond.a); kr.ac- (-c-) id. (Pe.); gr.ah- id. (Mand..); kr.ahpa (kr.aht-) id.; n. evacuation of the bowels (Kui); gr.ah- (gr.ast-) to excrete; gra_ssali (gra_st-) to void dung (Kuwi); xarring to proceed on foot, make one's way (Br.)(DEDR 1356). cf. kat.a (-pp-, -nt-) to pass through; go, proceed, pass (as time, water, clouds etc.)(Ta.); kat.tre to pass, spend time (Malt.)(DEDR 1109).

2580.Corn; threshing floor: khalva (? kharva) a kind of corn, ?ko_raku_ (TS. iv.7.4.2); khalvaka (Kaus'. lxxxii.18) (Vedic.lex.) khalya being in the threshing-floor (TS. iv.5.6.1); threshing floor; khala uncultivated part of land serving as threshing floor, khara; threshing floor (RV. x.48.7); khala-kula kulattha, dolichos biflorus (S'Br. xiv. 9.3.23); khalaja produced in a threshing floor (AV. viii.6.15); kha_ri_ a particular measure (RV. iv.32.17) (Vedic.lex.) khalini, khalye a multitude of threshing floors; khaladha_nya a threshing floor; khala a threshing floor (Ka.lex.) karb tubular stalk or culm of a plant, esp. of millet (P.); kar.bi_, karbi_ kad.ba_ id. (H.); karb the culm of millet (M.); kad.amba stalk of a potherb (Skt.); kar.amba stalk of greens (B.); kar.amba_, kar.ama_ stalks and plants among stubble of a reaped field (Or.)(CDIAL 2653). kastambhi_ prop for supporting carriage-pole (S'Br.); ka_tha~ba_ plantain offshoot, sucker, stole (M.)(CDIAL 2983).

2581.Sugar-cane: karvu, karbu sugar-cane; karvu-vil, karvu-bil a bow of sugar-cane; karvu-villa Ka_ma (Ka.lex.) kabbu the common sugarcane, saccharum officinarum (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2582.Grain-dealer: ka_r..uga, ka_l.uga a grain-dealer; ka_r.. a corn, a single grain; grain, corn (Ka.); ka_l. (Tu.); ka_r.. (Ta.); to have a hard grain as a tree; to be strong in mind, to be resolute, to be pungent = ka_r (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) Great millet: ca_t.u unripe grain of great millet (Ta.); ca_t.a id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Agricultural tract: kal.amar inhabitants of an agricultural tract, husbandsmen (Cilap. 10,125)(Ta.); kal.an- agricultural tract (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) Bundle: kala_pa bundle, quiver of arrows (MBh.); kalamba crowd (Skt.); kala_pa bundle, sheaf, quiver; kala_paka bundle, string (of pearls)(Pali); kala_va collection, quiver, peacock's tail; kala_vaga a neck ornament (Pkt.); kala_va_, kala_vr.a_ armful, bundle (P.); kala_u group, cluster (OG.); kalamba bunch, cluster, bundle (Si.)(CDIAL 2931). kad.appa collection, bundle (Pkt.); kad.ap bundle of gram etc. picked for drying before stacking (M.)(CDIAL 2652).

2583.Image: attaching: kalana attaching, affixing, joining; kalapu a joined or mixed state; a miscellaneous mass or collection as of materials for a house, for a plough etc. (Ka.); kalape (Te.); kalappai (Ta.); kalappe (Ma.); kalappu mixture etc. (Tu.)(Ka.lex.) kalasu, kalisu to mix, mingle; kalasu mixed or mingled state; kalasanna tamarind or lime juice, gingillie-seed meal, chillies, salt etc. mixed with boiled rice, fried in ghee and eaten as a savory dish; it is often put up for a journey; kalasume_lo_gara a mixture of boiled vegetables to which pepper, salt etc. are added (Ka.lex.) Image: joint of the body: kalavu joint of the body (kalavukkar..i kat.umut.ai : Akana_. 3)(Ta.lex.) Image: joint: kalakku joint (Tiv. Tiruppa_. 6)(Ta.lex.) kala (-pp-, -nt-) to mix, unite in friendship, form friendly or matrimonial alliance with, copulate; kalakku joint; kalacu (kalaci-) to mingle; kalappu cordiality, fraternity, friendship, copulation; kalampakam mixture, combination; kalavu (kalavi-) to mix; n. joint of the body; kalaval mixing, combing; kalavan. mixture of various things, medley; kalavi union, combination, sexual union; kalavin-a_r friends, relations; kalavai mixture, compound; kala_vu (kala_vi-) to mix, join together, unite (Ta.); kalaruka to be mixed, united; mix, mingle (esp. what is dry); kalarcca mixture; kalarppu act of mixing, mixture, adulteration; kalaval mixing, interminging; kalappu the whole, sum (Ma.); kalv- (kald-) to knead, mix (solid in water)(Ko.); kalv- pair-word with elv bone (i.e. joint); gal gu.r. (gu.c-) to join in dense mass (Ko.); kas-f- (kas-t-) to mix (rice and milk, rice and curry), feed (solid food to child)(To.); kali, kale to join, be mixed, come together, meet; kala state of being joined or mixed, of being promiscuous or various; kalaka, kalka mixture; kalapu a joined or mixed state, a miscellaneous mass; kalasu to mix, mingle; n. mixed or mingled state; kalpisu to join, mix (Ka.); kala- (kalap-, kaland-) to knead; kalap kneading (Kod..); kalad.uni to be mixed, kneaded; kalad.a_vuni to mix, knead; kalapuni to mingle, knead; kalappu mixed, kneaded; kalaberak admixture, compound; kalamu grafting; kalka decoction, infusion of any drug (Tu.); kalayu, kaliyu to join, unite, meet, mix, mingle, copulate; kalayika joining, uniting, meeting, union, copulation; kalapu to mix, join, unite, bring together, reconcile; n. mixing, mingling; kalapamu mixing; kalagal(a)vu familiarity, intimacy; kalavan.t.akamu boiled rice mixed with several ingredients; kalavud.u to mix, mingle (Te.); kalay- (kalayt-) to be mixed (liquids, grains); kalp- (kalapt-) to mix (Kol.) kalay- to mix; kalap- id. (Nk.); kali_ta_na_ to meet and embrace, greet; ka_liya_na_ to meet; kali- to meet, be obtained, to meet, join; kalli- to get; kalp- to mix (Go.); kali- (-t-) to meet, come together, be mingled; kalp- to mix (Kond.a); kalhali, kalhinai to be mixed, mingle; kalpali, kalpinai to mix; kal- (-h-) to mix together; kalp- (-it-) to mix; kalvi a_ to be united together; kalh- (-it-) to copulate (Kuwi); khalna_ to dilute, mix with water or other liquid (Kur.); avakalkana mixing (Skt.)(DEDR 1299). Combination: kalampakam mixture; compound; combination; miscellany; perfumed ointment containing several ingredients (Tiv. Tiruppal.l.i. 5); kalacutal to mingle (Ta.); kalasu id. (Ka.); kalan-ai parts, as of a sacrifice (Ta.); kalavai mixture, compound; mixture of different kinds of food, scraps, leavings; perfumed paste (Kampara_. Kat.iman.ap. 51); kalan-irukkai, kalavirukkai store-house (Cilap. 5,7)(Ta.lex.) Image: perturbation: kalan:kal turbidity, muddiness (Tiv. Tiruma_lai, 37); muddy water; perturbation; toddy (Pur-ana_. 298,1)(Ta.); kalan:kutal to be stirred up, agitated, ruffled, as water (Tiv. Periyati. 6,5,1)(Ta.); kalagu (Te.); kalan:ku (Ka.Tu.); kalan.n.u (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Paste: cf. khali paste (Pali)(CDIAL 3845). cf. khalva_r.a_ threshing floor (L.)(CDIAL 3843). kal.i pulpiness, state of being mashed (Akana_.86); thick pulp, liquid paste (Kampara_. Mitilaik. 80); clay (Cilap. 3,96, Urai.); kal.ippa_kku boiled areca-nut covered with thick paste; areca-nut boiled and dried (Pata_rtta. 1441); id. (Ma.); kal.impu ointment (Pais.aja.)(Ta.lex.) Incense; a mixture in medicine: cf. kalka viscous sediment (Ya_j.)(CDIAL 2939). cf. kalan:kal turbidity (Ta.)(DEDR 1303). kal.i thick pulp, liquid paste (Ta.); thick pap or paste (Ma.)(DEDR 1378). kal.l.am morbid matter in a boil or in the system (Ta.); kal.l.a, kal.l.e thick phlegm (Te.)(DEDR 1382). kalaka, kalka mixture; a mixture in medicine (of unboiled ingredients) (Ka.); kalaku the state of being turbid, turbidness; kalaka ni_ru turbid water; the o_kal.i (Ka.lex.) kalka the viscous sediment deposited by oily substances when ground; a kind of tenacious paste; incense; levigated powder: ta_m lo_dhra kalke_na hr.ta_n:ga taila_m (Skt.lex.) Sediment: khala sediment, dregs, the deposit of oil etc. (Ka.lex.) kalka viscous sediment (Ya_j.); impurity, sin (MBh.); ka_kab decoction of bassia latifolia flowers boiled thick (mahua)(G.)[cf. kal. toddy (Ta.)(DEDR 1374)]; ka_kam sugarcane juice boiled to paste (G.); ka_kvi_ molasses (G.); ka_ki_, ka~_ki_, ka_kvi_, ka~_kvi_, ka_khvi_ molasses (M.); kakka oily sediment deposited by oily substances when ground, paste (Pali); paste to smear on the body for removing dirt (Pkt.); sin (Pkt.); kakku paste as foundation for face-powder (Pali); kakkaba a partic. state of sugarcane juice during boiling (Pkt.); kakar.u sugarcane juice (S.); kakko_, kakyo_ heated sugarcane juice (L.)(CDIAL 2939). kalkin having sediment, turbid, foul, wicked (W.); kakkiya meat (Pkt.); kaki wearied, vexed (?S.)(CDIAL 2940). Perfumed paste: cf. kalavai perfumed paste (Kampara_. Kat.iman.ap. 51)(Ta.lex.) kalavai-c-cantan-am sandal paste prepared with the addition of many aromatic substances (Parata. Pa_va. 23, Urai.); kalavai-c-ce_r-u id. (Tiva_.); kalavai-ni_r fragrant solution for ladies' baths (Man.i. 28,6)(Ta.lex.) kalayan-a_r a canonized S'aiva saint; cf. kun:kiliyakkalaiyar (tan:kan.avan-a_r kalayan-a_r : Periyapu. Kun:kiliyak. 9)(Ta.lex.) cf. kalkam < kalka medicinal pill prepared by mixing dried drugs with milk or water (Pais.aja.)(Ta.lex.) kala-ttal to mix, unite, join; to commingle, combine; to be absorbed (Tiruva_ca. 32,1); kalayu (Te.); kalasu (Ka.); kala (Tu.); kalan:ku-tal to be stirred up, agitated (Tiv. Periyati. 6,5,1); kalagu (Te.); kalan:ku (Ka.Tu.); kalan.n.u (Ma.); kalakku id. (Pur-ana_. 41,16); kalakuva (Te.); kalaku (Ka.)(Ta.lex.)