2863.Chess; king: s'aha_ a king (Ka.M.H.); in chess-playing: check (Ka.); s'aha (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

2864.Deity: cakka-va_lar < cakrava_la devas residing in Mt. cakkarava_l.a (Me_ruman. 574)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) saggiga a deity; sura, nirjara; saggigador-e; saggigarad.abal.a fire; saggigara piraya Brahma_; saggigarer-eya Indra; saggigavat.t.i the sky; saggigavet.t.u the mountain Me_ru (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) sagga (Tadbhava of sarga; svarga) amaralo_ka; the heaven of Indra, the abode of the deities and of beatified mortals (supposed to be situated on the mountain Me_ru; na_ka); saggadamara = surataru (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Sagacious: s'aha_n.e, s'a_n.a sagacious, knowing, clever (Ka.); s'ahan.a_ (M.H.); s'a_n.a a sagacious, knowing, clever man; s'a_n.e f. (Ka.lex.) jakka (Tadbhava of yaks.a); jakkan.a_ca_ri name of an architect; jakkan.a_ca_rya name of a S'aiva devotee (Ka.); jakkin.i, jakan.i (Tadbhava of yaks.in.i) a woman who dies in the matron state, not as a widow, and receives divine honours, e.g. si_re_s are dedicated to her etc. (Ka.); jakkini (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cakka-te_vi < yaks.a + (Kur-r-a_. Kur-a. 71); cakkamma_ a demoness (Ta.); jakkamma (Te.)(Ta.lex.) ca_kin-i < s'a_kini_ an evil spirit (Can.. Aka.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) s'an:khini_ a woman of one of the four classes into which writers on erotic science divide women: s'an:khini_, citrin.i_, hastini_ and padmini_ (Skt.lex.) can:kin-i the third of the four classes into which women are classifed in Ka_ma-s'a_stra (Kokko_. 1,1014)(Ta.lex.) Indra: s'akra mighty (esp. of Indra)(RV.); Indra (MBh.); sakka Indra (Pali.Pkt.); sak (Si.)(CDIAL 12255). s'akra-kri_d.a_cala Indra's pleasure-mountain; the mountain me_ru (Ka.lex.) cakan- < jagat Lord of the Universe (Ci. Po_. 8,2); can:karan- < S'an.-kara dispenser of happiness (Cilap. 10, 186, Urai); S'iva (Te_va_. 725, 6); a Rudra, one of e_ka_taca-ruttirar (Tiva_.); cakal.am < sa-kala the aspect of S'iva as having form, represented by the images (Tiruvunti. 1); cakal.an-S'iva, as with form (Ci. Ci. 1,65, Ja_nap.); cakal.ata_n-am perh. sa-kala_ + a_-sana a yo_gic posture in which a person sits cross-legged over his left hand; cakal.a-nit.kal.am the aspect of S'iva as being with and without form, represented by the Lin:ga (Ci. Po_. Pa_. 8,1,359); cakal.a-t-tirume_n-i the body or form assumed by S'iva (Ta.lex.) sagho strong (S.); s'akra strong; s'akno_ti (RV.)(CDIAL 13081). sah strong (RV.); -saha in cmpd. 'enduring' (Pali); saha- strong (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13298). shate_ conquers (RV.); bears, suffers (AV.); shati is powerful (RV.); is able (MBh.); sahati conquers, endures (Pali); sahadi (Dhp.); sahidavya (NiDoc.); sahai endures (Pkt.); sahun to bear patiently (K.); sahan.u to bear, put up with; sun. (L.); sahin.a_, saihna_ (P.); sahan.o, sa_n.o, saun.o (Ku.); sahanu (N.); xa(h)iba (A.); saha_, saoya_ (B.); sahiba_ to bear, experience, wait, forgive (Or.); sahab to be able to bear (Mth.); sahai bears (OAw.); sahna_ (pres. part. sahta_ bearable, luke-warm)(H.); sahai (OMarw.); sahai (OG.); sahvu~, sahevu~, sevu~ (G.); sa_hn.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 13304). sahana endurance, patience (Ma_rkP.); sahan.a endurance (Pkt.); sahan.i_, sahin.i_ (S.); s'o~_r.~ forbearance (Ku.); sahan endurance (N.B.H.); xahan (A.); sahan.a, sahn.a_, sahn.i forbearance (Or.); sahana_ what must be endured (Mth.); sen.i_ (G.)(CDIAL 13305). shas strength (RV.); saha plenty, help (N.); sahasa_ forcibly (Pali); sah strength, ability (H.)(CDIAL 13306). Indra: s'akra mighty (esp. of Indra)(RV.); Indra (MBh.); sakka Indra (Pali.Pkt.); sak (Si.); s'ak be strong, able (Skt.)(CDIAL 12255). Bold: shas strength (RV.); sahasa_ forcibly (Pali); saha plenty, help (N.); sah strength, ability (H.)(CDIAL 13306). cf. sahaka_ra assistance (Skt.); sahiya_ru~ held in partnership; partnership (G.)(CDIAL 13299). sa_hasa boldness (MBh.); aggression (Gaut.); violent; boldness, violence (Pali); boldness (Pkt.); sa_has boldness (K.Mth.); violnece (H.); enterprise, adventure, violence (G.); courage, encouragement, help (N.); xa_h courage (A.); sa_hasa, sa_a_sa (Or.)(CDIAL 13378). sa_hasik bold, impetuous, violent (MBh.); sa_hasika bold (Pali); sa_hasi, sa_hasia bold (Pkt.); sa_hasⁱ (K.); sa_hasi (N.); sa_hasia_ boaster, liar (Or.); sa_hasi_ bold, violent (H.)(CDIAL 13379). Tolerable: sa_hya in cmpd. 'conquering' (RV.); help, fellowship (MBh.); shya tolerable, equal to, strong; help (MBh.); sajjha capable of bearing; help (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13383). Able; possible: ca.g (ca.gy) to be possible; ca.km sufficiency; ca.ko. it is enough; ca.ky enough (Ko.); so.k enough (To.); sa_ku he, she, or it is, they are sufficient or enough; sufficiency; sufficient, enough (Ka.); to suffice (Tu.)(DEDR 2470). s'akita pp. is able (MBh.); subj. s'akat, opt. s'ake_ma (RV.); haya, he to be able (Si.)(CDIAL 12237). s'akta competent, able (Mn.); sattha able (Pali); satta (Pkt.); s'ato, s'atu_k strong, powerful (of man, horse, chair)(Sh.); sato strong, powerful (S.)(CDIAL 12249). s'akti power (RV.); satti ability, power (Pali.Pkt.); s'at, s'att strength, violence (Sh.); sat power, courage (L.); s'atilu strong (Sh.); sati_l, sati_la_ (H.)(CDIAL 12250). s'akno_ti is able (RV.); sakko_ti, sakkati is able (Pali); sakke_i, sakkai (Pkt.); s'ak- (D..); hekun (K.); sakkn.a_, sakna_ (P.); s'ak (WPah.); sakhan.u (Garh.); sakn.o to be able, endure, bear, lift (Ku.); saknu to be able (N.); sakab (Mth.); sakai (OAw.); sakna_ (H.); sakai (OG.); s'akvu~ (G.); sakn.e~ (M.); s'akis.yati fut. (NiDoc.); sakkun.e_mu 1 pl. opt. (Pali); sakkan.o_i, sakkun.adi (Pkt.); saknauar causes to be able, helps; s'asti, sasti is able (Gypsy)(CDIAL 12252). s'akya possible (MBh.); sakka possible (Pali); s'aka, saka, sakiya (As'.); s'akya (NiDoc.); sakka, sakkia (Pkt.); sak-ho_cer is able (Gypsy); saki, haki possible, capable, clever (Si.)(CDIAL 12253). saha strong (RV.); -saha in cmpd. 'enduring' (Pali); saha- strong (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13298). sahata_ power of endurance (Skt.); seh, se power of endurance, practice, habit (G.)(CDIAL 13303). sahate_ conquers (RV.); bears, suffers (AV.); sahati is powerful (RV.); is able (MBh.); sahati conquers, endures (Pali); sahadi (Dhp.); sahidavya (NiDoc.); sahai endures (Pkt.); sahun to bear patiently (K.); sahan.u to endure; pres. part. sahando endurable (S.); sahan. to bear, put up with (L.); saun. (L.); sahin.a_, saihna_ (P.); sahan.o, sa_n.o, saun.o (Ku.); sahanu (N.); xa(h)iba (A.); saha_, saoya_ (B.); sahiba_ to bear, experience, wait, forgive (Or.); sahab to be able to bear (Mth.); sahai bears (OAw.); sahna_ (H.); pres. part. sahta_ bearable, luke-warm (H.); sahai (OMarw.); sahai (OG.); sahvu~, sahevu~, sevu~ (G.); sa_hn.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 13304). sahana endurance, patience (Ma_rkP.); sahan.a endurance (Pkt.); sahan.i_, sahin.i_ (S.); s'o~_r.~ forbearance (Ku.); sahan endurance (N.); xahan (A.); sahan (B.); sahan.a, sahan.a_, sahan.i forbearance (Or.); sahana_ what must be endured (Mth.); sahan endurance (H.); sen.i_ (G.)(CDIAL 13305). sahas strength (RV.); sahasa_ forcibly (Pali); saha plenty, help (N.); sah strength, ability (H.)(CDIAL 13306). sahuri strong (RV.); sahu- strong, capable (Pkt.); sahu_ able to endure much, patient (S.L.)(CDIAL 13311). To be able: cak be satisfied (Skt.); cakati is satisfied (Dha_tup.); cak(i)ye possible (As'.); cayai can; caia possible (Pkt.); 3 sg. opt. cakkiya_ (Pkt.); ca_yam.ta enabling; ca_iya made able (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4535). taku (takuv-, takk-takunt-) to be fit, appropriate, be obtained (Ta.); takavu ability, fitness (Ta.); takka fit (Ma.); tagina proper, becoming, fit (Te.)(DEDR 3005). To get ready: takl preparation of half the village lands for sowing while the other half is under crops (Ko.); taku to get ready (Ta.)(DEDR 3005). Image: headman: takk chief man, headman of village, man who superintends property and ceremonies of a god (Kod..); takka (pl.) chief family (Kod..); takka_r worthy, virtuous people, the noble, impartial, upright persons; tak-appan- father (Ta.); tak-appan father (Ma.); takl preparation of half the village lands for sowing while the other half is under crops (Ko.); takka a good man, friend; takku greatness, exalted position (Ka.)(DEDR 3005). cf. sagho strong (S.)(CDIAL 13081). diku a hindu landlord; hindu raiyats are also called hur.in dikuko; but, hur.in diku when denoting a single man always means the younger brother of a landlord (Mu.); diha_n headman of a village (Persian.Arabic.Sadani); diku-n to make oneself the landlord of a village; di-p-iku to speak Hindi or Sadani with each other; diku-u to become the landlord of a village; di-n-iku the extent of speaking Hindi or Sadani (Mu.); digua_r lowest official in the Indian police (Mu.); digwa_r a guard (Skt.)(Encyclopaedia Mundarica, p.1062).

2865.Image: sun: sahari the sun; sahuri sun; san:kila a fire-brand, burning torch; san:ka_ra the crackling of flames (Skt.lex.) jhas.a sun-heat (Skt.); zah heat, summer (A.); jhas.ati, jas.ati hurts (Dha_tup.)(CDIAL 5359). cahak brightness (N.); cahakilo brilliant, smart (N.); cahakna_ to burn (H.)(CDIAL 4731). ks.a_ti burning (RV.); jha_ya burnt to ashes (Pkt.)(CDIAL 5364). jha_yati burns (Pali); jha_van.a, jha_van.a_ burning (Pkt.); jha_payitaviye ger. to be burnt (As'.)(CDIAL 5371). jha_na conflagration (Pali); jha_n.i_ cremation ground (L.)(CDIAL 5365). jha_mala dimsighted (Pkt.); jha~_viro id. (S.); ha_u_l.a_ a disease of the eyes (Or.)(CDIAL 5370). jha~_i~_ dimness of sight (S.); jha_i~_ shadow (CDIAL 5367). cf. cha_ya_ shadow (Skt.lex.) Solar race: sagara name of a king of the solar race (whose sacrificial horse was stolen by Indra and carried down to the Pa_ta_la); s'aka name of a king (esp. applied to S'a_liva_na); an epoch, era (the term is esp. applied to the era of S'a_liva_hana which commences 78 years after the Christian era); s'aka_ pl. name of a country; name of a particular tribe or race of people (mentioned along with pun.d.rakas etc.); s'aka name of a tribe inhabiting the countries on the north-western frontier of India, the sacae of the classical writers, and generally identified with the scythians; s'aka_ri epithets of king Vikrama_ditya, who is said to have exterminated the s'akas; s'aka-kartr. the founder of an era (Skt.lex.) ce_kkir..a_r a family name among ve_l.a_l.as in ton.t.aiman.t.alam (Ta.Inscr.); ce_kun.am a country; ce_kun.ar people of ce_kun.am (Kalin.. 318)(Ta.lex.) sagara name of a king of Ayo_dhya_ (Ka.lex.) cf. ar-uvar, a_rvaru six persons : haris'andra, nal.a, purutsava (?pururutsa), puru_rava, sagara, ka_rtivi_rya (Ka.lex.) sa_gara the ocean (the bed of the ocean was dug by the sons of Sagara); a kind of computation of time (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) A tribe: s'a_ke_ndra a year of the king of the S'akas (Skt. inscr.); s'a_ka S'aka era, any era (Skt.); sakara_ja year of various Burmese eras (Pali); havajara year (OSi.Bra_hmi_ inscr.); havurud (OSi.); avurudda, aviridda (Si.); s'aka a white-skinned tribe (AVPari_s'.)(CDIAL 12373). s'aka are located in the south-west of India (Agni-pura_n.a. LV.16); just as Sindhu-Sauvi_ra are located in the south-west in Br.hatsam.hita_. cakaran- a chief famed for liberality, one of seven mutal-val.l.alkal.; cakarai-y-a_n.t.u < s'a_ka+ S'a_liva_hana era commencing from 78 A.D. (Pin..)(Ta.lex.)

2866. Image: one who lifts weights: can:goli a day-labourer (Ka.); ca_kara a servant; ca_kari serice; employment (Ka.Te.M.H.)(Ka.lex.) jagati a person who earns a livelihood by carrying weights (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Cart; s'akat.a cart (R. S'a_n:khS'r.); s'akat.i_ (RV.); s'akat.ika adj. (Pa_n..gan.a); s'akat.ika_ small cart (Skt.); sakat.a cart, waggon, cartload (Pali); ya_l.a cart (Si.); hagor^u cart (K.); sagr.a_ bullock-cart (B.); sagar.a (Or.); saggar.ia_ driver of a cart (Or.); sa_gar., saggar.a_ smaller cart (Bi.); sagar. (Mth.); saggar., sagar. cart; sagr.i_ small cart (H.); chakir.o cart (S.); chakr.a_, chikr.a_ large two-wheeled bullock-cart (P.); chakr.a_, s'akr.a_ cart (B.); chakar.a_ large cart (Bi.); chakkar., chakr.i_ (Mth.); chakr.a hackney carriage (Or.); chakr.a_ two-wheeled bullock-cart (H.); chakr.u~, chakr.o cart (G.); sa_kd.a_ the box of a load-cart (M.)(CDIAL 12236). Wheel; cart: ca_ka_t.u < s'akat.a cart, carriage (Kur-al., 476); cart wheel ( accut.ai-c ca_ka_t. t.a_ram: Pur-ana_. 256); cakat.a-k-ka_l cart-wheel, carriage-wheel (Na_lat.i. 2); cakat.a-p-por-i a machine in the shape of a wheel, used as a weapon of defence (Cilap. 15,216, Urai.); cakat.am cart, wheeled conveyance drawn by cattle, carriage, chariot (Ci_vaka. 363); car (Kantapu. Ka_ppu. 1); wheel; cakat.u cart (Periyapu. Tiruna_. 6); id. (Ma.); cakat.ai id. (Pur-ana_. 60, 8, Urai.)(Ta.) (Ta.lex.) cakad.a_, cakkad.i, cakkad.a_ (Tadbhava of s'akat.a) a cart; a travelling cart (Ka.); chakad.a_ (M.); cekad.a_ (Te.); cakat.am, cakat.u (Ta.); cagad.u, ca_d.u (Ma.)(Ka.lex.) cf. tagori the potter's wheel (Tu.); tikiri circle, circular form, wheel, potter's wheel, the discus weapon, chariot, car (Ta.); tayrgan. potter's wheel (Ko.); tiguri, tigari, tiguru a wheel, esp. a potter's wheel (Ka.)(DEDR 3201). A solid cart wheel; cart with solid wheels: sagar. a cart with solid wheels; to cart; sagar. gad.i a cart with 2-spoked wheels; sagar. jhagar. driving a cart; sagar.ia a carter; sagar. cak a cart wheel; sagar solid cart wheel (Santali.lex.) sagar.i, sagir.i, sagr.i a rudimentary cart, called sometimes a block-wheeled cart because its two wheels (ca_ka) are spokeless and made of three blocks of wood (cf. Pl.XV,(1)(Mu.); sagar. (Sadani. Oraon); ... used to transport bales, sheaves of reaped paddy, straw, firewood and timber (Mu.lex.) sakat.a cart; cakkamagga cart-rut (Pali)(Pali.lex.) Image: tire of a wheel: kat.t.u tire of a wheel (C.G.); surrounding; encirclement (Tirukko_. 313)(Ta.lex.); band (Ka.)(DEDR 1147). araghat.t.a wheel for raising water)(CDIAL 4451).

2867.Convolvulus scammonia: (Ancient Egyptian snwtt; Coptic ckamoynia) "This convolvulus is a twining shrub growing to 4 or 5 m, with large ochre-yellow funnel-shaped flowers and cordeate leaves... The Copts used it as a purgative and as an ingredient in an ointment... Theophrastus says that the gum of the plant occurs in its root..." (Lise Manniche, An Ancient Egyptian Herbal, p.93). Convolvulus scammonia: sak munia (H.); resin from rhizomes: hydragogue cathartic, administered in dropsy and anascara; roots contain about 8% resin; habitat: a native of the Mediterranean region; said to be grown to a limited extent in India. (GIMP, p.76).

2868.Young of an animal: s'a_baka, s'a_vaka the young of any animal (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ca_pam the young of an animal (Pa_rata. Campava. 40)(Ta.lex.)

2869.Image: fish: s'an:ku the skate fish (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) s'an:kuci, s'an:ko_ca a skate-fish (Skt.lex.) cf. han:gor hako, hon:gor hako shark (sword-fish)(Santali.lex.)

2870.Image: scissors: s'an:kula_ a pair of scissors; a kind of knife or lancet; s'an:kula_-khan.d.a a piece cut off with a pair of scissors (Skt.lex.)

2871.Shell-worker: s'an:khaka_ra, s'an:khaka_raka shell-worker (Skt.); sa~_k(h)a_ri maker of conch-shell bracelets (B.); san:kha_ri shell-worker (Or.)(CDIAL 12265). san:kha,sankha a wrist ornament made of shell worn by women (Santali.lex.) Image: conch: s'an:kha conch-shell (AV.); s'an:khaka (MBh.); san:kha conch, mother-of-pearl (Pali); sam.kha conch (Pkt.); sam.khiya_ small conch (Pkt.); san:ghi_ a kind of bracelet (S.); sa~_kh conch-shell (B.); sa~_kha_, sa~_ka_, se~kha_ conch bracelet (B.); san:kha_ (Or.); sa_m.kha conch-shell (OAw.); san:kh (H.); sak-a, hak-a (Si.); san:khu conch (S.); sa~_kh, sa~_k (Ku.)(CDIAL 12263). s'a_n:khini_, s'an:khini_ mother-of-pearl (Skt.)(CDIAL 12380). ha_ngi snail (K.); sa~_khi possessing or made of shells (B.); ho~gi pearl oyster shell, shell of any aquatic mollusc (K.); ha_ngi snail (K.)(CDIAL 12380). can:ku chank, conch, large convolute shell, turbinella pyrum, of four kinds: it.am-puri, valam-puri, calacalam, pa_cacan-n-iyam (Tiv. Periyati. 1,8,1); s'an:khutiri cork-screw; can:ku-p-par-aiyar a pariah sub-caste whose men act as conch-blowers at funerals; can:ku-val.ai shell-bracelets (Net.unal. 36, Urai); can:ku_ti convener of a village committee for settling disputes (G.Sm.D. I,i,181); conch-blower (Ta.lex.) Wristlet: sakom a wristlet; san:kha a wristlet of shell (Santali.lex.) Image: bracelet: an:katam bracelet worn on the upper arm (Tiruvil.ai. Ma_n.ik. 12)(Ta.); an:katam id. (Ma.); an:kata (Ka.Skt.); an:gadamu (Te.)(T.E.D.) Image: conch: sak, sak ghon:gha, sak rokoc a conch (Santali.lex.) sa~k gon:gha, sa~k rokoc conch shell (Santali.lex.)

2872.Image: lathe: s'an:khin a worker in shells (Skt.lex.) cf. can:ku-tiruki machine for sawing and cutting shells (W.)(Ta.); corkscrew (Ta.); s'an:khutiri (Ma.); can:ku-ttiri spiral winding in shells (Ta.); s'ankhitiri id. (Ma.); can:kuccuri screw, as being spiral (J.); can:kiri (Ma.); can:ku-c-cala_pam chank fishery (Ta.); can:ku shell bracelet (Te_va_. 89,1); can:ku < s'an:kha chank, conch, large convolute shell, turbinella pyrum, of four kinds, viz., it.am-puri, valam-puri, calacalam, pa_ca-can-n-iyam (Tiv. Periyati. 1,8,1)(Ta.); can:ku id. (Ma.); can:ku-t-ta_li ta_li with beads in imitation of chanks, one on either side; ta_li made of shell, worn by women (Parav.)(Ta.); can:ku-t-ta_li-vel.l.a_l.ar a class of ve_l.a_l.as whose women wear can:ku-t-ta_li (W.)(Ta.lex.) Image: bracelet: can:kam bracelet (Ir-ai. 39, Urai, 260)(Ta.lex.) s'an:khi having a conch; possessing shells; Vis.n.u; a shell-blower; a worker in shells; the ocean (Ka.lex.) tirugu, tiragu to go round; tiruguvike turning; tiruguha returning, restitution, compensation, discharge of a debt or obligation; tirupu that turns : a screw; an ornamental gold or silver screw; tirupu, tiravu, tiripu, tirivu, tirihu, tirumbu, tiruhu to cause to go round or move about, to turn etc, to whirl round; tiru, tibbu, tiri turning; tirumuru turnings and windings: reverse order; crookedness; tirigu, tiragu to go round; to turn; to turn round; to turn or go back; tiri to turn round; turning; a turn, a twist (Ka.Ta.Ma.Te.); tiri murivu turnings and windings; tiragan.i, tiragan.e, tirugan.i, tirugan.e, tirugun.i turning; that which turns: a wheel for raising water, a windlass, a roller; nemi, trike; an (ornamental) screw, in o_li-tiragan.i; tirugan.i-mad.uvu a whirlpool (Ka.) (Ka.lex.) Image: bend of a road: tiravu, tiruvu the turn or bend of a road (Ka.lex.)

2873.Image: front of neck: can:ku-kat.aital rattling in the throat as of dying persons (Ta.); can:ku-karayuka (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) s'an:khin suffering from whooping cough (A_pGr.S. xviii.3)(Vedic.lex.) san:ggh the front part of the neck, the gullet, the throat (Punjabi.lex.) can:ku throat (Ta.Ma.); can:ku-kat.aital rattling in the throat, as of dying persons (Ta.); can:ku karayuka id. (Ma.); hak neck (Pe.); hak-nar.a throat (Pe.)(DEDR 2282). s'an:kha temporal bone or frontal bone (Ya_j.); part of an elephant's head between the tusks (Skt.); sam.kha temporal bone (Pkt.); sen:kh ear (Gypsy); s'en. throat (Bshk.); s'a_n:g (Tor.); s'an:gi_rut. inside of throat (Phal.); sa~gh throat (L.); sa~ghr.i_ enlarged uvula (L.); sagh throat (L.); san:gh, san:gha_ throat, front part of neck, gullet (P.); s'a~_gi_ throat (WPah.)(CDIAL 12264). s.ak back of neck (Dm.); s.a_k (Phal.); s.ak, s.akh collar-bone (Sh.)(CDIAL 13576). hangun^u the temple, curl of hair on the temple (K.); honga, hongun^u chin (K.)(CDIAL 12266). Shin: su_rur.i, su_ror.i the shin (Kui); hu_sana_n.i, hu_salari, hu_san.a_r.i shin-bone; su_sna_d.i shin (Kuwi)(DEDR 2731). susik^yem my shin-bone (Shum.)(CDIAL 12647). Image: nape of the neck, mane: cuval nape of the neck, upper part of the neck, back, mane (Ta.); cugh nape of the neck (Br.); cug (Bal.)(DEDR 2696). se_rki the back of the neck (Kui); he_rki, herki neck; herki shoulder (Kuwi)(DEDR 2817). cf. sr.kvan corner of mouth (RV.); srakva corner of mouth, jaws (RV.)(CDIAL 13576). cf. car (obl. carr-, pl. cartil) neck (Pa.)(DEDR 2419).

2874.Image: a vessel: s'an:kari a kind of vessel; saraka, da_re-gin.d.al (Ka.lex.) Image; potsherd: sakkhara_ potsherd (Pali); sakara, sakuru, hakura, akura potsherd (Si.)(CDIAL 12337). sagged.e a cup, glass = cembu (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cikaram < cirakam dish, shallow brass plate; vat.t.il (Pin..); cirakam water-pot, ewer; karakam (Kalit. 51)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) A measure of capacity: sagad.a, sayad.a, saad.ha, sagad.i_, sagad.iya_ (Pkt.); hakat.a, hakad.a, yahad.a a measure of capacity (OSi. Bra_hmi_)(CDIAL 12236). Image: pot: s'a_kha a measure of capacity, kol.aga (Ka.lex.) Image: cord round the neck of a vessel: cf. s'ikyam, sikyam a burden or load carried in a sling; the strings of a balance; s'ic the string of a yoke (for carrying burdens) (Skt.lex.) s'ika_l.i_, s'ika_ri_ cord round the neck of a vessel; s'ika_rn.e~, s'ika_l.n.e~ to attach by a sling (M.); chiko, chi~ko net to hang up vessels in (Ku.); chika_ = sika_ (B.); si_ko string net for carrying vessels in (Ku.); siko rope-sling (N.); sikkaya, sikkia_ rope or net for hanging things on or in (Pkt.); s'ikkhur^u hanging rope or net (K.); si_ku~ hanging net (G.); sika_ hanging net, string loop at each end of carrying-pole (B.Or.); si_k, si_ka_, si~_ka_ net for hanging up pots in the house (Bi.); si_k (Mth.)(CDIAL 12427). sikahar net for hanging up pots etc. in a house (Bi.Mth.)(CDIAL 12428). Image: water-pot: cikaram, cirakam, karaka water-pot, dish, shallow brass plate; vat.t.il = karakam (Ta.lex.) For semant. 'handle' cf. kehel d.ed.d.i grewia tiliaefolia (dha_man tree)(Kui); keheli sp. tree, the wood of which is used for handles of weapons and tools (Kui)(DEDR 1907).

2875.Bride-price: cf. s'an:kara causing prosperity; s'am.-yu bringing welfare, benevolent, beneficent (RV. i.43.4) (Vedic.lex.) s'an:ga bestowing weal (TS. iv.5.8.1); s'an:gaya blessing the homestead (RV. ii.1.6; TBr. iii.5.10); s'an:gayi_ (RV. ix.97.17); s'an:gavi_ blessing and cattle (or bringing weal to the cattle)(S'Br. i.7.2.5) (Vedic. lex.) sun:kiga = culkiga a collector of customs, a custom-house officer, a publican; cf. sun:ka = s'ulka price; purchase-price of a woman (money, valour, learning etc.); the property settled on a woman before marriage; a dower; money advanced to ratify a bargain (Ka.lex.) cf. sulige plundering, robbery, pillage, booty; sugi, ugi; suli to plunder, to rob (Ka.lex.)

2876.Images: arrow: ca_n:ku (perh. s'an:ku) a kind of dart, arrow (Ta.lex.) s'an:ku spike, peg, nail (RV. i.164.8)(Vedic.lex.) s'o_ka-s'an:ku the dart of grief, i.e. sharp or poignant grief; s'an:ku the sharp head or point of an arrow, barb (Skt.lex.) s'an:ku a pin, peg, a spike; a stake, a post, a pillar; a dart, a javelin; the trunk of a topped tree; wood, dry wood; s'an:ku-stha_pane the erection of the first post of a house and its worship (Ka.lex.) s'akra-ma_tr.ka_ a wooden post for supporting Indra's banner (Skt.lex.) Image: gnomon; perpendicular column: cf. can:ku gnomon or perpendicular column for measuring the altitude of the sun by the length of its shadow (W.)(Ta.lex.) s'an:ku the style or pin of a dial; a surveyor's compass (Ka.lex.)

2877.Image: vein-like growth in a leaf: s'an:ku the vein-like growth in a leaf (RV. i.164.8) (Vedic. lex.) sakat, sakti vein (Kon.lex.) s'an:ku the fibres of a leaf (Skt.lex.)

2878.Image: twelve fingers: s'an:ku a measure of twelve fingers; a measuring rod (Skt.lex.)

2879.Image: goose: s'an:ku an aquatic animal, particularly, a goose (Skt.lex.)

2880.Perfume: s'an:ku a kind of perfume (nakhi_); the sa_la tree; s'an:kha a kind of perfume (nakhi_); one of the nine treasures of Kubera (Skt.lex.)

2881.Trade, merchandise: saoda trade, traffic, marketing, wares, merchandise, goods; to trade, to traffic, to buy, to purchase goods; cedakem polomlaka? ad.i okocin saodae tahe~kana why did you delay? I was buying many things; saoda ban. akrin akantalea our wares are not sold (Santali.lex.)

2882.Cultivation: sa_gol.i, sa_gval.i, sa_guval.i farming, tillage, cultivation of land (Tu.); sa_gu, ca_gu cultivation, tillage; sa_gubad.i cultivation, tillage (Te.)[cf. ca~_xna_ to sow, scatter seed (Kur.); cge to divide, scatter, sow (Malt.)(DEDR 2431)]; sa_gu, sa_ga cultivation, tillage, advance, improvement (Ka.); sa_gaval.i, sa_guval.i cultivation; sa_gisu to cultivate, foster (Ka.)(DEDR 2430). cf. sa~_ku to rear, foster (Te.); ca.k to support, rear (Ko.); sa_ku to bring up, foster (Ka.); sa_n:kuni to foster, nourish, shelter (Tu.)(DEDR 2427). cf. ca~_xna_ to sow, scatter seed (Kur.); cage to divide, scatter, sow (Malt.)(DEDR 2431). sakala with parts, divided (MaitrUp.)(CDIAL 13066). Annual rent-roll of land: ca_kupat.i-muccalikka_ an annual rent-roll in which the extent of land held by each individual ryot is recorded and his signature taken (R.T.); agreement containing the terms of cultivation executed by a tenant in favour of his land-lord (Tj.); ca_kupat.i- ra_ji_na_ma_ lease-deed of cultivable land (R.T.); ca_kupat.i- t-tit.t.am account, taken by revenue servants at the commencemen of the culivating season, of the holdings intended for cultivation (R.T.); approximate cultivation expenses; ca_kupat.i-k-kan.akku cultivation account (R.T.); ca_kupat.i cultivation (Ta.); sa_gubad.i (Te.); sa_guval.i (Tu.)(Ta.lex.) cf. uvacca-k-ka_n.i lands granted rent-free to a person of the uvaccan caste for service as a temple drummer (Ta.inscr.)(Ta.lex.) To support: tsa_karn, tsa_karni maid-servant; tsa_kor, tsa_kra_ servant; tsa_kri, tsa_kre, seva tsa_kri service; tsa_kri kar serve (Kon.lex.) o_caram adv. for the sake of, on account of (Ta.); o_skara id. (Ka.); ko_saramu id. (Te.)(Ta.lex.) ca.k to make to grow, rear, support (Ko.); so.k (so.ky-) to rear (To.); sa_ku to bring up, foster, rear, nurse, keep, protect, preserve; n. bringing up, fostering etc. (Ka.); sa_kisu to cause to bring up, etc. (Ka.); ca.k- (ca.ki-) to rear (child, young animal)(Kod..); sa_n:kuni to foster, nourish, nurse, bring up, take care of, protect, shelter; caus. sa_n:ka_vuni; sa_n:kan. fostering, nursing, nourishing, bringing up, adoption (Tu.); sa~_ku to rear, bring up, foster, educate, train up (Te.); sa~_kud.u rearing, bringing up (Te.)(DEDR 2427). cf. ta_n:ku (ta_n:ki-) to uphold, bear up, support, protect, give shelter (Ta.)(DEDR 3153). To help: sagho strong (S.); s'akra strong (RV.)(CDIAL 13081). saghno_ti is able to bear, is a match for (RV.); sagghasi (considered as 2 sg. fut. of sakko_ti 'is able')(Pali); hagnu to be able (K.); saghan.u (S.); saggan., sagan., haggun., hagan. (L.); s'aga~r.~ (Ku.); sagha_unu, saga_unu to help (N.); sagh be strong or able (Skt.)(CDIAL 13080).

2883.Image: horn: s.a_n:g horn (Pas'.); sam.ga made of horn (Pkt.); s'a_rn:ga made of horn (Sus'r.); bow (MBh.)(CDIAL 12409). s'a_rn:ga (fr. s'r.n:ga) = sin:ga_d.i made of horn, horny; a bow; the bow of Vis.n.u or Kr.s.n.a; s'a_rn:ga-dhanva Vis.n.u; s'a_rn:gi Vis.n.u; cf. sin:ga_d.i a bow (Ka.); cin:ka_t.i, cin:ka_n.i (Ta.); cin:ga_d.i a Turkish bow (Ma.); sin:ga_n.i, sin:gin.i made of horn; a bow made of horn, a bow (Te.)(Ka.lex.) s'a_rn:ga made of horn, horny; having a bow, armed with a bow; s'a_rn:gam a bow (in general); the bow of Vis.n.u; s'a_rn:gin an archer, a bowman; an epithet of Vis.n.u, of S'iva (Skt.lex.) ca_rn:kam < s'a_rn:ga bow (Pin..); Vis.n.u's bow, one of paca_yutam (viz., can:kam, cakkaram, katai, ca_rn:kam, kat.kam)(Tiv. Iyar-. 1,23; Vita_n-a. Maintar. 1); ca_ran:ka-pa_n.i Vis.n.u (Piramo_t. 13,65)(Ta.lex.) Image: loose fingers: cigi to let a finger or fingers loose; to discharge with the fingers, to throw with the fingers; to propel, as a pagad.e die that is laid near the doubled fore and middle finger by suddenly disjoining them (Ka.lex.) Image: bow: ca_kam bow (Te_va_. 1033,6); ca_vam < ca_pa bow (Cir-upa_n. 98)(Ta.lex.) Bow; pellet-bow: ca_rn:kam, ca_ran:kam Vis.n.u's bow (Tiv. Tiruccan. 15); bow; cin:ka_n.i bow for shooting small balls, pellet-bow (Ta. < s'ijini_ (Skt.); sin:ga_n.i (Te.); cin:ka_t.i id. (Ta.); sin:ga_d.i id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) caravan- bowman, as having arrows (Te_va_. 112,1)(Ta.lex.) Image: a bull: s'a_n:kara a bull; s'a_kkara, s'a_kvara an ox (Skt.lex.) Image: crookedness: can:ga, can:gya, con:ga, con:gu crookedness, perverseness; can:ga man:gatana (Ka.); sa_ci_kr.ta made crooked; bent, inclined; seen crookedly, distorted; distortion or perversion of mind; sa_ci crookedly, awry, obliquely (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) s.an:gala a small horn (Pas'.); ha~_gul the stag cervus wallichii (K.)(CDIAL 12410). s.ugo horn (Sh.); srun:g, s'run:g horn (Kho.)(CDIAL 12713). ucu_ horn (Pr.); sru_ horn(Av.)(CDIAL 12715). cin:ki < s'r.n:ga stag's horn (Mu_. A.)(Ta.lex.) sam.ga, sim.ga horn (Pkt.); sin:ga (Pali); s'ing (Gypsy); heng (K.); s'r.n:ga horn (RV.); s.i_n. horn (Ash.); s.i_n., s.^rin. (Wg.); s.in. (Dm.); s.a_n:g (Pas'.); s.i_n., s.e_n. (Pas'.); s.i_n. (Shum.Bshk.); s'in. (Wot..Phal.); s.in. (Gaw.Kal.Sh.); pl. s.in:ga (Phal.Or.); sin.u horn (S.); sin:g (L.P.); s'in:g, s'i~_g (WPah.); si_n. (Ku.); sin. (N.B.); xin. (A.); si~_gⁱ (Bhoj.); si~_g (Aw.H.); si~g (G.); s'i~_g (M.); s'i~_n:ga (Konkan.i); han:ga, an:ga, pl. an., sin:gu (Si.)(CDIAL 12583). Horned: s'r.n:gin horned (RV.); sin:gin, sin:gika horned (Pali); sim.gi (Pkt.); sin.e (N.); si~gi_ (G.); sin:gila a kind of horned bird (Pali); sin.iru horned (S.)(CDIAL 12595). Image: antelope: cf. cigari, cigare black buck or antelope; jin:ke antelope (Ka.); jimke deer (Ka.); jin:k antelope (Tu.); jin:ka id.(Te.)(DEDR 2504). cf. jhan:kar spotted deer; jola jhan:kar a species of deer; jel a deer (Santali.lex.) sru_ horn (Av.); ucu_ horn (Pr.); s.o_ (Tor.)(CDIAL 12715). srun:g, s'run. horn (Kho.); sru_ (Iranian); s.ugo (Sh.)(CDIAL 12713). Image: horned: s'r.n:gi, sin:gi horned; crested, peaked; s'r.n:ga_raka horned, crested; s'r.n:ga, sin:ga a horn; a horn used for blowing (Ka.lex.) sin:ga a ram's horn, a musical instrument shaped like a buffaloe's horn (Santali); sin:ghaut.i to tie the horns of a buffaloe to each side to keep it still when being castrated; sin:ghin having horns projecting in front, applied to goats, spiny (Santali.lex.) Great: sin:ghin great (Santali.lex.) A title: cin:kam a title, chiefly among ve_l.a_l.as, as in ba_lacin:kam (J.)(Ta.lex.) cin:kan- man of the fowler tribe (Kur-r-a_.Kur-a.); sin:gad.u id. (Te.)(Ta.lex.) Skin with horns attached: cf. s'i_ra pointed, sharp (RV.)(CDIAL 12495). cinala, cinal sharp (Ash.); cenal (Wg.)(CDIAL 12441). sigauta_ skin with horns attached (H.)(CDIAL 12587).

2884.Association; community; companionship, caravan: san.war a companion; san.war manaetina I have a companion (Santali.lex.) caa_yi intimacy, friendship (Tu.lex.) cf. sa~_go companionship, caravan (S.)(CDIAL 13328). sa~ota, sa~otar a Santal; sa~otalni, sa~otarni a Santal female (Santali.lex.) san:kiramam < san.-krama meeting, approaching, entering into relationship (Ci.Ci. 8,28, Civaja_.)(Ta.lex.) san:gati sexal intercourse; association, intercourse; san:gata union, association, intercourse, connection; friendship, acquaintance (Ka.lex.) saga crowd, collection (OSi.Bra_hmi_ inscr.); san:ga crowd, collection (Si.); sam.gha association, community (Mn.); the Buddhist community (As'.); assembly, collection (Pkt.); san:gha assembly, the priesthood (Pali); san:gu body of pilgrims (S.); san:g id. (L.P.)(CDIAL 12854). sa~_go companionship, caravan (S.)(CDIAL 13328). sam.ghapati chief of a brotherhood (Skt.); san:ghvi_ leader of a body of pilgrims, a partic. surname (G.)(CDIAL 12857). san:ga contact with (TS.); addiction to (Mn.); attachment, cleaving to (Pali); saga (Dhp.); sam.ga (Pkt.); sang union (K.); san.u connexion by marriage; san:gu body of pilgrims (S.); san., sa~g body of pilgrims or travellers (L.); san:g id., association (P.); sa~_gi ritual defilement by contact (N.); sa_n:ga uion, coitus (OB.); sa_n.a_t companion (B.); sa_n:ga company, companion (Or.); in an obl. case as an adv.: san:gi_ with, to (Phal.); san:g along with (P.); s'an. (Ku.); san.a (N.); sa_n:ge, san:ge near, with (Or.); san. with (Bhoj.); san:g (H.); sa~ge (G.); sa_ge~ (M.)(CDIAL 13082). san:gin attached to, fond of (MBh.); sam.gi, sam.gilla attached to (Pkt.); san:gi_ comrade (S.L.P.); one of a party of pilgrims (P.); san.i (N.); sa_n:ga, sa_n:gi_ (Or.); san:gi_ (H.)(CDIAL 13084). saha together with; sadha in cmpds. (RV.); saha with inst. 'with' (Pali.Pkt.); -sah (Bshk.); saha (OSi.); ha_ and, also, with; isa_ also (Si.)(CDIAL 13297). sahita accompanying (Ka_tyS'r.); accompanied by (MBh.); sahitam with inst. 'together with' (MBh.); sahita accompanied by (Pali);[alternative construction: sa + hita = sa- comitative prefix + -hita placed (RV.)(Pa_n..va_rtt.)]; sahita accompanied by (Pali); sahia (Pkt.); sei~, sei, sia_ with (WPah.); syu~_ (Ku.); se with, by, from (H.); sium. (OG.); su~ with (G.); ihi (Si.)(CDIAL 13310). sahit including, along with, also; sud sahit in emadea I paid with interest (Santali.lex.) sahaca_ra going together (AV.); sahaca_rin companion (MBh.)(CDIAL 13301). cf. sakhi (nom. sg. sakha_) friend (RV.); sakhi_ woman's confidante (MBh.); a mistress (VarBr.S.); sakha_ friend (Pali); sahi (Pkt.); saiya~_ lover, paramour, friend (N.); xai_ friend; xaiya_ partner in a game (A.); saha friend (Si.)(CDIAL 13074). sa_her.i_ woman's female friend (S.); sa_heli_ (G.)(CDIAL 13323). sa_khilya friendship (Skt.); sa_khalya, sa_khalla friendship (Pali); havul-a partnership (Si.)(CDIAL 13324). sa~_go companionship, caravan (S.)(CDIAL 13328). sagr.ha with one's household (TS.); saijjha, saijhia, saajjhia, saajjia, saejjhia neighbour (Pkt.); saijjhia neighbourhood (Pkt.); s'eji_ female neighbour; s'eja_r neighbourhood, neighbours; s'eja_ri_, s'eja_rn.i_ neighbour (M.)(CDIAL 13077). sakhi_, sakhika_ woman's female friend (Pali); sahi_, sahia_ (Pkt.); sai (B.); sahi, sai (Or.); saiyo (H.); sai (G.); sah,sai_ (M.); sahalar.i_ woman's female friend (OMarw.); sahiyar, saiyar (G.); saheli_ woman's female friend (L.P.); saheli (N.); sayla_ (B.); saheli_ (OAw.); saheli_ id., maidservant, concubine (H.); sahali_, saheli_ woman's female friend (OMarw.); sahi_li_ (OG.); saheli_ (M.)(CDIAL 13074). sahaka_ra assistance (Skt.); sahaka_ritva (TS.); sahaya_ra, saha_ra, sa_ha_ra help (Pkt.); saha_ra help, hope (K.); saha_ra_ patience (L.); saha_ro help (N.); xa~_riya_ a man who helps in another's work gratis (A.); [cf. ka_riyam work (Ta.lex.)]; saha_ra_ help (H.); sahiya_ru~, saiya_ru~ held in partnership; partnership (G.); sahara_ help (M.); saha_rna_ to prop, bear, sustain (P.)(CDIAL 13299). sahaja_ born together (RV.); sahaja (TS.); full brother (Skt.); sahaja_ta born together (Skt.); sahaja, sahaja_ta born at the same time (Pali); sahaya natural; sahaja_ya born at the same time (Pkt.); sahada full brother (Si.)(CDIAL 13302). saha_ya companion, helper (Mn.); saha_ya, saha_yaka companion (Pali); saha_ya (Pkt.); sa_ha_ helper, encourager (Or.); saha_u_ helper (H.); saha friend (Si.)(CDIAL 13309). cf. saha_ya companion, helper (Pali.Pkt.)(CDIAL 13309). sakhila friendly (Skt.); kindly (Pali)(CDIAL 13075). Related by blood: saka one's own (Pali); spa(kaspi) (As'.); svaka- in: svakatha (svaka- artha-) (Dhp.); saga-, saya-, saa- (Pkt.); svaka one's own; kinsman, friend (Mn.); siya one's own (Si.); siya_ kinsman (Si.)(CDIAL 13894). sva one's own (RV.); sa id. (Pali.Pkt.); kinsman (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13893). suli_ friend, comrade (Kt.); so_li_ (Wg.); so_l, so_lu_ (Pr.); svakulya of one's own family (Skt.)(CDIAL 13895). svaki_ya of one's own family (MBh.); sakka one's own (Skt.); sako kinsman (S.); sakka_ born of the same parents; kinsman, relation by marriage (L.); sakka_ related by blood (L.); sakka_, saka_ of full blood relationship (P.); sa~_k related by blood (Ku.); sakh of full blood relationship (K.); sa_kh, sa_kkhai (N.)(CDIAL 13896a). svaga without kin (AV.); sagga one's own (Skt.); sago born of the same parents (S.); sagg of full blood relationship (P.); sagga_, saga_ (H.); saga kinsman (OG.); sagu~ related by blood; sa_gvu~ relatives (G.); saga_ of full blood relationship (M.)(CDIAL 13896b). sa_k relationship, connection by marriage (L.); kinsman (P.)(CDIAL 13919). sva_gata welcome (R.); sa_gatam. welcome! (Pali); sa_gada, sa_ada welcome, auspicious (Pkt.); sa_iu, sa_m.i_ (OG.); sa~_i, sa_ir.u~ embrace at meeting, welfare, happy state (G.)(CDIAL 13920). sva_gata welcome (Pali.lex.) sva_min owner, master (Mn.); husband (A_past.); -sva_mika in cmpds. (Mn.); sa_min, sa_mika owner, master, husband; sa_miya husband; suva_min master (Pali); spamika, suva_mika, s.uva_mikya, sva_mika (As'.); svamisya, sa_miasa (KharI.); sa_mi, sa_mia (Pkt.); sa_hi (Skt.); saui owner, master (Gypsy); sa~_i~_ (S.); sa~_i, (as term of address) sa_i (L.); sa_i~_, sa_i_ya~_ master, husband (P.); saiya~_ lover, paramour, friend (N.); sa~_i master, (used in boys in play) ca_i (B.); sa_i_ lord, king, deity (Or.); sai~e~ husband (among lower classes); sa~_i~ husband (as addressed by wife)(Or.); sa_i~_ God (Bhoj.); sa_i~m. lord, master; sa_i~_ saint (OAw.); sa~_i_ master, husband, God, religious mendicant (H.); faqir (G.); sa~_ term of respectful address (G.); sa_i_ title of respect, term of address (M.); sa_mi-ya_, hmi-ya_ husband; himi-ya_ master, owner, husband (Si.); is'pu_nj, pa_nje_, po_nze, po~_^es', po~_i master, husband (Pas'.)(CDIAL 13930). sa_mika owner; husband; sa_min owner, ruler, lord, master; husband; sa_miya husband (Pali.lex.) s'ri_: -s affix to names of relationship (M.); cf. use of -bhat.t.a- with names in s'ri_mha_la-bhat.t.a = mha_lasa_-bhat.t.a in 16th. cent. Sk. (M.)(CDIAL 14824). Comrade: sa_gya_, sa~gya_ comrade (M.)(CDIAL 13084). sa_khiya, sa_khya association, party (RV.); friendship (Skt.); sakhya friendship (Pali)(CDIAL 13323). Joint property; help: sa_hya in cmpd. 'conquering' (RV.); help, fellowship (MBh.); sahya tolerable, equal to, strong; help (MBh.); sajjha capable of bearing; help (Pkt.); sa_ha_yya help (Mn.); sa_ha_ya (Skt.); sa_hajja help (Pkt.); sa_jhi_ joint property; sa_jo-pa_jo joint (Ku.); sa_jha_ partnership (N.); sa_jhi partner (Or.); sa_jh partnerhsip (Mth.Bhoj.); sa_jha_ association (H.); sahaya, saha_ help (Si.); sa_hya help, fellowship (Skt.); sahya help (MBh.); sajjha (MBh.Pkt.); sa~_jh companionship; sa~_jha_ held in partnership (L.); sa~_jh share, partnership; sa~_jha_ partnership (P.)(CDIAL 13381). sa_m.s'a having or consisting of parts or shares (Skt.); sam.sa together with its parts (Pkt.); sa~_zu half produce of land (Sh.); sa~_jo jointly owned (Sh.); sa_jha_ held in partnership; sa~_jha_ common (L.)(CDIAL 13318). sa_kam jointly, with (RV.); sa~_ with (S.)(CDIAL 13319). sa_m.ghika member of a community of monks (Skt.); san:ghika belonging to the Sangha (Pali); sa~_ghi_ partner, friend (L.); san:ghiya_ companion (H.); sn:g relating to the brotherhood (Si.)(CDIAL 13313). Association: can:ka_tam assembly, multitude, company, association, combination (Ci.Ci.1,14,Civa_k.) san:ga contact with (TS.); addiction to (Mn.); attachment, cleaving to (Pali); sam.ga (Pkt.); sang union (K.); san.u connexion by marriage (S.); san:gu body of pilgrims (S.); san., sa~g body of pilgrims or travellers (L.); san:g id., association (P.); sa~_gi ritual defilement by contact (N.); sa_n:ga union, coitus (OB.); sa_n.a_t companion (B.); sa_n:ga company, companion (Or.); sa_gwa_na_ to collect (H.); san:gi_ with, to (Phal.); san:g along with (P.); s'an. (Ku.); san.a (N.); sa_n:ge, san:ge near, with (Or.); san. with (Bhoj.); san:g (H.); sa~ge (G.); sa~ge~ (M.)(CDIAL 13082). sam.gata united (AV.); union (MBh.); sam.gati meeting (RV.); san:gata met (Pali); sam.gaya met; union (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12844). Image: meeting, union: can:kamam meeting, union; river-mouth; confluence of rivers; S'aiva devotees, as viewed collectively (Ta.lex.) Society: sam.gan.ika_ society, the world (Skt.); san:gan.ika_ association (Pali); an:ganiya assembly (Si.)(CDIAL 12846). sam.gra_ma assembly of people, battle (AV.); san:ga_ma battle (Pali); sam.ga_ma (Pkt.); san:gam (Si.)(CDIAL 12853). Caravan; company; collection of good men: sa~_go companionship, caravan (S.)(CDIAL 13330). san:gu body of pilgrims (S.); san:ga battle (RV.); contact with (TS.); addiction to (Mn.); attachment, cleaving to (Pali); s.aga (Skt.); sam.ga (Pkt.); sang union (K.); san.u connexion by marriage (S.); san:g, sa~g body of pilgrims or travellers (L.); san:g along with (P.); association (P.); sa~_gi ritual defilement by contact (N.); sa_n:ga union, coitus (OB.); sa_n.a_t companion (B.); sa_nga company, companion (Or.); sa~gwa_na_ to collect (H.); san:gi_ with, to (Phal.); s'an. along with (Ku.); san.a along with (N.); sa_n:ge, san:ge near, with (Or.); san. with (Bhoj.); san:g with (H.); sa~ge with (G.); sa~ge~ with (M.)(CDIAL 13082). san:gin attached to, fond of (MBh.); sam.gi, sam.gilla attached to (Pkt.); san:gi_ comrade (S.L.P.); one of a party of pilgrims (P.); san.i comrade (N.); sa_n:ga comrade (Or.); sa_n:gi_ comrade (Or.); san:gi_ comrade (H.); sa~gya_ comrade (M.)(CDIAL 13084). sa_jan gathering of respectable men attending a wedding, the bridegroom's party (G.); sa_jnu~ a meeting of caste-members to decide a caste question (G.); sa_janem. association, friendship (OM.)(CDIAL 13330). To touch, to draw near; attachment: tagalu, tagilu, tagulu to come in contact with, touch, hit, have sexual intercourse with; tagalisu, tagilisu, tagulisu to cause to come into contact with, etc.; taguluvike touching; tagul. to be joined together, come near, approach, meet, unite onself with, commence, run after, chase, pursue, drive away, push back; tagul.isu to chase, drive away; tagul.cu to join, attach, put to, join oneself to, get to, come under the rule of, undertake anything, engage in, employ, set on fire, kindle, damage with fire; tagul.pa state of being joined, union (Ka.); tagaruni to draw near (Tu.); tagulu, tavulu to touch, come in contact with, strike against, follow, pursue, be entangled, ensnared or caught, be found or met with; n. attachment, interest, wish, desire; tagilincu to cause to touch, catch, adhere or stick to, attach, fix, fasten, insert, hang on, apply; tagula~-bad.u to burn, be on fire; tagula~-bet.t.u to set on fire; tagulamu, tagula_t.mu attachment, tie, affection, fondness, love, passion, addictedness, connexion, relation, hindrance, obstacle, a fetter; tagulukonu to get entangled or ensnared, catch fire; tagulucu to cause to touch; tagulud.u, taguludala touching, contact, catching, addictedness; taguluvad.u to be caught, seized, or entangled (Te.); tagli- (-t-) to touch, hit (Kond.a); takna_ to rub or graze in passing, give a very slight knock; refl. pass. takrna_ to get a slight knock (Kur.); take to touch, hurt (as a sore); takuwre to be pained or grieved (Malt.); tai-va_- to touch (Ta.)(DEDR 3004). Harsh; firm: saktu hard, firm; harsh, severe; oppressive, rigorous (Ka.); sakta (M.H.) (Ka. lex.) sa_bi_tu, sa_bu_tu sound, firm; proved, established (Ka.); sa_bi_ta, ta_bu_ta (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) cf. stha_pita established (Skt.lex.) Attached: sajati is attached, embraces (Dha_tup.); asakta adhered to (TBr.); a_saja_mi place in (RV.); sajayati attaches to (Skt.); couples (Mn.); sajyate_, sajjate_ hangs on (S'Br.); is occupied with (MBh.); sakta clinging to (AV.); sajjati clings to, is attached to (Pali); sajjai (Pkt.); sajati embraces (Pali); sacce_ti touches (Pali); sacca_pe_ti undertakes, fulfils (Pali); s.ayati holds on to (NiDoc.); s.e, s.- to stick to, cling to, be attached to (Pas'.); s'oyek to come near, approach (Kho.); s'a~_dn.u to attach (a ploughshare (WPah.); s.acoiki (1 sg. s.a_cam, pp. s.a_tu) to become attached to, stick to, be hit by (bullet, etc.), be affected by, begin (with inf.)(Sh.); s'acn.o, s'acn.o~, chacn.o~ to stick to, adhere to (WPah.); satta attached to, clinging to (Pali.Pkt.); s.a_tem I embrace (Kal.); satan.u to enter on anything zealously (S.); s.atene adj. sticking to (WPah.)(CDIAL 13085). Near: cen:gat.a(n) near, close by; cen:gali nearness, neighbourhood (Te.); cekkal near (Pa.); caxa_ around, near, in the vicinity of (Kur.)(DEDR 2753). sa_khya association, party (RV.); friendship (Skt.); sakhya friendship (Pali ?< sa_khya?); sa_hi, sa_i part of town inhabited by people of one caste or tribe (Or.); sa_her.i_ woman's female friend (S.); sa_heli_ (G.)(CDIAL 13324). sa_khilya friendship (Skt.); sa_khalya, sa_khalla id. (Pali); havul-a partnership (Si.)(CDIAL 13324). sakhi friend (RV.); saha friend (Si.); sakhi_ woman's female friend (Pali); sahalar.i_ id. (OMarw.); saheli_ id. (S.L.P.); sahali_, saheli_ id. (OMarw.); sahi_li_ id. (OG.); saheli_ id. (M.)(CDIAL 13074). sanghvi_ leader of a body of pilgrims, a partic. surname (G.)(CDIAL 12857). [Synonyms: sattha caravan (Pali.Pkt.); satthava_ha caravan leader (Pali.Pkt.); sa_tha_ pilgrims' guide (B.); satva_ merchant (Si.)(CDIAL 13364-5).] can:kam mustering, gathering (Perun..Makata.17,38); society, assembly, council, senate, academy: pulampuri-c-can:kam porul.ot.u mur..an:ka (Man.i. 7,114); union, junction; sexual intercourse: can:kamun:kikan- (Tiruppu. 556)(Ta.lex.)

2885.Ceremony; business: can-karan- < s'an.-kara dispenser of happiness (Cilap. 10, 186, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) can:kam friendship, love, attachment (Tirukko_. 85)(Ta.lex.) caki < sakhi male companion (Uttarara_. An-umap. 45); cakitan- < sahita one in company with another (Civaraka. Kan.apatikumara. 4) (Ta.lex.) san:kalike union; a pair of weddig garments; san:kalike-do_tra two do_tras; san:ga association, intercourse, friendship, love (Skt.Ka.); sexual intercourse (Ka.); san:ga ma_d.u to connect one's self with, to associate with; to have sexual intercourse; san:gad.i a companion; san:ghat.t.i id., a follower (Ka.lex.) sa~oha~ to marry, applied to the marriage of a person who has been previously been married; baha sa~ohaketkinale we married them; the ceremony observed at a marriage of this kind is that the man sticks a flower in the back hair of the woman with his left hand; sa~o together with, along with, in company with; sa~oha~ well, befitting, proper, seemly, effecively (Santali.lex.) sa_kam jointly, with (RV.); sa~_ with (S.)(CDIAL 13319). For semant. 'flower' cf.: can:ka_rittam celestial cloud which rains flowers, one of catta-me_kam (Pin...)(Ta.lex.) baha a flower; to flower; baha bas at the conclusion of a dance one or more of the musicians passes each a flower along the line of girl dancers; baha dak at the Baha festival, water is thrown by certain persons on others; this is known as baha dak or flower water; baha porob the flower festival of the Santals, observed about the middle of Phagun or the end of February (Santali.lex.) san:ka_ra ceremony (Skt.lex.) cf. sam.ka_yati celebrates (a wedding), causes to arrange (MBh.); sam.ka_ra a religious ceremony (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12821). sam.ka_ri_ a girl recently deflowered (Skt.lex.) sikr.i makr.i marriage bonds (Santali. lex.) san:ke_taka agreement, convention; appointment; a lover or mistress who makes an appointment; san:ke_tayati to agree upon, appoint; to fix by convention, lay down conventionally; to invite, call; to give a hint; san:ke_tita agreed upon, fixed by convention; invited, called Skt.lex.) [san:ke_ti a certain caste of sma_rta bra_hman.as in Mysore, speaking a very corrupt Tamil (Ka.lex.)] sam.krama a medium or means of attaining any object; sam.kra_ma difficult progress; sam.ka_rtanam praising, applauding, extolling; glorification of a deity; repeating the name of a deity as a pious or devotional act; sam.klr.p to wish or long for; caus. to resolve, determine, settle; to indent, aim at; to arrange or connect together; to fix, assign, allot; to consecrate, dedicate; to think about, ponder, reflect; sam.kalpa will, volition; a solemn vow to perform an observance (Skt.lex.) cf. can:kati < san:gati affair; connection, relation (I_t.u, 4,6, Pra.)(Ta.lex.) jambra an affair, business; ceremony (Tu.lex.) sam.kalpa will, desire (AV.); san:kappa thought, intention (Pali); sam.kappa (Pkt.); sakapa opinion (Si.)(CDIAL 12819). va_ura_d.i labourer; va_ur, va_ur work, to make effort (Kon.lex.)jambara affair, business (Ka.); jambara, jamba_ra (Tu.); jarupu to do, perform (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cumaur.a ceremony at marriages (Santali.lex.) doba_zo pomp; dobajea_tso solemn, ceremonious (Kon.lex.) To adorn: sam.skr. to adorn, decorate, grace; to refine, polish; to cultivate, educate, train; to make ready, prepare, equip, fit out; to cook, dress (food); to collect, heap together;[cf. can:ka-mat.aippal.l.i a sub-caste of mat.ai-p-pal.l.i so called from their ancestors having been cooks or ministers (Ta.lex.)]; sam.skr.tr. one who dresses, cooks, prepares etc; sam.ska_ra making perfect, refining, polishing; education, cultivation, training (of the mind); making ready, preparation; cooking, dressing (of food etc.); embellishment, decoration, ornament; consecration, sanctification; any faculty or capacity; effect of work, merit of action; a purificatory rite, a sacred rite or ceremony; obsequial ceremonies; a polishing stone; sam.skr.ta made perfect, refined, polished, cultivated; adorned, decorated; excellent, best; a learned man; refined or highly polished speech, the Sanskrit language; an offering, oblation (mostly Vedic)(Skt.lex.) can:katam Sanskrit (can:kata pan:kama_y pa_kata-ttot.rait turaitta : Te_va_. 858,2)(Ta.lex.) sam.kr.ti beautifully or symmetrically fashioned, of excellent action (TS. iv.2.6.2) (Vedic.lex.) sam.kr._t to recite; to praise, celebrate, glorify; to tell, mention; to proclaim, announce (Skt.lex.) Preparedness, readiness: cavaran.ai preparedness, readiness (Ta.); savaran.a (Te.); savaran.e (Ka.); cavaran.ai prosperity, affluent circumstances (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) sam.vr.n.o_ti puts in order (Skt.); sam.vr.ta (RV.); sammarna_ to sweep (P.); sumarnu, somarnu to make use of (N.); sa_mla_na to put in order (B.); sa~_varn.e~, sa_varn.e~ to gather up, recover, rectify (M.)(CDIAL 13015). sawa_run to undertake, arrange, put in order (K.); sa_va_ran.u to arrange, put in order, beautify; sa~viran.u to be arranged etc. (S.); sa~varan. to be made ready, adorn, clean; sa~varan. to be made ready, etc. (L.); sam.va_rai, sava_m.rai builds, prepares, decorates (OAw.); sa~wa_rn.a_, sama_rna_ to arrange, prepare, deck (H.); sa~warna_ to be arranged, etc. (H.); sava_rai prepares (vegetables and other food) for cooking (OMarw.); sama_rai keeps in order, brushes (OG.); sama_rvu~ to repair, erect after damage, adorn, weed, prepare (vegetables) for cooking (G.)(CDIAL 13021). sam.va_ran.a warding off (MBh.); sava_rn.i_ adornment, shaving (S.)(CDIAL 13020). cf. va_r (-v-, -nt-) to comb as hair (Ta.)(DEDR 5357). Preparation: sam.kr. to commit; to manufacture, to prepare; to do, perform in general (Skt.lex.) sam.skaro_ti prepares (MBh.); sakharun to prepare for a journey, busy oneself with (K.)(CDIAL 13037). sam.ska_ra preparation (Gr.S'r.); san:kha_ra preparation (Pali); sam.ka_ra, sakka_ra, sakka_la (Pkt.); sakara preparation, accomplishing (Si.)(CDIAL 13038). sam.skr.ta put together, completed (RV.); sakkhata put together, cooked, embellished (Pali); sakkaya adorned (Pkt.); sak- to dress, arrange, decorate (Pas'.); saku Sanskrit (Si.)(CDIAL 13039). sam.skr.ti preparation (VS.); san:khati cookery (Pali); sam.khad.i cooking of rice (Pkt.); sakhar immediate preparation before starting a journey (K.)(CDIAL 13040). can:kat.i ragi porridge (Intupa_ka. 83); san:kat.i id. (Te.)(Ta.lex.) To rub; to shampoo the body; to make ready; to equip: saa~_riba_, sua_riba_, sua~_l.iba_ to card coarse cotton with the fingers, separate hair of head into strands, massage the body (Or.)(CDIAL 13021). sam.va_ha shampooing the body (MBh.); rubbing the body (Pkt.); samba_hu preparation (S.); sam.va_hayati assembles (Skt.); sam.vahai carries, is ready (Pkt.); sambahan.u to get ready, equip; to be accoutred, be equipped (S.); sam.va_hai drives, makes ready (Pkt.); samba_hin.u to cause to get ready, to equip (S.)(CDIAL 13017). [cf. savaru to rub in or apply to (Ka.)(DEDR 2389)].

2886.Wedding pavilion: caturam < catur-as'ra square (Perun.. Ucaik. 42,29); id. (Ma.); catura-p-pa_t.u id. (Kur-al.. 235, Urai)(Ta.lex.) catura square; caturika_ square court (Skt.); caraya meeting place in a village (Pkt.); cauri_, cauriya_ wedding pavilion (Pkt.); caura_ raised platform on which the Tulasi plant is worshipped; cauri_ courtyard surrounded by houses; caura_ place where sati_ is performed (H.); cori having four sloping roofs, quadrangular (B.); coro village meeting place (G.); cori_ square enclosure in which marriage ceremony is performed (G.)(CDIAL 4595). caupa_ri_ assembly hall (OAw.); caupa_r. vestibule, assembly room (H.)(CDIAL 4644). catvara quadrangular place (MBh.); caccara quadrangular space (Pali); cattara, caccara (Pkt.); ca_tar expanse of water; ca_ta_l enclosed space, paved floor (B.); ca_car courtyard (G.)(CDIAL 4654). cavukkai square shed; raised square platform for sitting (Vir-alivit.u. 112)(Ta.); caukka (Pkt.)(Ta.lex.) X Fourth: turi_ya fourth (RV.); a quarter (AV.); turi_yaka (Ya_j.); turya (Pa_n.. Va_rtt.); turia 4th (Pkt.); truy^u votive oblations made on behalf of a woman on the 4th day of delivery (K.)(CDIAL 5881). turi_ya a quarter, a fourth part; (in ve_da_nta phil) the fourth state of the soul in which it becomes one with Brahman or the Supreme Spirit (Skt.lex.) turya_s'ra 4-cornered (Skt.); turyavah cow 4 years old (TS.)(CDIAL 5881). caturtha fourth (AV.); catuttha (Pali); cauttha, cattha, caut.t.ha (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4600). cautha_ri_, caut.ha_ri_ untying of bracelets 4 days after marriage ceremony (Bi.)(CDIAL 4603). caturttam fourth (Tan.d.i. 95)(Ta.lex.)

2887.Sacrifice: sa_ran:ga one performing a sacrifice (AitBr.)(Vedic.lex.) bon:ga saranjan materials for sacrifice; saman.ak a sacrifice (Santali.lex.) ca_n:kiyam ceremonies, rites (Ta.lex.) sa_n:ga together with the vedic angas; san:go_pa_n:ga along with the vedic an:gas and upa_n:gas (Ka.lex.) ca_n:gama_y wholly, completely (Ci.Ci. 8,4, Ja_n-ap.)(Ta.lex.) Skanda: s'a_n:kari name of Ka_rttike_ya; of Gan.es'a; s'a_kha name of Ka_rttike_ya (Skt.lex.)

2888.Conventional trade terms; agreement: san:ke_tam agreement, stipulation, understanding between parties; sense of solidarity due to religious or social identity (Kur-al., 735, Urai.); conventional terms limited to trades, professions; land assigned to a temple and made tax-free (Ta.lex.) sa_ng to say (Kon.lex.) san:ke_ta an intimation, allusion; a sign, gesture, hint; an indicatory sign, mark, token; agreement, convention (san:ke_to gr.hyate ja_tau gun.adravya kriya_su ca); engageme, appointment, assignation (made by a mistress or lover)(na_masame_tam kr.ta san:ke_tam va_dayate_ mr.du ve_n.um : Gi_tago_vinda); a place of meeting (for lovers), rendezvous (ka_nta_rthino tu ya_ ya_ti san:ke_tam sa_bhisa_rika_); condition, provision; a short explanatory rule (gram.); san:ke_ta gr.ham, san:ke_ta nike_tanam a place of appointmet or assignation, rendezvous; san:ke_taka agreement, convention; appointment, assignation; san:ke_tanam appointment, agreement, a rendezvous (Skt.lex.) sanketa intimation, agreement, engagement, appointed place, rendezvous; sanketan gacchati to keep an appointment, to come to the rendezvous; sanketana without appointing a place; vassika sanketa the appointed time for keeping the rainy season; sanketa kamma agreement (Pali.lex.) sanketana, sanketa, sanketana-t.t.ha_na place of rendezvous (Pali.lex.) ketu [Vedic ketu clear; Lat. caelum; OHG. heitar, heit; Goth. haidus; E. -hood. orig. appearance, form, like] ray, beam of light; flag, banner, sign, perhaps as token of splendour; ketu-kamyata_ desire for prominence, self-advertisement; ket.ubha the science which assists the officiating priests by laying down rules for the rites, or by leaving them to their discretion; in short, the ritual or kalpa (Pali.lex.) Intention, will: ke_ta will, knowledge (RV. i.24.12); ke_tapu_ purifying the will or mind or intention (RV. i.104.3); ke_ta-sap obeying the will (RV. v.38.3)(Vedic.lex.) Leader: ke_tu leader, chief (RV. x.92.1; VS. xxix.37)(Vedic.lex.) san:ke_ta a sign; a signal; an intimation; assignation, an appointment; abbreviation (M.B. Belsare, An etymological Gujarati English Dictionary, 1895). san:gat circumstance (Kon.lex.) san:ke_ta anyindicatory sign or gesture, intimation, hint, allusion (Ka.); a sign, a signal, a token, a mark, symbol (Skt.Ka.); samaya (Ka.); gesticulation (Ka.); agreement, convention (Skt.Ka.); engagement (Ka.); appointment, assignation (with a lover)(Skt.Ka.); san:ke_taka an agreement, a convention, an appointment (Skt.Ka.); a rendezvous (Ka.); san:ke_tana an agreement, a convention; san:ke_tana bhavana a house of assignation, appointed house; san:ke_ta sthala, san:ke_ta bhu_mi a place of assignation, appointned place; vanapu, kombu, kol.a; san:ke_t.a_ks.ara a secret writing; san:ke_ti a certain cast of sma_rta bra_hman.as in Mysore, speaking a very corrupt Tamil; san:ke_ta-udyo_ga secret exertion (Ka.lex.) vyavaha_ra-maulya-san:ke_tana appointment of the price in a transaction; keyma_d.u (to make signs or gestures with the hand; to represent the form of something by means of the hands; to appoint or fix the price or to agree about the price in a transaction, to conclude a bargain (Ka.lex.) Synonym: be_gu keyma_d.ene be_gembudartham i.e., agreement reached through hand-signals (Ka.lex.)

2889.Agreement; hospitality: san:gara a promise, an agreement; accepting, undertaking; a bargain; san:gr._ to promise, make a vow; to agree in calling; to recognize, acknowledge; san:gi_rn.a agreed or assented to; promised, vowed (Skt.lex.) cf. ge_n.i rent, contract (Ka.Tu.)(DEDR 1999). Partner in trade: an:ggi a relation, kinsman or kinswoman; a partner in trade; an:ggi kar a companion, a co-partner, agreement, acknowledgement; an:ggi kari companionship, co-partnership, relationship (P.lex.) an:gi_karo_ti agrees to, promises (Skt.); am.gi_karai promises (Pkt.); a~gerna_, a~gejna_ (H.)(CDIAL 133). sahi, suh promise (Santali.lex.) san:gara agreeing together; agreement, assent, promise (Ka.lex.) saka_r acceptance of a bill (P.N.); id.( H.M.); saka_r agreement (Marw.G.); svi_ka_ra agreement (Skt.); saka_r acceptance of bridegroom by the bride's family (K.); sakka_ra hospitality, reverence (Pali.Pkt.); sakka_ram. karo_ti bids farewell (Pali); satka_ra hospitality, kind treatment (Mn.); satkr. perform hospitality rites; set right, prepare, adorn, garnish, cremate; agni-satkr. burn (Skt.)(CDIAL 13108). saha-kr.t co-operating; a co-adjutor, associate, colleague; sahata_ union, association (Skt.lex.) Pretext: ca_kku excuse, pretext (Ta.); sa_ku id., pretence, palliation (Ka.); pretence, pretext, pleas, excuse (Te.)(DEDR 2428). Contract for cultivation: saeka, saekabondobo_so a contract by which one cultivates another's field and gives him in compensation, not a percentage of the produce, but a fixed amount, whether the crop be a success or failure; saeka-baba paddy given or received under a saeka-contract (Mu.lex.) cf. cey field, esp. wet field (Ta.); ceyi rice-field (Ma.); key, key(y)i, kay field (Ka.)(DEDR 1958). ja_ki_r < ja_gi_r (Pers.) tenure of land, common under Muhammadan government, by which the revenues of a certain tract of land were made over either unconditionally or on condition of performing some public service; hereditary assignment of land and of its rent as annuity (R.F.; I.M.P. 1819)(Ta.lex.) Rent in kind or money: ce_va_ rent in kind or money (Na_t.. Chet.t.i.) (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Profession: cikal action, deed, profession (Ta.lex.) cae colon, cal conduct (Santali.lex.) cf. cey (-v-, -t-) to do, make, create; n. deed, act, action; ceykai deed, act, action, work, conduct, that which is manufactured; ceyti deed, act, action, occupation, conduct (Ta.)(DEDR 1957). saja, saja_, sajha_, sajhia a contract between people for pooling their money to buy something (Mu. H. Sadani); a contract by which the owner of animals and the one who grazes them, share them equally; a contract by which one lends his work or (and) his seeds in the cultivation of another's field for a proportionate share in the crop (Mu.)(Mu.lex.) sasan-gai a gratuity paid by the new settlers in a new Mankipati village, to those who sold them the site, for leave to make a sasan and thus become khuntkattidars; sasan-gor.a a high field near the sasan (Mu.lex.) cf. s'a_sana edict (Skt.lex.) ca.g (ca.yg-) (possessions) are moved from one house to another; ca.gc- to live, shift (possessions) from one house to another; sa_gu to go, move forward, be accomplished (Ka.); sa_gu, sa_ga advance; sa_gisu to cause to proceed or advance, carry on, manage (Ka.); sa_guni to proceed, progress (as work), be dispatched (as goods), move forward (Tu.); sa_ga_vuni to expedite (as work), send, dispatch (as goods) (Tu.); ca_gu, sa_gu to go on, advance, be successful; sa_gincu to conduct, proceed with (Te.); sa_ginai to manage (Kuwi); sa_g- (-it-) to spread out, file out, proceed (Kuwi)(DEDR 2430). satkr.tya absol. having treated with respect (Ya_j.); sakkacca, sakkaccam. respectfully (Pali); sakas good, beautiful (Si.)(CDIAL 13109). cuvi_kari < svi_kr. to take in, imbibe (Ci. Ci. 2,6, Civa_k.); to agree, accept (Ta.lex.) cuve_kam cover (Perun.. Makata. 1,121)(Ta.lex.) cattakam a funeral ceremony, in which seven kinds of things as rice, clothes, money, etc. are offered as gift to seven brahmans (W.)(Ta.lex.) satka_ra domestic rite in general, funeral rites (Skt.)(CDIAL 13108).

2890.Marriage ceremony: a_ngon., a_ngon. sa_ngon. vow (Kon.); a_ngon. sa_mba_l. keep a vow (Kon.); a_ngon. kar to vow (Kon.lex.) san:ga a friend, a companion, a comrade; san:ganrege satahedinae I am encouraged by my companion; san:gat used by brothers-in-law when addressing each other (Santali.lex.) sandhaor.e, sandhar.e to enter, to force oneself in, used by women and generally of a second wife; nenel tulucem sandhaor.e akana you went in with your eyes open; san. bhai a companion; san:gha to marry a second time, of a widower, widow or divorcee of either sex; san:ghaenan I (who have been previously married) have married (one who has also been previously married); san:ghakedea he (a widower or a divorcee) married her (a widow or divorcee); san:gha lot.om children of a former husband taken into the house of their mother's second husband (Santali.lex.) bahu a daughter-in-law, a son's wife, in some places simply a wife, the lady of the house, the mistress; gheu saware salna te vad.d.i bahu da nan. it is the ghee that flavours the vegetables, but the elder daughter-in-law gets the praise (proverb used of persons who become famous without much labour); bahut.i a wife, a bride (P.); bahut.pun.a wifehood, brideship (P.lex.) baha sa~oha~ a ceremony legalizing an irregular marriage (Santali); ba~iha~ a ceremony of brotherhood observed at a marriage my a member of the bridegroom's party and the Jog Manjhi of the bride's village, solatium, present; jog manjhi one of the officials of a Santal village; he acts as the censor of the morals of the youths and maidens of the village, and also is the assistant of Manjhi or Headman, in all matters in which the young people under his charge are concerned; manjhi a village chief, a village head-man, a Santal male; manjhi than the place in a village sacred to the spirits of the departed chiefs (Santali.lex.) sa_ngatva_si living together; cenobite; monj, monja_ cenobite (pagan); sa_n:ga_t company; sa_n:ga_t-pon. sociability; san:ga_ta_ postp. with, at the same time; sa_n:ga_ti fellow; accomplice; sa_n:god.o companion (Kon.lex.) baha sa~oha~ ceremony at marriage; ba~iha~ id.; bahuanic m., bihal era f. married; bapla biha, biha marriage; bahal, bahali happy, contented, light hearted; bahalao to make happy; bahao to exist, live, to last, wear well; bah free, at liberty, without restraint; bahbahia left to the freedom of one's own will, too much liberty allowed to a child, or a young person; independent, unrestrained, wealthy; bahbahiako kisa~r. akana they are so wealthy as to be independent (Santali.lex.)

2891.Image: bull: sanh a bull, a stallion; a large buffalo bull, a bullock after 4 years of age; sanhin. a stallion (P.lex.)

2892.Image: double sack for ox: san:kara a double sack for manure and grain to be carried on the back of a bullock (Ka.); sweepings, dust, off-scourings; mixing together (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: armour: ja_gara, jagara, dagale mail, armour; javal.i, jo_d.u (Ka.); d.agale_m. (M.); dagale (Te.); a wide jacket or coat (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: half-a-bullock load: ha~r.awa_y bag carried by bullocks in which drivers put their luggage (Bi.)(CDIAL 14051). a_har the dependent end of a sack thrown over a beast (P.)(CDIAL 1162). a~_khe~ half a bullock-load (M.); akkha_ one end of a bag or sack thrown over a beast of burden (L.P.); akha_ gunny bag (Or.); a_kha_, a~_kha_ grain bag carried by pack animal (Bi.); a_kha_ one of a pair of grain bags used as panniers (H.); akkhika mesh of a net (Pali); akho id. (S.); a~_kha_ netting in which coco-nuts, etc. are carried (Ma.)(CDIAL 17). jalakhri cord net for carrying goods on the head (Bi.Mth.) (CDIAL 5216). cf. an.d.ige one pannier or pack, half a bullock load (Ka.); an.d.emu, an.d.iyamu id.; ad.igamu a sort of pannier (Te.)(DEDR 127). Stirrup: an:ko_le stirrup (Tu.); an:kavanne, an:kavanniya, an:kemu id. (Te.); an:kavat.i, an:kapat.i id. (Ma.); an:gavad.i, an:ko_n.i, an:kavan.i id. (Ka.)(DEDR 32). an:kam couch, bed-stead, cot (Tiruppu. 128); an:kapat.i stirrup; an:kavat.i id. (Ta.)(T.E.D.) an:katam breast (Ta.lex.) an:ka-vat.i stirrup-bone (Ta.)(T.E.D.) Image: knapsack; a measure: cat.an:kam knapsack; a measure of weight = 16 tu_kku (Ta.); cf. Image: petticoat: s'a_t.akam, s'a_t.a, s'a_t.i_ cloth garment, petticoat (Skt.lex.) cf. san.-kat.a full of, crowded with, beset with, hemmed in (Skt.); can:kat.am < jangada ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon (J.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) tu_kku a bazaar weight = 50 palams; standard weight = 1 tula_m = 100 palams; tu_kku a balance; yoke, piece of timber shaped to fit a person's shoulders and support pail etc. at each end (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.)

2893.Image: pincers: sannhi pincers, a smith's vice (P.lex.)

2894.Store for grain: saka_r mud-built grain-receptacle; saka_ri_ store for grain, etc. (L.)(CDIAL 13108). An old store or hoard: jake_re an old store or hoard (Ka.H.); san:kala a pile, a collection, an accumulation, a quantity (Ka.lex.) kai-y-ar-ai small store-room, as in a temple (Ta.lex.) Store, hoard: cakke_ra_, cake_ra_ store, hoard (W.)(Ta.); zakhi_ra (U.)(Ta.lex.) jha_kn.e~ to cover (M.); jhakna_ cover of a grain pot (Bi.)(CDIAL 5317). cf. can:ka-niti one of the nine treasures fo Kube_ra (Te_va_. 1230,10)(Ta.lex.) cakkara-virutti compound interest (Can.. Aka.) (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) cakravr.ddhi (Te.Ka. Skt.) (Ka.lex.)

2895.Handsome: ca~_gat. handsome; can:ga_ good; ca~_g, ca~_gla_ good (M.); can:ga of good understanding (Skt.); handsome (Skt.); cam.ga clever, handsome (Pkt.); can. very (Sh.); can:go good (K.WPah.); can.o (S.); can:ga_ (L.P.); can.n.o (WPah.); ca_n.a_ restored to health (B.); can:ga_ good, sound, well (H.); can:go (N.); ca~_gla_ healthy (H.); can:ga_ indecl. good (H.); ca~_n:ga good (Konkan.i); aca_ga bad (D..); acan:gmato (K.)(CDIAL 4564). cf. saki, haki possible, capable, clever (Si.)(CDIAL 12253).

2896.Image: crackling of flames: sam.ka_ra crackling of flames; sam.kara id. (Skt.lex.)

2897.Dust, sweepings: sam.ka_ra dust, sweepings; sam.kara id.; sam.kr._ to scatter about, diffuse; sam.ki_rn.a shattered, spread, crowded (Skt.lex.)

2898.Image: to commingle or mix: sam.kr._ to mix, commingle or mix together; sam.kara commingling, mixture, intermixture; sam.ki_rn.a mixed together, intermingled (Skt.lex.)

2899.Related; property got by a woman from her husband: can:kira_ntittal < san.-kra_nta to become connected, related (Ci.Ci. 10,1, Ja_n-ap.)(Ta.lex.) sam.kra_ntam property got by a woman from her husband; passed through or entered into; transferred, devolved, entrusted; sam.kra_nti transference, giving over; sam.kra_nti going together, union; sam.krama to devolve, consign, entrust; to transfer; to deliver, hand over; to take possession of; to convey, lead towards; to promise mutual assistance (Skt.lex.) ba~h to encourage, to incite; to help, resource, opportunity; bahal to engage, to appoint to an office, to begin (Santali.lex.)

2900.Image: passage of sun: sam.kra_nti going from one place to another (Ma_rkP.); passage of a heavenly body from one sign to another (Su_ryas.); san:kanti transition (Pali); sam.kam.ti (Pkt.); sa~gra~_d (L.P.); sakra~_d passage of sun from one constellation to another (P.)(CDIAL 12835). sam.kra_nt solstice (Kon.lex.) sam.krama transition, traversing, transfer, progress; the passage of a planetary body through the zodiacal signs; sam.kraman.am passage; the sun's passage from one zodiacal sign to another; the day on which the summer solstice begins (Skt.lex.)

2902.Image: to go, walk; to throw back the head: san:gin distant, far, a long way; san:gar to go, to walk; oka habicpe da~r.a~ akat san:gar akat? to what distance, or to what point have you travelled? san:gil to look up, to raise or throw back the head; san:gil no~gokme look up a little; sim san:gilkate dakko nu~ia fowls raise the head to drink water (Santali.lex.)

2903.Image: revolving whetstone: san a revolving whetstone, used for sharpening razors, knives, etc., to grind on a whetstone, to sharpen, to whet; san lagite kol akata he has sent it to be whetted; holate sankeda he ground the razor; sasanic a grinder, a whetter (Santali.lex.)

2904.Image: mould: sanc, sa~ a mould, a matrix (Santali.lex.)

2905.Lustful: san:ka_l.ar < san:ga + lustful persons, as prostitutes (Tiruppu. 748)(Ta.lex.) sana wish, desire, lust, will, to wish, to desire, to lust; lajao ho~ ban. sanae he has no feeling of shake; calak sanaedin kana I have a desire to go; san.dgaria m., chandgaria f. a shameless, lustful person; san.d.gar, san.d.gur m., chandgar f. a shameless, lustful person, having the propensities of a bull; san.d.hin a quey, a heifer; san.d.i a cock (Santali.lex,)

2906.Image: Adam's apple: can:kam Adam's apple (Ta.lex.)

2907.Lingayats: can:kamar < jan:gama a class of Vi_ras'aivas, Linga_yats; can:kamam devotees as viewed collectively; can:kama_n.t.i a sect of linga_yats (Tinn.)(Ta.) (Ta.lex.)

2908.Customs, excise: cakka_ttu < zaka_t (U.) anything obtained free or gratis (Tinn.); cakke_ra_ < zakhi_ra (U.) store, hoard (W.)(Ta.lex.) jakai customs, excise (Ka.); jaka_ta (M.H.)(Ka.lex.)

2909.Image: a lute: can:gu a jew's harp (Ka.); can:ga (M.H.); cen:gu (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cako_t.am a lute with 16 strings; cako_t.a-ya_r.. (Cilap. 3,26, Urai.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cen:ko_t.t.i-ya_r.. a kind of stringed musical instrument, one of four kinds of ya_r.. (Ta.lex.) can:kut.t.am < san.-ghus.t.a echo, reverberation (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: body of the lute: akal.am body of the lute as shaped like a bowl (Ta.)(DEDR 9).

2910.Images: copulation (of animals); dashing together: san:gha_, san:ga_ copulation (of animals); adj. bulled (of a cow)(Or.); sam.gha_ta dashing together (MBh.)(CDIAL 12862). san:gha_iba_ put a cow to bull; (of a bull) to copulate (Or.); san:gha_tanika in cmpd. 'binding together' (Pali); sam.gha_yai joins (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12863). can:kamam sexual intercourse; can:kam id. (Tiruppu. 556)(Ta.lex.) sa_n:ga coitus, union (OB.)(CDIAL 13082). Images: woman's pudenda; copulation: ce~_kh, ce~_ki woman's pudenda (K.); cin. vulva (Wg.)(CDIAL 4778). Image: copulation of bull and cow: ce_mar-i copulation of bull and cow (W.); ce_ma_r-i gelder (Nan-. 138, Mayilai.) (Ta.lex.) Image: to copulate: cikn.o to deflower; cikan.i copulation (Ku.); ciknu to copulate (of man); cika_unu to copulate (of woman); cikan.u to distil, ooze out (of pus); cika_in.u to distil, fatigue (S.); cikkn.u_ to press down lower portion of loom with the feet, grasp, seize (WPah.)(CDIAL 4778). Image: to copulate: cukku to copulate (Ta.); tcokku id. (Te.); cukku to perform, execute; cukna (U.); cukakka_ran- pleasure-seeker; person bred in the lap of luxury; whoremonger (Ta.lex.) Image: copulation of animals: gar.ha_van. to bring buffalo cow to bull (L.); gar.hn.a_ to copulate with (of bull or buffalo)(P.)(CDIAL 12862). can:ka_t.t.am union, intercourse (can:ka_t.t.an tavirttu : Te_va_. 655,1)(Ta.lex.) gar.ha_van. to bring buffalo-cow to bull (L.); gar.hn.a_ to copulate with (of bull or buffalo)(P.)(CDIAL 3966). cf. kat.t.u- to hug, embrace; to marry (Ta.lex.) jhakn.a_ to be passionate (P.); jha~_kan jerking, passionate reproof (B.); jhakoln.a_ to shake (P.)(CDIAL 5316).

2911.Image: thighs and hips: jan:gha_ lower leg (Skt.Pali); calf of leg (Or.); shank (ankle to knee)(RV.); can:g thigh, knee (Gy.); ja_n. calf of leg (Pas'.); zang leg (K.); ja~g, jan:gh leg (from hip down)(L.); jan:gha leg (S.); jan:gh thigh (P.); leg (WPah.); ja_n. thigh, leg (B.); thigh (Ku.); id., hip (N.); ja~_gh id. (N.); thigh (Mth.Aw.H.G.M.); za_n. leg (A.); ja~_n.i thigh, leg (B.); jan:gha thighs and hips (Or.); ja_n:ga thigh (Konkan.i); dangaya calf of leg (Si.)(CDIAL 5082). can:kai shank, part of the leg between the ankle and the knee (Tiruvil.ai. Uk. 35)(Ta.) (Ta.lex.) don:ga, d.eke, d.uke the hip (Santali.lex.) jaghana hinder part, hip and loins, mons veneris (RV.); loins, buttocks (Pali); jahan.a (Pkt.); duvana hip, lap (Si.)(CDIAL 5077). je_n:g shin-bone (Bshk.)(CDIAL 5084). Breeches: iza_r, izra_ breeches, close undergarment (Kon.lex.) ja_n:ghia_ short breeches (P.); ja~_ghiya_ drawers (N.B.); ja_n.iya_ (B.); jan:ghia_ (Or.); ja~_ghiyo (G.)(CDIAL 5178). Full piece of cloth; to stretch out: ca~_pu a full piece of cloth (Te.); to extend, stretch, lengthen; n. extending, stretch, extent, length (Te.); sa_gu to lengthen, extend (Ka.); sa_hpa (sa_ht), sa_spa (sa_st) to stretch across (web, tendril), to stretch out (Kui); sa~_gu to extend, lengthen, expand, spread out (Te.); ca_mpu length, stretch (Ma.); ca_pu stretch, length, extent (Ka.); jambu length (Ka.); sa_geng to stretch (Kol.); sa_hata_na_ to stretch out (one's hands or feet as women do when fighting)(Go.); sa_ng to spread as a creeper (Go.); sa_g (body or limbs) to be stretched out to full length (Kond.a); ja_c to stretch (Pe.); ja_njinai to outstretch (Kuwi)(DEDR 2433). Extending: ca_cu to stretch out, extend, stretch forth; ca_pu stretch, length, extent; ja_gisu to stretch or raise (the body to its full extent)(Ka.); ca.c (ca.ci-) to stretch out (hand)(Kod..); straighten (Kod..); ca_cuni to stretch out (Tu.); ca~_gu to be stretched or extended; extend, lengthen; ca~_cu to extend, stretch, lengthen; ca~_ id.; n. extending, stretch, extent, length (Te.); sa_hata_na_ (sa_hc-) to stretch out (one's hands or feet as women do when fighting)(Go.); sa_hca_na_, sa_hta_na_ to make to grow or spread; ca_ha_na_ to stretch; ha_h- to spread, extend; a_ng- to be stretched out (Go.); sa_hpa (sa_ht-), sa_spa (sa_st-) to stretch out, lengthen out (lims), stretch across (web, tendril)(Kui); ha_h'nai (ha_st-) to stretch (hands, etc.)(Kui)(DEDR 2433). Stretch; image: to turn on a lathe: a_chati stretches, draws, sets (a bone)(Sus'r.); acati turns on a lathe, pulls (Pali); am.chai drags (Pkt.); ho~_c (with re. o~_ < a_n) to pull, drag (Kal.)(CDIAL 1099). cf. a_jya clarified butter (RV.);[?produced by churning]; ajja (Pkt.); a_j (B.)(CDIAL 1097). cf. cha_chi_ buttermilk (S.)(CDIAL 5012). ayam.chai pulls, ploughs, draws a line; aim.chai surpasses; aim.chan.a pulling, transgressing (Pkt.); a_im.chai, a_am.chai pulls, ploughs (Pkt.); ai~c pressure (Ku.); ai~cnu to press (N.); ai~cinu to be pressed or pulled; ai~cya_unu to pull up (a horse)(N.); ai~cna_, i~_cna_ to pull (H.); e~cvu~ (G.)(CDIAL 210). achati, acati (in meaning = a_kad.d.hati; Skt. a_ka_rs.ayati; Jain Pkt. am.cha_vei = achati)(cf. Ta. kat.ai churn) to pull, drag, pull along, to turn on a lathe; bhamaka_ro di_gham. achati; udakam. achati (pulling the water up from a well) = udakam. a_kkad.d.hati; ajati to stretch, pull, pull along, draw out, erect ?= r.jati, r.jyati (Skt.) ?or r.ju straight (Skt.)(Pali.lex.)[cf. Semant. 'pull, press' in: an:kavat.i, an:kapat.i stirrup (Ta.); an:kavat.i, an:kapat.i id. (Ma.); an:gavad.i, an:ko_n.i, an:kavan.i id. (Ka.); an:ko_le id. (Tu.); an:kavanne, an:kavanniya, an:kemu id. (Te.)(DEDR 32)]. Image: legs stretched apart: cqle to stretch the legs apart; cqlo one who walks with legs stretched apart; cqltre to cause the legs to be stretched apart (Malt.); ca_t.u (ca_t.i-) to stretch out as the arms and legs from lassitude (Ta.); ja_pu the measure of a long stride (Ka.); da_pu stretch, etc.; the measure of a stride (Ka.)(DEDR 2433). teln.jo to stretch the legs (Santali.lex.) sa_gu to lengthen, extend (Ka.); ca~_gu to be stretched or extended; ca~_cu to extend, stretch, lengthen (Te.); sa~_gu to extend, lengthen, spread out (Te.); sa_geng to stretch (Kol.); sa_hata_na_ (sa_hc-) to stretch out (one's hands or feet as women do when fighting); sa_nga_na_, sa_ng- to spread as a creeper; a_n.- to stretch, be elongated (Go.); sa_k- to stretch out (fingers, limbs)(Kond.a); sa_kar.i a span (Kui)(DEDR 2433). ciga cage straddling; ciga cageye dar.an kana he goes straddling (Santali.lex.) Image: to stretch out legs: ca_t.u to stretch out, as the arms or legs from lassitude (Ta.); tca_cu id. (Te.); ca_cu id. (Ka.Tu.)(Ta.lex.) Image: to stretch; to prostrate: sa~_gu to prostrate oneself; ca~_gu to fall prostrate; ca~_gilu to prostrate oneself, lie down, recline; ca~_gilinta prostrating oneself before an idol; sa~_gabad.u, sa~_gilabad.u to fall down at full length (Te.); sa_g- (-it-) (body or limbs) to be stretched out to full length; sa_p- to stretch out (tongue, hands, legs)(Kond.a); sa_hpa (sa_ht-), sa_spa (sa_st-) to stretch out, lengthen out (limbs), stretch across (web, tendril)(Kui)(DEDR 2433). sa~r.gom to prostrate; ti jan:gare gid.i to prostrate oneself (Santali.lex.) cf. sa_s.t.a_n:ga lit. with all eight limbs (Skt.lex.) Pace: zanga pace (Kol.); janga step, stride (Pa.); jan:ge a stride (Ka.); jan:ga, an:ga id. (Te.)(DEDR 2286). Image: a stride: ja_pu the measure of a long stride (Ka.); da_pu stretch, etc.; the measure of a stride (Ka.)(DEDR 2433).

2912.United: san:ghvi_ leader of a body of pilgrims, a partic. surname (G.); sam.ghapati chief of a brotherhood (Skt.)(CDIAL 12857). sam.gata united (AV.); union (MBh.); sam.gati meeting (RV.); san:gata met (Pali); sam.gaya union; met (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12844). Image: pegged together: san:ghat.ita pegged together (Pali); sam.ghat.ayati joins together (Skt.); sam.ghad.ia joined; caus. sam.ghad.a_ve_i (Pkt.); sa~_gad.n.e~ to link together (M.)(CDIAL 12855). Companion: san:gad.a (Tadbhava of san:gha_ta) closely joined or united, joined; junction, union, company; san:gad.i a companion; a means, that by the help of which an end is attained; san:ga_ta union, association, company; with, together with; san:ga going together; coming together; joining, uniting; san:gad.iga a companion, an associate, a friend; san:gad.iga-tana intimacy, friendship; san:gi going with or to, uniting with, flowing together; full of attachment or devotion, attached, fond of san:gad.igisu, san:gal.isu union ot take place; to be one; to be closely joined or united; san:gal.isu to be joined, combined, mingled or mixed; to be brought about, to be produced; to produce; san:ghat.t.a, san:ghat.a meeting, joining together; san:ghat.t.ana, san:ghat.ana, san:ghat.t.a close contact, contact, union, junction, cleaving or adhering to; san:ghat.t.i a companion, a follower; san:gha_ti a companion, an associate, a friend (Ka.lex.) sa_ngata vots go with, e.g. join bad company; dusma_na sa_ngata vots join the enemy; sa_nga_ti companion; sa_nga_t company (Kon.lex.)

2913.Number of friends: san:ga_ti-macce marks on the body said to indicate the number of a person's friends (in children's language) (Ka.) (Ka.lex.) Text-book on Hindu law: can:kalikitam < s'an:kha-likhita a Sanskrit text-book on Hindu law ascribed to two sages, S'an:kha and Likhita, one of 18 taruma-nu_l (Ta.lex.) can:kari_karan.am mixing of castes < s'an:kari_karan.a; can:karan < san.-kara a person born of a mixed caste, hybrid (Civaraka. Civat.un.t.i. 46); can:kara-ca_ti < san:kara + mixed castes (Ci_vaka. 116, Urai); ca_n:karam mixed caste (Tiruva_n-aik. Nakarap. 64); ca_n:karar persons of mixed caste (Tiruva_n-aik. Ko_ccen.. 24); ca_n:kamila_r < san:gha + outcastes (Tiruppu. 589); ca_n:karya mixture (Civacama. 40); ca_n:kari_yam that which is mixed, as caste (Ce_tupu. Tan-uk. 24)(Ta.lex.) sam.kara mixing (esp. of castes)(Mn.); anything defiled (MBh.); sam.kara, sam.gara mixture of castes (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12818). Mixture of copper and gold: sa~_ka_, sa_ka_ a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets (M.)(CDIAL 12829).

2915.Image: swallowing: san:gara swallowing up, devouring (Ka.lex.)

2916.Movable property: can:kam movable property (Varata. Pa_kavata. Na_racin:ka. 116); can:kamam movable property, opp. to ta_varam (Ta.lex.) jan:gama moving (AitUp.Pali); jam.gama (Pkt.); da_n:guma motion, going to and fro (Si.)(CDIAL 5079). can:kamam living creatures, as capable of locomotion, opp. to ta_varam (Tiruva_ca. 1,30). Good fortune: s'an:kara, san:kara causing happiness, conferring good fortune; S'iva (Ka.lex.) Whole, complete with parts: sakala with parts, divided (MaitrUp.); whole (Ka_tyS'r.); sakala all, complete (Pali); all, every (As'.); sayala all, whole (Pkt.); xayala (A.); saala (OB.); sayala, sayala (OG.); siyalu (Si.)(CDIAL 13066). cakalam all, the whole (Uttarara_. Acuvame_ta. 1)(Ta.lex.) Everything: jhan:gae pot.ae everything, every one (Santali.lex.) Material phenomena: jogao to treasure up; sumbhrau to experience; hewa jaora to gain experience (Santali.lex.) sankhata put together, compound; conditioned, produced by a combination of causes, 'created'; sankharoti to put together, prepare, work (Pali) (Pali.lex.) can:kamam movable property (Ta.lex.) can:ka-niti one of the nine treasures of Kube_ra (can:kaniti patuma niti yiran.t.un tantu : Te_va_. 1230,10)(Ta.lex.) cf. cin:ka_ram < s'r.n:ga_ra decoration, embellishment, beauty, especially artificial (Pan.avit.u. 85) (Ta.lex.) Mixed together; filtered: sa~_gwa_n.a_ to collect together (H.); sam.gamayati brings together (AV.)(CDIAL 12847). sam.kr.ti bringing together (TS.)(CDIAL 12830). san:ghat.ayati joins together (Skt.); san:ghat.ita pegged together (Pali); sam.ghad.ia joined; caus. sam.ghad.a_ve_i (Pkt.); sa~_gad.n.e~ to link together (M.)(CDIAL 12855). sagghn.a_, san:ghn.a_ thick, close together (L.); san:ghn.a_ (P.)(CDIAL 12856). sam.ks.a_ra flowing together (Skt.); ha~kha_ro dregs left behind in cloth after filtering (G.)(CDIAL 12837). ha~kha_rvu~ to filter, purify, cleanse (G.); sam.ks.a_lana cleansing water (A_pS'r.); sam.ks.arati flows together (RV.)(CDIAL 12838). sam.kr.s.t.a drawn together (Ka_tyS'r.); sam.kars.ati (AV.); sam.kat.t.ha, sam.kit.t.ha scraped together (Pkt.); sa~get.hnu, sa~get.nu to collect greedily, hoard (N.)(CDIAL 12831). sa~ga_lnu to collect together (N.); sam.kalayati heaps together (Sus'r.); san:kalana addition (Pali); sam.kalia collected together (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12822). sam.kara mixing (Mn.)(CDIAL 12818). sam.kirati bestows liberally (RV.); mixes together (MBh.); sam.ki_rn.a pp. (Ya_j.); san:kin.n.a mixed (Pali); sakilna_ to collect, accumulate, purse, shrink (H.); sam.kin.n.a closely packed (Pkt.); sakinu scattered, confused, mixed (Si.)(CDIAL 12823). sankha_ra "one of the most difficult terms in Buddhist metaphysics, in which the blending of the subjective-objective view of the world and of happening peculiar to the East, is so complete, that it is almost impossible for Occidental terminology to get at the root of its meaning in a translation..." Lit. 'preparation, get up'; constituent, constituent potentiality; pl. synergies, cause-combination; composition, aggregate; one of the constitutional elements of physical life; cf. khandha [khandha (Pali); skandha (Skt.) bulk, massiveness (gross) substance; in collective sense 'all that is comprised under']; sankha_ra life experiences; sabbe sankha_ra_ everything, all physical and visible life, all creation; sankha_ra_ are in the widest sense the 'world of phenomena', all things which have been made by pre-existing causes; sabbe sankha_ra_ all the things of this world; the material and transitory world; sankha_ra-khandha the aggregate of (mental) coefficients; sankha_ra-loka the material world, the world of formation (or phenomena), creation, loka 'per se' as contrasted with satta-loka, the world of (morally responsible) beings (Pali)(Pali.lex.) cf. jan:gama moving (AitUp.)(CDIAL 5079). Collection: sam.kr._ to scatter, bestow liberally (VS. xxvii.38)(Vedic.lex.) cf. ca~_xna_ to scatter seed (Kur.); cge to scatter (Malt.)(DEDR 2431). san:gha_r.iba_ to mix up many materials, stir boiling curry, tie two cattle together and leave to graze (Or.); sam.gha_t.ayati joins together (Skt.)(CDIAL 12860). sa~gaha_ collection of materials (e.g. for building)(H.); sam.graha collection (Mn.); holding together (MBh.); san:gaha collection (Pali); sam.gaha (Pkt.); sa~_gah building materials (Bi.)(CDIAL 12852). cf. sam.cai collects (Skt.); sa~_jn.o, sa~_cn.o to collect, store (Ku.); sa~_cnu (N.); xa~_siba to hoard (A.); saciba_, chaciba_ to store up (Or.); sacab to store (Mth.); sacna_ to collect, store (H.); sa~_cvu~ to collect (G.); sam.cin.em. to collect (OM.); sa~_cn.e~, sa~_cavin.e~ to accumulate (M.)(CDIAL 12867). ce_nti granary; lof (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ce_karam acquisition, collection, gathering, family, tribe, district, station; ce_kari (-pp-, -tt-) to acquire, collect, assemble (Ta.); s'e_kharam assemblage, heap (Ma.); se_karamu collection, amassing (Te.); se_karincu to save, collect, amass, obtain, procure (Te.)(DEDR 2801). sa~get.hnu, sa~get.nu to collect greedily, hoard (N.); sam.kat.t.ha, sam.kit.t.ha scraped together (Pkt.); sam.kr.s.t.a drawn together (Ka_tyS'r.); sam.kars.ati (AV.)(CDIAL 12831). sam.gha_ta close union, mass (TS.); closing (a door)(VS.); dashing together (MBh.); killing, knocking together (Pali); sam.gha_ya closeness, collection (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12862). sam.gha collection (Pkt.); san:ga collection (Si.)(CDIAL 12854). sam.gha_t.ayati joins together; causes to collect (Skt.); san:gha_r.iba_ to mix up many materials, stir boiling curry, tie two cattle together and leave to graze (Or.)(CDIAL 12860). sam.graha collection (Mn.); holding together (MBh.); san:gaha collection (Pali); sam.gaha (Pkt.); sa~_gah building materials (Bi.); sa~_gah the plough and all its appurtenances (Mth.); har-sa~_ga (Bhoj.); sa~gaha_ collection of materials (e.g. for building)(H.); san:gaha compilation (Si.)(CDIAL 12852). san:grah to collect, gather, accumulate, hoard; to grasp, lay hold of; to take, receive, accept; san:gr.hi_ta gathered, collected, stored; received, accepted; san:graha reception, admission; storing, accumulation, gathering, collecting (Skt.lex.) sa~gwa_na_ to collect (H.)(CDIAL 13082). sa~gwa_n.a_ to collect together (H.); sam.gamayati brings together (AV.)(CDIAL 12847).

2917.Slackness: jank- slackness (of rope); jang- (jangy-) (rope or waistcloth) becomes slack or loose, (handle of tool) is loose (Ko.); jan:gal.a slackness, looseness; jarur.. to move off, slip, drop down (Ka.); jan:ga_l.am a loose-garment (Te.)(DEDR 2283). s'rathana, s'lathati is loose (Skt.); lahanum to be slack (K.)(CDIAL 12733). kar..al (kar..alv-, kar..an-r--) to become loose (as a fastening, shoe, handle, hair, part of any mechanism), be unhinged, slip off, fall out (as a loose tooth)(Ta.); kar..aluka to slip; kar..ar-r-uka to slip off, put off; kar..iyuka to become loose (Ma.); kar..al to slip off, drop down, get loose (Ka.); kal.e to become loose; kal.acu to become loose; kal.a state of being loose (Ka.); kr.an(g)- (kr.ant-) to be or become loose; kr.angi ki- to loosen (Pe.); kr.enga (kr.engi-) to be shaken (Kui)(DEDR 1349).

2918.Garment: san:gal.a, han:gala double cloth of monks (Si.); sam.gha_t.i_ a kind of garment (Sus'r.); monk's waist cloth (BHSkt.); san:gha_t.i_ one of three garments of a monk (Pali); sam.gha_d.i_ outer garment (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12861). Image: wooden frame used by bhikkhus to make robes: kat.hina a wooden frame used by the bhikkhus in sewing their robes; kat.hina man.d.apa a shed in which the bhikkhus stitched their k. cloth into robes; kat.hina-rajju string used to fix the k. cloth onto the frame; kat.hina-dussa the k. cloth; kat.hina-ci_vara a k. robe made of k. cloth; kat.hina-attharan.a the dedication of the k. cloth (Pali.lex.) Images: ragged cloth; upper garment: sa_huli_, sa_hulia_ cloth (Pkt.); saur., saur.h quilt, quilt worn as a cloak (P.); saur. blanket (Ku.); ser.ⁱ portion of sa_r.i_ drawn over the eyes as a veil; ser.o upper garment of men or women (G.); sa_hula-ci_vara a coarse cloth; sa_hunna, sa_hun.d.a strip of ragged cloth (Pali)(CDIAL 13382). slu a fine red cloth (K.); sa_lu_ fine upper garment worn by women (P.); sa_lu (N.B.H.); sa_l.u (Or.Marw.G.); s'a_lu_ fine red cloth (M.)(CDIAL 13372). cf. ja_ju, ja_du colour of red ochre, red colour (Ka.); redness (Te.)(DEDR 2437).

2919.Image: long hair: jha~_kro hair allowed to grow long and left uncombed (N.); jhakut.o woman's hair (Phal.)(CDIAL 5323). Images: mane; dishevelled hair: jakur hair on head and body (Sh.); zo.k^u hair of female privities (K.); jagot.a_ plaited hair worn round loins by faqirs (P.); jagar mane (N.); jagat.o tangled hair; jagalt.o matted and dishevelled hair (N.)(CDIAL 5075). Mane: koy to bristle, as manes of a horse (Malaipat.u. 572); koyyul.ai horse's mane (Cilap. 26,134); horse (Ja_n-a_. 7,18)(Ta.lex.) saghana thick (of hair)(Skt.); sahan thick (Aw.)(CDIAL 13079). sagghn.a_, san:ghn.a_ thick, close together (L.); san:ghn.a_ (P.)(CDIAL 12856). carhi a mane (Santali.lex.) {Echo word}: cf. jat.a_ hair twisted together (Pa_rGr..); matted hair, tangled boughs (Pali); s'at.a_ ascetic's matted hair (Skt.); sat.a_ braid of hair, lion;s mane (MBh.); jad.a_ tangled or braided hair (Pkt.); zara hair on scalp (esp. of infant)(K.); zar-ban medicinal herb (A.); jar. root; jar.i-but.i medicines (B.); jari_ root of medicinal herb (OAw.); jar.ya~_ pl. root fibres (G.); jet.r.i locks of hair (WPah.); ja_t. sheep's wool (G.); jar hair (Gypsy)(CDIAL 5086). ca~oar long hairs in the tail of a horse or cow (Santali.lex.) cf. so_r.a a hair (Kui)(DEDR 2894). cf. cun:ku the end of a cloth (Te.)(DEDR 2648). cf. ul.ai mane, esp. of a horse or lion (Net.unal. 93); man's hair (Iraku. Te_n-uva. 34)(Ta.); head (Pur-ana_. 22,21); hair plume on a horse's head (Ain:kur-u. 13); hair of head (Ta.); ul.a mane of lion (Ma.)(DEDR 701). cf. so_r.a a hair (Kui); hora a single hair of the beard (Kuwi); ho_r.a beard (Kuwi)(DEDR 2894). ullakasana erection of the hair on the body (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) jun:gu pubic hair (Ka.); ju_n.a_ moustache (Ku.); ju~gha_, jun.a_ (N.); cun. beard (Kal.)(CDIAL 5254). Hair; bundle: ju_t.a twisted hair (Skt.); ju_d.a (Pkt.); ju_r.o hair tied in a knot on crown (S.); ju_r.a_ (L.); Sikh's knot of hair, broom (P.); ju_r.i_ small knot of hair, small broom, bundle of jute or tobacco leaves (P.); juro woman's knot of hair (N.); zur leaves of jute plant tied together for cooking; zuri wisp of grass tied round a tree (A.); jur.a_ hair tied in a knot (Or.); ju_ra_, ju_r.a_ (Mth.); ju_r.a_ (H.); ju_r.i_ bunch, bundle (G.); jul.i_ bundle of leaves; jud.a_, jud.i_ knot of hair, bunch, bundle (M.); jun.d.a_ pl. short hairs (S.)(CDIAL 5258). reg- (-it-) (skin) to be flayed; rek- (-t-) to flay (Kond.a); rin(g)- (rint-) to be unloosened; rik- (-t-) to loosen, untie (Pe.); rik- to untie (Mand..); sring (sringi-) to be loosened, untied, freed, released; sripka (< srik-p-; srikt-) to loosen, untie, unbind, free, release (Kui); ringali to be uncoiled, dishevelled; rikhali to unroll, dishevel; rikh'nai to loose, rip; rikknai to unfold, undo (Kuwi)(DEDR 2557).

2920.Images: snare; seize; intricate knot: cikkal tangle, complication; cikkal-pikkal id. ; cikkar-uttal to untie a knot; to settle an intricate business; to cut the Gordian knot; cikkutal to become entangled, complicated; to be tightened, as a knot (Pa_rata. Va_ran.a_. 5)(Ta.); sikku (Ka.); cikku to be caught, ensnared (Ci_vaka. 1890)(Ta.); cikku id. (Te.Ma.); cikku tangle, twist (Kampara_. Cittira. 32)(Ta.); cikku (Te.); sikku (Ka.); cikku intricacy, complication (Ta.); snare, entanglement (Ta.); being caught or entangled (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) sakuwa_ knotted, jointed (A.)(CDIAL 4560). Image: knot: san:kat.aka the loop or knot of strings (Ka.lex.) sikkisu to cause to become entangled or ensnared; sikku, sigu, sirku, siliku, siluku, silku to become entangled (Ka.); sikku (Te.); cikku (Ta.Ma.); tikku, sikku (Tu.); sikkudale an entangled head of hair; sikku bid.isu to disentangle (as hair or thread)(Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. cikku (cikki-) to become entangled, complicated, be caught, ensnared, be obtained; n. tangle, twist, intricacy, snare, entanglement; cikk-en-a firmly, tenaciously, tightly, closely; cin:ku (cin:ki-) to be caught; ikal intricacy, obscurity, involvedness; cit.ukku a tangle (Ta.); cikku being entangled, intricacy; cikkuka to be entangled (Ma.); cik- (ciky-) to be caught, get in trouble, be got, obtained; cikc- to make to be caught, get, obtain; tik tangle in the hair (Ko.); sikku, sigu (sikk-) , sirku, siliku, siluku, silku to become entangled, be caught, fall into the hands of, be got; sikku, sirku, silku state of being entangled, entanglement, intricacy, impediment, obstacle, trouble (Ka.); cikk- (cikki-) to become entangled (Kod..); sikkuni, tikkuni to be ensnared, caught, seized, obtained; sikka_vuni, tikka_vuni to ensnare, entangle, button; sikku, tikku entanglement, intricacy, perplexity, distress; sikkat.t.u, tikkat.t.u labyrinth, intricacy; tikkat.uni to be matted, be entangled, intricate; silkuni to be entangled, be perplexed; salkuni to be entangled; salka_vuni to entangle; tirku, sirku entanglement, difficulty (Tu.); cikku to be entangled, ensnared, be obtained, got, come to hand; n. a tangle, intricacy, difficulty, trouble (Te.); sik- (sikt-) to hang; sikip- (sikipt-) id.; sikkeng to get stuck (Kol.); cirn:g- to get stuck, entangled, trapped; cirkip- (cirkit-) to trap, snare (Pa.); sikku entanglement (Ga.); jirka_na_ to be caught on thorns, esp. of clothes; jirksa_na_ to stick; jirka_na_, jirksa_na_ to get stuck; caus. jirksahta_na_; hirk- to be trapped; hirk- to get stuck; caus. hirh-/hirih- to trap animals; ark-, irk- to get stuck; hilka_na_ to be caught up, entangled, or stuck in anything; hilga_na_ to entangle (Go.); sikku_ aiyali to be tangled; cikku ki_nai to snare (Kuwi)(DEDR 2498). cf. ciluku trouble (Ta.)(DEDR 2567). cf. jha_l tassel of hair (M.)(CDIAL 5357).

2921.Images: comb; to disentangle: cikkam comb; cikkar-u (cikkar-i-) to disentangle; cikkar-ukki a kind of comb (Ta.); cikkuka to disentangle, dry and dress the hair after bathing; cikkar-ukkuka to disentangle, comb out; cikkar-ukki a comb (Ma.); sikkat.i, sikkat.ige, sikkan.ige id. (Ka.); cikkan.t.u, cikkan.t.e a sort of long comb with a few big teeth (Te.)(DEDR 2497). ks.e comb (Kt.); kshe_ wisp (Baashg.); us.ugu comb, sapula (Pr.); kuz.et.i_ comb (Pas'.)(CDIAL 2970). cf. cilukku tooth of a saw, barb (Ta.)(DEDR 2568). Image: comb, heron: koccha a comb (for hair-dressing); koccha-ka_ra a comb-maker; koca (Pali)[krauca, kruc (Skt.) the heron, often referred to in combination with mayu_ra peacock or with hansa swan](Pali.lex.) Image: upper part of a comb: kir.a to comb (Kond.a); kilpa a variety of comb (Kond.a); kir.pa a comb (Kond.a); kille upper part of a comb (Go.); gir. to comb (Pe.); kulpa (kult-) to separate, take out weeds, comb the hair (?Kui); kin.- (-h-), kit.- (-it-) to comb (Kuwi); kirha-ko_dali, kinha kod.d.inai to comb oneself (Kuwi)(DEDR 1582). Image: comb: ki_pid a comb (Pa.); ci_ppu a comb (Ta.); ci_ka to comb (Ma.); ci_ppi a comb (Ma.); ci_rppu a comb (Ma.); ki.c to comb (To.); si_pe comb (Ka.); ci.pi a comb (Kod..); ci_pu, si_pu, cimpu a comb or cluster of plantains (Tu.); ci_pu id. (Te.)(DEDR 1610). Image: comb for removing nits: si_reni, si_rer.i comb (Kui); tiruvan.a nit-pick (Tu.); ti_ru, ci_ru, si_ru nit (Tu.); si_ran.ige, i_r-an.ige comb for nits or lice (Ka.); ciguru nit (Ka.); ci.ri id. (Kod..); ti_ru, ci_ru, si_ru nit (Tu.); tiruvan.a nit-pick (Tu.); i_ru, i_pi nit (Te.); i_r(u)cu to comb out nits (Te.); i_r(u)pena comb for removing nits (Te.); i_rs to comb (Ga..); si_reni, si_rer.i comb (Kui); cirni_ comb for removing nits (Go.); hi_ru nit (Kuwi); ci_r id. (Kur.); i_ruka to comb hair (Ma.); i_r nit (Ta.); i_rppi id. (Ta.); i_r to comb out nits (Ka.)(DEDR 2625). Image: comb: cikkar-ukki a kind of comb (W.)(Ta.); id. (Ma.) (Ta.lex.)

2922.Image: to seize; to pull: tigiyu, tigucu, tiviyu, tivucu, tivvu, tivu, tiyyu to pull, draw, drag, attract, take (Te.); ti_yu, tiyyu to take, remove, take away, subtract; withdraw, diminish, be reduced, subside as a tide (Te.); tekku (tekki-) to receive, take (Ta.); tevvu (tevvi-) to get, take, obtain, seize, grasp, steal (Ta.); tev, tevvu, tevu seizing, taking (Ta.); te_ acquiring (Ta.); tev- (tevd-) (woman) thins walls of pot in preparation for closing the bottom (Ko.); (tevt-) (woman) makes clay rise in cylinder in throwing pot (Ko.); tege, tegu, tegi to draw towards oneself, take, take away; become less or diminish; tege taking, etc. (Ka.); teguni to take (Tu.)(DEDR 3407).

2923.Edible green vegetables: ce_xel greens (Kur.); ar.xa_-ce_xel the vegetable kingdom, plants in general; [cf. ar.xa_ any leguminous plant or eatable greens (Kur.); at.aku greens, edible leaves; at.ai leaf, betel leaf, greens (Ta.); d.a_ga-, d.a_ya edible green vegetables (Pkt.)(DEDR 59); Images: leaf; eyelid: itar.., atar.. petal, palmyra leaf, eyelid (Ta.); ital. flower leaf, ovaria of fish; ita sprout, shoot, tender leaf; itaykkuka to sprout (Ma.); esal., esar.. petal, small twig with leaves (Ka.); esal.u petal, leaf (Tu.)(DEDR 459)]; ceglu small branches (Malt.)(DEDR 2789). Leaf: eg, e_g, ye_g leaf (Kol.); eg (Nk.); eg(u), evgu id. (Nk.); ev id. (Pa.); eg, egu, e_g id. (Ga.)(DEDR 775). Image: leaf: erek, reki leaf-umbrella (Go.); reki, rek leaf-hat (Go.); jekki a leaf-hat (jappi)(Kuwi)(DEDR 821). Branch: ege small branch, sprout (Ka.); en:kli thin branch (Ka.); egg a branch, bough (Tu.); eggelu a small branch (Tu.); enkili branch (Kor.)(DEDR 826). cij agricultural produce, things in general; cij basut agricultural produce and property; khubin. cij akata I have had a good harvest; cij basutan I will acquire property (Santali.lex.) cf. ci_ze~_ things in general (H.lex.) cf. cer..i (-pp-, -tt-) to thrive, flourish, be fertile, grow well as vegetation (Ta.); cer..ikka to be fertile (Ma.)(DEDR 2789). cf. ca.k (ca.yk-) to make to grow (Ko.); sa_n:ka_vuni, sa_n:kan. fostering (Tu.)(DEDR 2427). cf. ca~_xna_ to sow, scatter seed (Kur.)(DEDR 2431). cf. sa_g- (-it-) to grow, spread out, file out, proceed (Kuwi)(DEDR 2430). sa_nga_na_, sa_ng- to spread out as a creeper; sa_hca_na_, sa_hta_na_ to make to grow or spread (Go.)(DEDR 2433). saket the patron divinity of the Santal ojhas or doctors, the name of the offering made after restoration to health by one who has been treated by an ojha (Santali.lex.) cikitsaka a physician (Skt.Ka.); cikitse, cikicce the practice or science of medicine (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cikiccai treatment of diseases, of three kinds, viz., te_va-cikiccai, ra_ks.asa-cikiccai, ma_n-ut.a-cikiccai (Pata_rtta. 1202)(Ta.lex.) ca_ki < s'a_khin tree (Cu_t.a_.); ciki tree (Ilak. Aka.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Vegetable grower: s'a_kha_ branch (RV. i.8.8)(Vedic.lex.) s'a_ka potherb, vegetable (Gr.S'r.); sa_ka (Pali); sa_ga, sa_ya (Pkt.); ca_ (Wg.Dm.); s'ax green vegetables (Kho.); s'ak (Kal.); s'ok (Kt.); s'o_ (Phal.); s'a_ (Sh.); ca~_i a caste of vegetable growers in Rajsahi (B.)(CDIAL 12370). Image: leaf: sakam a leaf of a plant or tree; a blade of grass (Mu.)(Mu.lex.) sakam leaf; sakam rir. midrib of leaf (Santali.lex.) cf. caruku dried leaf (Ta.)(DEDR 2355). ca_kai < s'a_ka leaf (Ta.lex.) ca_kam < s'a_ka leaf (Kampara_. Nakarap. 75); potherbs, greens; juice of leaves (J.); fragrant screwpine (Ta.lex.) jaghane_-phale the opposite-leaved fig tree, ficus oppositifolia (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2924.Potherbs, greens: ca_kam potherbs, greens (Pin..)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: trunk of a lopped tree: s'an:kur the trunk of a lopped tree (Amarako_s'a. IV.I. 8). cf. wuj^arun to be uprooted (K.); ujir.an.u to be waste (S.); wuja_run to lay waste (K.); ujja_d.ia laid waste (Pkt.); uza_riba to upturn (earth)(A.)(CDIAL 1661). cf. jar. root (G.); jar.ya~_ pl. root fibres (G.)(CDIAL 5086). Image: ear of corn: s'a~_koli_ small branch, twig; s'an. branch, twig (Dm.); s'a_n:koli_ small branch, twig (Gaw.); s'on., s'an. branch (Kal.); s'on:g a kind of shrub with white twigs (Kho.); s'o_n. branch (Phal.); s'a~_kha, s'a~_ka branch (Gaw.); s'a_khe (Sv.); sa_m.kha beam (OG.)(CDIAL 12260). s'a_khya belonging to or resembling a branch, branching (Pa_n..); s'a_k, s'a_kha_ wood, tree (Phal.)(CDIAL 12379). s'a_kha_ branch (RV.); sa_kha_, sa_kha branch (Pali); sa_ha_ (Pkt.); cau, sau branch, ear of corn (Ash.); ca_, co_w branch (Wg.); caw (Kt.); ca_w (Pr.); s'a~_h bough (WPah.); sa_ha_ branch, crossbars between shafts of bullock carts (Or.); sa_ branch (Si.); sa_huli_, sa_hulia_ (Pkt.); sau~la_ pl. green shoots or twigs (Ku.); sya_ulo a cut branch (N.); sa_u_l., sa_vl.i_ branch of various trees (palm, coconut, betel)(M.)(CDIAL 12376). s'a_khe the branch of a tree (Ka.lex.) Caste of vegetable growers; potherb: s'a_ka potherb, vegetable (Gr.S'r.); sa_ka (Pali); sa_ga, sa_ya (Pkt.); ca_ (Wg.Dm.); s'ax green vegetables (Kho.); s'ak (Kal.); s'ok (Kt.); s'o_ (Phal.); s'a_ (Sh.); ca~_i a caste of vegetable growers in Rajsahi (B.)(CDIAL 12370). s'a_khi having branches, a tree (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) sa_ki name of females among sma_rta and ma_dhva bra_hman.as; sa_kamma (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) s'a_kini a powerful female: a kind of female demon or fairy attendant on Durga_ (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Yaks.a: cakkamma_ a demoness (Ta.); jakkama (Te.); cf. yaks.a (Ta.lex.) s'a_kina epithet of Indra (RV.); s'a_kini_ female attendant of Ka_li_ (Skt.); d.a_kini_ id. (Skt.)(CDIAL 5542). cf. d.ahu the tree artocarpus lakuca (Skt.); d.a_u the bread-fruit tree (Pkt.); d.ava-gas the tree lythrum fructicosum (Si.)(CDIAL 5540).

2925.Field; garden: s'a_kat.a a field; s'a_kina a field; s'a_kas'a_kat.a a field of vegetables, a kitchen garden; s'a_ka, s'a_kha an potherb or vegetable; vegetable food; name of one of the seven dvi_pas; ba_d.u, va_t.a, bat.t.i, ba_t.i, vad.a an enclosure, a piece of enclosed ground, a court-yard, a compound; a garden, a park, a plantation; the enclosure of a town or village, a fence, a wall, a hedge etc; made of the vat.a (ficus indica, banyan) tree; va_t.i a garden; va_t.ika, ba_d.aga, va_d.iga a gardener; a garden; va_t.ike an enclosure; a garden (Ka.lex.) Detached field: ceku < cak (U.) detached fields of a village; a patch of rent-free land or any separate farm (R.T.)(Ta.lex.) cf. cakati mud, mire; bog, puddle (Ta.); clay, mire (Ma.); cavati, cavadi mud (Ta.)(DEDR 2266). cf. cekkupanti < cakbandi_ (U.) the four boundaries with their distinctive marks showing the limits of each field as entered in the survey accounts (R.F.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) san:gghar a field fortification, a stone breast work or rifle pit (P.lex.) cakku-bandi defining of the boundaries of an estate (Ka.); cakabandi_ (M.)(Ka.lex.)

2926.Demarcation-stone for lands granted to temples: cakkara-k-kal boundary or demarcation-stone for lands granted to Vis.n.u temples (Ta.insc.); tiru-v-a_r..ikkal boundary stone with the seal of discus (S.I.I. i,87)(Ta.lex.)

2930.Image: hole: chidda adj. having rents or fissures, perforated (Pali) [scetar OHG. For suffix -ra cf. rudhira etc.; chid + ra (Vedic); chidra (Skt.); chidda (fig.) faulty, defective; nt. a cutting, slit, hole, aperture [eka-chidda, kan.n.a-chidda, bhitti-chidda, ta_l.a-chidda, akkhi-chidda]; acchidda-vutti faultless conduct; a_vachidda full of breaches and holes; chidda-ka_rin inconsistent; chidda-vichidda = chidda-avachiddda; sari_ran chiddavichiddan karoti to perforate a body; chiddaka adj. having holes or meshes (of a net); chiddata_ perforation, being perforated; chida adj. breaking, cutting, destroying (Pali.lex.) chidra split, hole, deficiency in a limb; having holes, broken into splinters, cut up (RV. i.162.20; TS. v.2.12.2); incomplete (TMB xviii.5.4); chid to split, cut off, break, tear, get away (RV. i.133.2); chinna cut off (RV. vii.33.6)(Vedic.lex.) substantive: chidda cutting, slit, hole (Pali); chidda, chid.d.a hole (Pkt.); chiddar (P.); s'idad., s'idi_d. earthworm (M.); siduva hole; hida perforation (Si.); ched, che~da_ hole, opening (B.); cheda (Or.); ched hole (Bhoj.); che~_d (Aw.); chim.d.i_, chim.d.ia_ hole in hedge; chem.d.i_ lane (Pkt.); chi_n.d.a_ hole (P.); chi_n (Ku.); chi~r., che~r., cher. hole, cleft; chi~r.i, che~r.i, cher.i narrow passage (N.); chi~r. watercourse (B.); chi~_d.u~ hole in hedge (G.); chi~_d.i_ narrow space behind house (G.)(CDIAL 5043). Hole; lane, passage: cantu lane, narrow lane (Ta.lex.) cantam hole (Tan-ippa_. i,171,24)(Ta.); cf. sandhi (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) chino cleft, pass in a mountain; chinn.o to cut; chi_n hole (Ku.)(CDIAL 5047). chilla hole (Pkt.); s'i_l breach in a river bank, place to make a dam (M.); sila, hila hole, perforation (Si.)(CDIAL 5051). s'em.d.n.em. to make small incisions (M.); sindinava_ to uproot (Si.); chindai (Pkt.); chinatti (Skt.)(Bloch, p. 412). Parting of the hair: si_man parting of the hair (AV.); si_ma_ id. (Mn.); si_ma_nam acc. sg. (Skt.); sum id. (K.)(CDIAL 13435). si_manta parting in hair (AV.); si_mantini_ woman (MBh.Pali); si_mam.ta, si_mam.taya parting in hair (Pkt.); syu~_di_, syu_ni_ forehead where hair is parted, frontal braiding of a woman's hair (Ku.); xeunta_, xeo~ta_ parting in hair (A.); siunta_ mode of dressing ringlets of hair on brow; siuntia_ mode of parting combed hair (Or.); s'ita_, s'ite~ parting in a woman's hair (M.); si_ndhi parting in a woman's hair (S.); si_ndh, si~_dh (L.); so~dha_ (P.); siu~dho, siu~do (N.); si~tha_, si_ta_ (B.); si~thi, si~ti forehead where hair is parted (B.Or.); siu~_thi parting of a woman's hair (Mth.); sa~tha (OG.); se~tho, se~thi_, se~ti_ (G.)(CDIAL 13436). Image: joint: sanda articulation (Si.); handiya joint (Si.); sam.dhai (Pkt.); sam.dhi (Skt.); sa_m.dh, sa_m.d joint, fissure (M.); sa_m.dh joint, cleft (G.); sa_m.dhavum. to join (G.); sam.dhu joint; sam.dhi hole made by thieves; sem.dhi_, sem.dho friendship (G.); sann.h (P.); sem.dh hole made by thieves (H.); sim.dh (B.O.)(Bloch, p. 407). chirnu to pierce, bore a hole (N.); siriba to tear (A.); s'irn.e~ to enter forcibly or suddenly; s'irakn.e~ to pierce (M.)(CDIAL 5049). denom. verbs: chiddita perforated (Pali); chiddiya (Pkt.); chiddn.a_ to be pierced (P.); chidnu to harvest pulse or mustard by uprooting (N.); chida_ a cutting, robbing (B.); chidvu~ to break to pieces, pound, trample on (G.); chedn.a_ to bore (P.); chednu to pierce (N.); sediba to cut asunder (A.); chedna_ to bore (H.); chedvu~ (G.); s'e~dn.e~ to make slight cuts in (M.); cher.u_n.o to cause to pierce (Ku.); cher.nu, che~r.nu to pierce (N.); chi~r.a_, che~r.a_ to break, tear (B.); siriba to tear (A.); chir.iba_, chin.d.iba_ to tear (Or.); chi_r.a_na_ to scrape, take by force (H.)(CDIAL 5043). Image: to pierce: so.ng- (so.nkt) to enter (Kol.); so_n- id. (Nk.); co_ng- (thorn) pierces; co_kip- (co_kit-) to stick into (Pa.); so_ng- to be pierced into; so_n- to pierce, penetrate (Ga.); ho_n.- (ho_t.-) to enter (Pe.); ho_n:ga- id. (Pe.); caus. ho_t.pa- (Pe.); so_lba (so_t..-) to enter, penetrate; so_r.pa (so_r.t-) to cause to enter, put in (Go.); ho_nai, ho_d.ga, hannai to enter (hannai to go); horginai to interfere; ho_r.- (ho_t.-) to enter; ho_rbu_, in: ko_d.inga ho_rbu at dusk (time of the cows coming in)(Kuwi)(DEDR 2876). jo_- (-t-) to put in, insert (Pe.); ju_- (-t-) id. (Mand..); ro_- (-t-) to insert hand in (? r-o_-)(DEDR 2868). corukutal to put in, insert, tuck in (Kalin.. 46); serku (Ka.); corukuka (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) To break, burst; bit: cituku, ciduku to be crushed, broken or smashed; break, burst; cidiyu to be broken, smashed or crushed, break; cidupa a bit, fragment, piece; cidupu to crush, smash, squeeze, break; cidumu to pinch, nip; cidura, cidurupa, cidrupa a piece, bit, fragment (Te.); sidli- (-t-) to be crushed (as an overripe fruit)(Kond.a); cithge to squeeze out the seed or stone from a fruit (Malt.); citai (-v-, -nt-) to be injured, spoiled, broken, become corrupt, prove untrue; (-pp-, -tt-) to injure, waste, destroy, ruin, demolish, kill, uproot; citai, citaivu injury, degeneracy, ruin, defeat, fault, defect; citaku (citaki-) to strip off, erase (Ta.); cidaku, ciduku to squeeze the soaked pulse called avare with the fingers and thus remove the skin; sindu, sendu to rub out, extinguish, destroy (Ka.)(DEDR 2526). Image: small bit: kinn- (kinni-) to tear into strips (rags, plantain or screwpine leaves)(Kod..); kini- (kinit-) to break into pieces; kink- (kinikt-) id. (Kol.); kinup- to break, crack knuckles (Nk.)(DEDR 1604). Semantic extension: to engrave: cettu to cut with adze, chisel, pare off; n. cutting, chiselling (Ta.); kettu to engrave, carve (Ka.); kette a piece, slice, chip (Tu.); kettige carving, engraving (Tu.)(DEDR 1953). citrakara painter (MBh.); cittayara (Pkt.); citera_ painter (OAw.); id., engraver (H.); citrera_ painter of pictures, engraver (L.); citre_ra_, cite_ra_, cate_ra_ engraver (P.)(CDIAL 4805). To cut, split: cit.lisu to break, snap, crack, burst, etc. (Ka.); cit.lu, cit.ilu id.; cit.lincu (Te.); cit.t. to cut, split (Pa.); sit.- id. (Ga.)(DEDR 2510). chid cut (Skt.); chitti division (Skt.); cutting, breaking, division (Pkt.); chit splinter or sliver in the flesh (L.); chi_t, chiti limit, boundary (Ku.); chi_ti loss (OH.); chi_tna_ to strike, bite (H.)(CDIAL 5037). cya_, cinist to tear (Kt.); chik (1 sg. chium, pret. ochistam < acchidat, absol. chiti) to break (Kho.); chi_na to be torn, be slit, be worn away; to bite, sting (H.)(CDIAL 5041). chidra torn asunder (RV.); having holes, pierced (Ka_tyS'r.); leaky (MBh.); slit, cleft, hole (VS.); adj.: chidda having holes, perforated (Pali); chid.a want of density, waterishness (S.); chidra_ widely separated, thin (L.); chidra_r. spare, having gaps (of crops, hair, teeth); thinness (L.); chidra_, chidda_ not closely set, porous (P.); chido dispersed, separate (Ku.); chi_dru~ shallow (G.); chi_da_ having many holes, sparse, loosely woven, thin (H.)(CDIAL 5043). chiti chan. to pulverize, break to pieces, shiven to atoms (Santali.lex.) cittiram < chidra hole, slit, opening; ignominy, blot (Kampara_. Kumpakaru. 293); void (Ma_r-an-alan.. 261, Uta_, 626); secret (Perun.. Ucaik. 37,43)(Ta.lex.) citar rain drop (Pur-ana_. 105,3); powder (Pin..); citaram rain drop (Pin..)(Ta.)

2932. To open: cand.p- (cand.t-) to open (Pa.); sand.up- (sand.ut-) id.; san.- (san.d.-) to open; san.p- (san.(d.)up-) id. (Ga.)(DEDR 2319). san.d.ap to open; sandor.an. open; sodgor.o in the open (Santali.lex.) sindha_l.a, sindha_l.a_, sindha_ra, sindha_ra_ housebreaker (Or.)(CDIAL 12908a). sam.dhi hole made by a burglar (Mn.); san hole (Dm.); burglary; dat. su^u (K.); sandhi hole made by burglars (S.); sa_i~d(h)uwa_, sai~dhuwa_ burglar (N.); sa_ndhi hole, crevice (OB.); a~_dhi-sa~_dhi holes and corners (B.); sa~_d(h)i_ chink, joint (M.); sa~_dho cleft, joint (G.); sandhim. chindati breaks into a house (Pali); sandhi-che_da housebreaking (Pali); se~dh, sen hole made by burglars (N.); xindhi hole in the ground (esp. one made under a wall by a thief)(A.); si~d(h) hole in a wall (B.); si~d(h)i hole made by a thief (Or.); senh hole made by burglars, mine (Mth.); se_nhi_ (Bhoj.); se~_dhⁱ (Aw.); se~d(h) (H.); se~dhna_ to bore, sap, mine (H.)(CDIAL 12913). Image: a cut: ken.t.u (ken.t.i-) to cut (Ta.); kej- to cut open or cut up (carcass, meat)(Ko.); cen.d.u to cut; cen.d.a_d.u to cut to pieces (Te.); cen.d.a_d.uni to destroy, ruin (Tu.); kid.d.i_ an axe-cut (Go.); kind.e to cut flesh or fish (Malt.)(DEDR 1542). Image: chip: kin.d.i, kan.d.i a chink; a gap, an opening; a clift (Ka.); khin.d.a (M.)(Ka.lex.) kan.t.am piece, cut or broken off; fragment, slice, cutting, chop, parcel, portion, slip (Kampara_. Na_t.t.up. 19); kan.t.i to chop, mince, slash, cut into pieces (Ta.lex.) cf. can.t.u chaff, broken chips of spoilt straw (Ta.); chaff (Ma.)(DEDR 2317). khan.d.a, kan.d.a broken, divided; a fragment, a part, a piece (Ka.Skt.)(Ka.lex.) Digging, cutting; an axe-cut; to flay, cut flesh or fish: ken.t.u (ken.t.i-) to dig, cut and eat (Ta.); kin.t.u (kin.t.i-) to poke, stir, scratch (as a fowl), dig up, burrow in (as rats, worms), dig, probe, incite (as to a quarrel)(Ta.); kin.t.uka to stir a pap, dig (Ma.); kej- to flay, cut open or cut up (carcass, meat)(Ko.); kod.- to flay (To.); cen.d.a_d.uni to destroy, ruin (Tu.); cen.d.u to cut (Te.); cen.d.a_d.u to cut to pieces (Te.); kid.d.i_ an axe-cut (?Go.); kind.e to cut flesh or fish (Malt.)(DEDR 1542).

2933.Image: pouring out: cid.or cod.or spilling when pouring out; cid.or cod.or dakko duleda they spill the water as they pour out; chit.kau to sprinkle; citir bitir to be scattered, strewn about; chitia bitia to scatter, to strew, to throw about; chitiau to scatter, to strew, to spread; in tuluc ban. sasamt.aoic doe chitiaua he that gatheereth not with me scattereth (Santali.lex.) citar-tal to scatter, strew; to spread over, to be diffused (Perun.. Ila_va_n.a. 16,16); to scratch as a fowl (Nar-. 389); to be scattered, strewn (Ci_vaka. 1106)(Ta.lex.) citar spilling, shedding (Cir-upa_n.. 254); citaral splashing, bespattering (Maturaik. 244)(Ta.lex.) citar-at.ittal to scatter, disperse; citar-u-tal to disperse, scatter as grain (Tiruuru. 231)(Ta.); kedar-u (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) To give liberally: citar-u-tal to give liberally, bountifully (Patir-r-up. 76)(Ta.lex.)

2934.Image: spark: kir.y a spark (To.); kid.i, ked.i id. (Ka.); ked.i, ced.i id. (Kod..); kid.i, ked.i (Tu.)(DEDR 1528). Thunderbolt: cet.i light, splendour (Ta.); sid.il shaft of lightning, thunderbolt (Ka.); sed.ilu thunder; ced.lu id. (Ka.); td. minn- to lighten; td. thunder (Kod..); ted.ilu, s'ed.ilu thunder, thunderbolt, thunder-clap; ted.ilu-meci flash of lightning (Tu.); ced.li thunder (Kor.); jit.ki lightning (Ga.); can-r.ke id.; can-r-keye to flash (as lightning); tad.it- lightning (Skt.)(DEDR 2759). car.aka thunderbolt (Or.); c.ar.k thunder (WPah.)(CDIAL 4570). cf. cat. quickly (B.H.); suddenly (G.); c.at. suddenly; c.at.ka_ glow (M.); car.kanu to flash (N.)(CDIAL 4570). c.at.h windstorm (K.); chat.t.ai quickly (N.); sa_t.a_ dazzling light (A.); chat.el running wild (G.)(CDIAL 4969). Image: an ace: yakka (Tadbhava of ekka, e_ka) a card with a unit, an ace (Ka.lex.)

2935.Statement of holdings; an account: chit.t.ha_ an account, a memorandum of money paid; wages, especially of state servants; a long letter; chit.t.ha_ ta_rna_ to pay servants' wages, to pay a bill, to clear accounts; chitta_ tasdi_k the preliminary statement of holdings; chit.t.hi_ a letter, a note; a certificate, an order; a draft (P.lex.) cittu a rough copy or draft (Ka.Te.); a blot, as of ink; a blot, an obliteration of something written; corrections in writing (Ka.H.)(Ka.lex.)

2936.Father of bride or bridegroom: yai father of either bride or bridegroom; f. yen. (Kon.lex.)

2937.Yakkha: iyakkam motion; moving about (Kur-al., 1020); the north quarter, which is the abode of the yaks.as (W.)(Ta.); iyakkutal to cause to go (na_lat.i. 136); iyakku motion, as of a stream; going, marching (Malaipat.u. 571); iyan:ku-tal to move, stir; movement, act of going (Ci_vaka. 1360); iyakkar yaks.as, a class of celestials, one of patinen.-kan.am; iyakkan- yaks.a (Kampara_. Ta_t.akai. 26); Kube_ra, king of yaks.as; yakkan- id.; yat.cam < yaks.a (Takkaya_kap. 534, Urai.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) yaks.a name of the place of Indra; name of a Kubera; worship; yaks.am sacrifice; anything honoured; yaks.a_dhipa the lord of yaks.as; yaks.a ra_tri the festival called dipa_li; yaks.in (Vedic) living, existing; adorable, fit to be honoured; yaks.in.i_ a female yaks.a; name of the wife of Kubera; a certain female fiend in the service of Durga_; a sylph or fairy (holding intercourse with mortals)(Skt.lex.) cf. ca_kkaiyan- member of a caste whose profession in ancient times was to sing and dance in temples and palaces (Ta.)(DEDR 2432). yakke_can-, yakka-ra_can- Kube_ra as the lord of the Yaks.as; iyakkar-kal.ukku aracan-; yakka-taru the banyan tree (Ilak. Aka.); yat.ca-va_cam id. (Takkaya_kap. 534, Urai.)(Ta.); yakka-ra_ttiri the full moon in the month of Ka_rttikai (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) yaks.a, jakka name of certain demi-gods who are attendants of Kube_ra, generally regarded as beings of a benevolent and inoffensive disposition, but occasionally classed with pis'a_cas etc.; a ghost, a spirit; Kube_ra; yaks.in.i, jakan.i, jakkan.i, jakkin.i a female yaks.a; Kube_ra's wife; a sort of female fiend attached to the service of Durga_ and frequently maintaining intercourse with mortals; sorcery done with the help of that fiend (Ka.lex.) yaks.a name of a class of demigods who are described as attendants of Kube_ra, the god of riches, and employed in guarding his gardens and treasures; yaks.a-vitta one who is like a yaks.a, i.e. the guardian of wealth, but who never uses it (Skt.lex.) yaks.a-dhu_pa resin, incense (Skt.lex.) yaks. to be quick, press forward, speed on (RV. i.132.5); to reveal, be revealed, manifest (RV. ii.5.1); pyas.t.a manifest, visible, appeared (Skt.); yaks.ya active, wonderful (RV. viii.60.3); yaks.a a supernatural being revealing himself suddenly (as did the yaks.a to Yudhis.t.hira in Vanaparvan); mystery, secret (RV. vii.61.5); mysterious being (VS. xxxiv.2); yaks.adr.s' one who sees the mystery (RV. vii.56.16); yaks.u name of a race or tribe (RV. vii.18.6)(Vedic.lex.) ca_t.ci eye-witness; ca_t.ca_tkarittal to visualise, realize (Ci. Ci. 6,6, Ja_n-ap.); sa_s.a_tkr. (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) yaks.a a supernatural being (MaitrUp.); manifestation (RV.); yaks.i_, yaks.in.i_ f. (MBh.); yakkha, yakkhi_, yakkhin.i_ a supernatural being (Pali); jakkha, jakkhin.i_ (Pkt.); yus', yu_s' ogre; yus'tri_k ogress (Ash.); yus. female demon (Kt.); yu_s. (Wg.); yus. demon (Pr.); jac female demon (Kal.); yac demon; yacini_; yac(h)ol.o demon like a bear; yacha_litu mad; yacha_lya_r madness (Sh.); yech a kind of fairy; yechi, yoch^u a spirit (K.); jakkh demogod, devout worshipper; ogress (P.); jak demon; jakhni_ female demon in the service of Durga_ (H.); ja_kha, ja_khala demon (OG.); jakhi_n., ja~ki_n. ghost of a woman who died in childbirth or drowned herself; ja_khi_n., ja~_khi_n. old and ugly woman; jakha_i_-jukha_i_ two female fiends, minor deities and demons in general (M.); yak-a_ demon; yakin-i_, yakinna (Si.); zoc unruly (of children), knotty, complicated (Kho.); ja_khar. idiot (Ku.); jakkhu huge (N.); ja_k cowdung cake called maha_de placed on a grain heap to ward off evil eye (Bi.)(CDIAL 10395). yakkha [fr. yaka to move quickly; perhaps: swift creatures, changing their abode quickly and at will; or fr. yaj: a being to whom a sacrifice (of expiation or propitiation) is given; the term yaks.a as attendants of Kube_ra occurs already in the Upanishads.] yakkha name of certain non-human beings, as spirits, ogres, dryads, ghosts, spooks. Their usual epithet and category of being is amanussa, i.e., not a human being (but not a sublime god either); a being half deified and of great power as regards influencing people (partly helping, partly hurting)... Historically they are remnants of an ancient demonology and of considerable folkloristic interest, as in them old animistic beliefs are incorporated and as they represent creatures of the wilds and forests... they are sometimes called devata_ or devaputta_... their usual capacity is one of kindness to men... whole cities stand under the protection of, or are inhabited by yakkhas... Lanka_ (Ceylon)... inhabited by yakkhas... in a progressive order they rank between manussa and gandhabba; they are mentioned with devas, rakkhasas, da_navas, gandhabbas, kinnaras and mahoragas... the four great kings (lokapa_la_), the followers of Vessavan.a (alias Yama, the yakkhas proper) and men (yakkha = satta, nara, puggala, manussa) go by the name of yakkha... Sakka, the king of the devas, is often named yakkha... Some are spirits of trees (rukkha-devata_)... their cult seems to originate primarily from the woods, and secondarily from the legends of sea-faring merchants. To the later origin point the original descriptions of a vima_na or fairy-place, which is due to a sort of mirage. These are usually found in or at the sea, or in the neighbourhood of silent lakes, where the sense of hauntedness has given rise to the fear of demons or supernatural witchcraft... the entrances to a vima_na by means of a dried-up river bed... some of their names are: a_l.avaka forest-dweller, uppala lotus, kakudha kakudha tree, terminalia arjuna; kumbhi_ra crocodile, vajira thunderbolt, sa_ta_gira pleasant-mount, seri_saka acacia-dweller... In harmony with tradition they share the role of their master kube_ra as lord of riches and are the keepers (and liberal spenders) of underground riches, hidden treasures etc., with which they delight men... they can transfer themselves to any place with their palaces and work miracles... they are shy and afraid of palmyra leaf and iron; their eyes are red and do not wink. Their abode is their self-created palace (vima_na), which is anywhere in the air, or in trees etc... yakkha-nagara city of yakkhas (= siri_savatthu)... yakkha-mahiddhi, yakkhiddhi magic power of a yakkha... yakkha-su_kara a yakkha in the form of a pig... yakkha-sena_pati chief-commander of the yakkha-army (Pali.lex.) "In the early records, yakkha as an appellation is, like na_ga, anything but depreciative. Not only is Sakka so called, but the Buddha himself is so referred to in poetic diction. We have seen kakudha, son of the gods, so addressed; and the city of the gods, Alakamanda_, is described as crowed with yakkhas (gods). They have a deva's supernormal powers..." (Mrs. Rhys Davids, Book of the Kindred Sayings, I, 1917, p.262). "Kubera or Kuvera (Vais'ravan.a, vais'raman.a, also in Buddhist literature Vessavan.a, Pa_cika, Jambhala etc.) is one of the four Great Kings... and the chief of all Yaks.as... worshipped especially for treasure... His city A_l.aka situated on Mt. Kaila_sa (also the abode of S'iva) is a magnificent walled town, where dwell not only Yaks.as, but also Kim.naras, Munis, Gandharvas and Ra_ks.asas. Very possibly, as M. Goloubew (Ars Asiatica, X) has suggested, the whole of the ceiling of Cave I at Ajan.t.a_ may be regarded as a representation of the Paradise of Kuvera... Kubera has many beautiful palaces, groves, gardens etc. on Mt. Kaila_sa... Gan.es'a (lord of hosts) is undoubtely a Yaks.a type... perhaps actually equivalent to Kubera or Man.ibhadra... Kuber himself can be regarded as the first smelter of gold (Hopkins, Epic Mythology, p.146)... (on Buddhist railings)... the Kim.naras and Kim.purus.as, and Gandharvas too, (are represented) typically half-human, half-equine... the haunt or abode (bhavanam) of a Yaks.a, often referred to as a caitya (Pali, cetiya, Prakrit, ce_iya) or a_yatana (Prakrit a_yayan.a) may be outside a city, in a grove, on a mountain or at a gha_t... or by a tank... or at the gates of a city... or even within the palace precincts... the essential element of a Yaks.a holystead is a stone table or altar (veyad.d.i, maco) placed beneath the tree sacred to the Yaks.a... it is quite certain that the word caitya sometimes means no more than a sacred tree, or a tree with an altar... caitya-vr.ks.as in the Epics... the grove of sa_l-trees belonging to the Mallas, where the Parinibba_n.a took place... The incense made from deodar and vatica robusta is liked by all deities; but sallaki_ya incense is disliked by the gods and suitable only for the Daityas... The prospector, before digging for treasure in Northern India, makes offerings of meat, seasmum seeds, and flowers, to Kuvera, Ma_n.ibhadra etc. (MBh. 14,65,11)... there is no motif more fundamentally characteristic of Indian art from first to last than is that of the Woman and Tree... sa_l-tree, mango, plaks.a and as'oka-tree... vr.ksaka_ dryad... s'a_labhajika_, 'she who plucks s'a_la flowers'... the maidens of Avanti_ worship Manobhava (= Mayan.a, Ka_madea), laying their offerings of perfumes, flowers, turmeric, and chinese silk... in the cool shade of a mango tree... Varun.a himself is a patron of physicians... Kubera's nine treasures are the padma, maha_padma, s'an:kha, makara, kacchapa, mukunda, nanda, ni_la, kharva, and nearly all of these are water-symbols... it is the whole lotus plant that is generally represented in art... lotus rises from a pun.n.a ghat.a... banyan nyagrodha... makara with the ornamented lotus rhizome proceeding from its mouth... jalebha (water-elephant) and lotus... s'an:kha and lotus... " (Ananda Coomaraswamy, Yaks.as, 1980, 2nd edn., Part I, pp.6-43; Part II, pp.11-84).{The terms a_l.avaka, uppala, kakudha, kumbhi_ra, vajira, sa_ta_gira, seri_saka seem to represent specific trees which yielded fragrant substances or medicines or were used for making ropes: cf. ar.er the jujube tree (Mth.); a_d.eri_ solanum jacquinii (S.)(CDIAL 1104); uppala lotus (Pali); kakudha the tree terminalia arjuna (Skt.Pali)(CDIAL 2583); kumbhin a sort of fragrant resin, guggula (Skt.lex.); kumbi, kumri the tree careya arborea (H.); khu~bha_ a wild tree with thick leaves and bark used for making ropes (M.)(CDIAL 3309)}. Perfumed paste: yaks.a-kardama a perfumed paste consisting of camphor, agallochum, musk and bdellium (Ka.lex.) yaks.a-kardama an ointment consisting of camphor, agallochum (aguru), musk (kastu_ri_) and kakkola (according to others, also sandal and saffron) mixed in equal proportions (Skt.lex.)

2938.Clotty: cf. kardama flesh; mud, mire, clay; filth (Ka.lex.) kardamita made clotty; karda, kardat.a the fibrous root of the lotus (SKt.lex.)a)River; ocean: sa_gara-va_ri the ocean; sa_gara the ocean; sa_garanta, sa_garapariyanta bounded or surrounded by the ocean (said of the earth)(Pali.lex.) cf. Raft: va_ri-ratam raft, as in a floating festival, boat (Ta.lex.) sa_gara ocean (Mn.Pali.Pkt.); sa_(y)ara (Pkt.); sa_iru sea, river (S.); sa_yar, sa_yer sea, lake (B.); sa_yara sea (OMth.); sa_yar sea (H.); sa_r-bha_t.a_ ebb tide (H.); sa_yara sea (OMarw.); sa_yar, sa_her (G.); sa_yara (OM.); sayura (Si.)(CDIAL 13325). sa_gara-plavanam navigating (the ocean)(Skt.lex.) ca_kamar ocean, sea, as dug by Cakarar (cakarar tot.t.ala_r- ca_karam en-ap peyar tar..aippa : Kampara_. Akali. 43)(Ta.lex.)

2939.Becoming; creation; wealth, prosperity, fortune: a_kkam word indicating change from one state to another (Tol. Col. 20); id. (Ma.); increase, development (Na_lat.i. 301); creation (Ci. Ci. 1,37); gain, profit (Kur-al., 463); accumulation (Kur-al., 755); wealth, prosperity, fortune (Kur-al., 457); gold; arrangement, preparation, as in cleansing rice (Tol. Col. 1, Ce_n-a_.); a_kka-k-kil.avi word indicating change from one state or quality to another (Tol. Col. 22);[kil.avi word, term (Tol.); kil.attal to express clearly (Tol. Po. 211); kil.avi speech (Ain:kur-u. 490); language (Kalla_. 38,3)(Ta.lex.)]; a_kkan:ku_r-utal to bless, invoke a blessing (Tiruvil.ai. Ma_yap. 26)(Ta.); a_kka-p-pa_t.u advantage, gain (Periyapu. Tiruja_n-a. 77); a_kkutal to arrange, make preparations (Tol. Col. 1, Ce_n-a_.); to effect, make (Na_lat.i. 124); to change, convert (Kampara_. A_r-. 17); a_kku creation (Te_va_. 914,7)(Ta.lex.) a_kkam Laks.mi_; benediction (Tiruvil.ai. Ma_yap. 26); arrangement, preparation, as in cleaning rice (Tol. Col. 1, Ce_n-a_.); a_kkar installed deities (Ta.lex.) a_ (a_n--, a_yi-), a_ku (a_ki-) to come into existence, happen, be, be fit, agreeable, be like, equal (Ta.); a_ becoming; a_ (-pp-, -tt-) to cause, bring about; a_kku (a_kki-) to effect, make, cause to be, create, arrange; creation; a_kkam creation, increase, prosperity; a_kkan- that which is artificial; a_kkiyo_n- creator, author of a book; a_kkum perhaps, indeed; a_ka completely, in that fashion, adverbial suffix (Ta.); a_kuka to be that, become that, be what it ought to be, to be right, be possible; a_kkuka to make to be that; place, put, employ; a_kkikka to cause to make; a_kkam what one puts, contentment, strength, continuance; a_ka altogether, being, so as to be (Ma.); a.g- (a.y-/a.n-; some forms from a.-; gerunds a.r.y, a.t.y) to become; a.k- (a.yk-) to make to become, prepare (Ko.); o.x- to become, be agreeable, be of use, menstruate; o.k- (o.ky-) to place; o.-, o.-ho.- yes (To.); a_gu (a_n-, a_y-, etc.), agu (rare) to come into existence, happen, become, prove, to be, be, etc.; n. becoming, coming to pass; a_gisu to cause to become, bring about, perform; a_guvike, a_guha becoming, happening, etc.; -a_gi adverbial suffix; a_m. interj. of assent of recollection (Ka.); a.g- to become; a.ku yes, all right; a.k- (a.ki-) to make to stay in a place; ayni genuine, true; ayni mane central house of family (Kod..); a_pini (irregular forms, including 2 sg. neut. past. a_n.d.u) to be, become, grow, happen, occur, fit, suit, be possible, be related to; a_vu it may be or may happen (Tu.); agu, avu (ayi having become; allomorph ka_-) to be, become, prove to be, be done, be fit, be agreeable; adj. which is; ayite possible, which may be or can be done, convenient; n. possibility, convenience; ayina which is or has become, agreeable, suitable; -ga_ adverbial suffix; ka_vincu to do, make, perform, produce, cause to be done (Te.); an- to be in a place, be so-and-so; a- allomorph of er- (edd-) to become; a.p- (a.pt-) to keep in a place, entrust (Kol.); and.- to be; a_p- to keep; akk- to make, do; an- to be (Nk.); aia_na_ (irregular; 3 sg. impf. a_nd; some forms from stem a_-), (most dialects) a_- tobe (Go.); a- (a_t-, a_n-) to be, become (Kond.a); a_- (a_t-) id. (Pe.Mand..Kuwi); a_va (a_t-) to become, be, happen, be sufficient, finished; n. being, becoming, accomplishment, sufficiency (Kui); aiyali to be, become; a_nai to occur (Kuwi); anning (stems an-, ar-, as-, a-) to be (Br.)(DEDR 333). Experience; realize; get accustomed: axna_ (axcas, akkhas) to know, realize, experience, mistake for; axka_, akhka_ knowledge, experience (Kur.); ge (aqqa) to know, understand; gre to get accustomed to (Malt.)(DEDR 17). cf. ar-i (-v-, -nt-) to know, understand, perceive, ascertain; n. knowledge (Ta.); erka knowledge (Kol.); harrifing to inquire, ask (Br.)(DEDR 314). as' reach (Skt.); as'no_ti obtains (RV.); has'o_nu to be obtained (Sh.)(CDIAL 916). abhya_s'a near (R.); abhya_s'am adv. (AitBr.); abbha_sa subst. and adj. (Pkt.); abhya_sa near (Pali); abiyesa neighbourhood; biyes near (Si.)(CDIAL 547). vyas.t.i attainment, success (TS.); vat.han.u to seize (S.); vat.t.han. (L.); ba_t.ho skilful, wise (N.); ba_t. cunning, clever (M.)(CDIAL 12179). To exist: a_yitu, a_yittu, a_ytu it became, etc.; a_y the form of the pp. of a_gu, to which the affixes tu, itu, ittu are joined (Ka.); a_y (Ta.) = a_gi (Ka.); a_yi (Tu.) = a_da (Ka.); a_gu, ak, agu to come into being or existence (Ka.Ta.Ma.Tu.); to happen; to be (Ka.lex.) ah- to be (H.Avadhi_.); h (P.R.Br.H.); a_hn.em. (M.); a_m.h- (S.); present hu_m. etc. (H.); na_him. is not, no (M.H.)(Bloch, p. 302). cf. a_kat.t.um let it happen (Ta.lex.) ac to remain (Romany); chum. (G.); chu_m. (R.); chi_ (Mth.); asn.em. to be, to exist (M.); chus to remain (K.); chu (N.); achna_ (H.); a_chi (B.); achi I am (Or.); acchati (Pali); acchai (Pkt.); archaic future in: escit (Latin); pretarite eskhon, eskhe (Gk.); subjunctive : isem that I be (Armenian); sketar is (Tocharian B); skente are (Bloch, p. 298). a_ks.e_ti abides, dwells in (RV.); a_ks.iyati exists (AV.); a_ks.yati is to be found, is (AV.); aks.am.ti (As'.); ach'ati is (NiDoc.); akkhai continues to be, is (Pkt.); chus I am (K.) < a_ks.ito_ smi (Skt.); chu is (K.); necchi is not (WPah.); akhalu was (OMth.); khe is; naikhe is not (Bhoj.)[cf. a_ks.e_pa objection (Sus'r.); akkhe_pa (Pali); akkhe_va (Pkt.)(CDIAL 1032)]; nakhi_ am not; nai_khi~_ (Bhoj.); a_ge is (B.); ho_ti, huati (Skt.); hach'ati (NiDoc.); hokkhai (Pkt.); hokhe becomes (Bi.Bhoj.); hakai, 3rd pl. hakhin (Bi.Bhoj.); acchati sits still, remains, behaves, is (Pali); acchai sits, remains, is, pp. acchiya- (Pkt.); a_chi is (Bhi_li_ of Naikad.i_ (Pkt.); achai is (OG.); che (G.); asn.e~ to remain, stay, exist, be (M.); a_ssu_ke to be (Konkan.i); achav I remain; ac- to stay, live, stand (Gypsy); cha is (D..); cop thou art (Dm.); oc- to be (Pas'.); cha is (Garh.Ku.N.); exists (N.); a_siba to exist, be (A.); a_chi is (B.); achi (Or.); a_chai (OMth.); achab (Mth.)[X old akh-: chikai he is (Monghyr dial.)]; a_chai is (OAw.); a_chna_, achna_ to remain, exist, be (H.); chai exists, lives, is (OMarw.); X ho_- in ho_cer is in the state of (Gypsy); acch-, a_kh- remained in the form of a_h-, ah-, h- (e.g. ahai (OB.); ae (B.); a_hai (OH.); hai (H.)] with -h- < -kh- in the unemphatic verb, whereas -kh- remained in the emphatic positive and negative: hai is (Bi.); emph. hakai is (Bi.); a_he_ is; ne_khe_ is not (Bi.); achi is (Or.); nuhi is not, 3rd pl. na_ha_nti (Or.); in languages which distinguish conjugations in -a- and -e~-, the present tense may be from <*a_khe~: a~_hi~_ni they are (S.); a_hin (L.)(CDIAL 1031). cf. akam inside, house (Ta.)(DEDR 7). Dwell; bird's nest: cf. ks.i dwell (Skt.); a_kher.o a bird's nest (S.)(CDIAL 1021). a_hita placed, put (Skt.Ka.); aha = a_guva, a_ha (Ka.); ahuda_gu to become or be 'yes' or true (Ka.) (Ka.lex.) Neighbourhood: ayal neighbourhood (Ma.Ta.); adjacent place (Ta.); acal neighbourhood, adjacent place, being foreign or alien; acalar neighbours, strangers (Ta.)(DEDR 189). a_yatana resting place, home (TS.); sanctuary (ChUp.); place, sphere (Pali); a_yayan.a house, refuge (Pkt.)(CDIAL 1285). a_s'sia_ a servant in the harem (Or.)(CDIAL 1452). a_vasati dwells (RV.); sleeps with (Mn.); resides (Pali); stays (Pkt.); a_ohiba to recline (A.)(CDIAL 1425). a_s'aya a resting place; an abode, an asylum (Ka.lex.) a_ccu < a_yir-r-u finished, done (Ta.); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.)

2940.To educate; send a message: sa~_ku to educate, foster (Te.)(DEDR 2427). sakkhara educated (Pkt.); sa_khara literate (H.); sa_ks.ara containing letters; eloquent (Skt.)(CDIAL 13320). cf. can:katam Sanskrit (Te_va_. 858,2); can:kam learned assemblies or academies of ancient times patronised by Pa_n.d.ya kings (Periyapu. Mu_rttina_. 7)(Ta.lex.) si_ks.ate_ wishes to overcome (RV.); sik to learn, teach; sikav, siker to teach (Gypsy); sicoiki, sicilus to learn; caus. sicaroiki to teach; caus. sicoiki, pret. sice_gas to send a message to; sinco_nu, caus. sinca_yo_nu (Sh.)(CDIAL 13426)]. sikhat, sikhauna, siknat teaching; sikhau, siknat to teach (Santali.lex.) s'iks. learn (Skt.); s'iks.an.a act of learning (Skt.); in cmpd. teaching (Skt.); sikkhana study, teaching (Pali); sikkhan.a (Pkt.); xikani instruction (A.); s'iks.ate_ learns (RV.); s'iks.ati (S'Br.); sikkhati learns (Pali); s'ichatu (NiDoc.); sikkhai (Pkt.); sik to learn, teach (Gypsy); che~_c to learn (Dm.); chich (Kal.); chichik (Kho.); hechun (K.); sikhan.u (S.); sikkhan. (L.); sikkhn.a_ (P.); s'ikhn.u_, s'ican., s'ikkhrna_, s'ikhn.o~_, sikkhn.a_ (WPah.); sikhn.o (Ku.); siknu (N.); xikiba (A.); sik(h)a_ (B.); sikhiba_ (Or.); sikhab (Mth.); si_khai (OAw.); si_khna_ (H.); sikhvu~ (G.); s'ik(h)n.e~ (M.); s'ikta_ (Konkan.i); caus.: sikkha_pe_ti teaches (Pali); sikkha~_vei (Pkt.); sikav (Gypsy); sikha_in.u (S.); sikha_van. (L.); sakha_un.a_ (P.);[cf. -a- as in sa~_ku (Te.)]; s'ikha_n.o~_ (WPah.); sikhon.o (Ku.); sikha_unu (N.); xika_iba (A.); sikha_na (B.); sikha_iba_ (Or.); sikha_na_ (H.); sikhavvu~ (G.); s'ikavin.e~ (M.)(CDIAL 12430). s'iks.ayati informs (Mn.); chiche_ik to teach (Kho.); sicoiki, pret. sicegas to send a message to (Sh.)(CDIAL 12431). s'iks.a_ learning, study (MBh.); punishment (Skt.); s'iks.a_dan.d.a corrective punishment (BhP.);[cf. siksa to accuse (Malay); chis'kinas to accuse (Bur.)]; sikkha_ study, discipline (Pali.Pkt.); s'echⁱ message (K.); sikha learning (S.); sikkh advice (P.); si_kh (Ku.); dekha-siki imitation (N.); sikha advice, instruction (OAw.); si_kh (H.); si_kha advice (OG.); si_kh punishment (G.); hik study (Si.)(CDIAL 12432). s'iks.ya to be taught (Skt.); sikhu disciple (S.); sikkh pupil (L.)(CDIAL 12433). cf. s'is.ya pupil (Skt.)(CDIAL 12482).

2942.Image: likeness; pair: sahal.u likeness (Si.); sa_haya drawn together, enveloped (Pkt.); sam.hr.ta drawn together (MBh.)(CDIAL 13065). Image: pair of fish roes: san:gha_r.i pair of fish roes (Or.)(CDIAL 12859). san:gha_t.ika_ a pair, couple (Skt.lex.) sa~gherna_ to hobble two cows together left leg to right leg to prevent straying; sa~ghera_ the rope with which this is done (H.)(CDIAL 12864). san:gal.a pair (Si.); sam.gha_d.a, sam.gha_d.aga, sam.gha_d.i_ pair (Pkt.); san:gha_r.i two rolls of thread for twisting to the sacred thread (Or.)(CDIAL 12859). cf. can:ku < s'an:ku stake, peg, spike (Ta.lex.)

2943.Image: entrance: can:kat.a- 'entrance' in can:kat.a-p-pat.alai a barred gate at the entrance of a house or garden (J.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cf. saga_d.a_ frame of a building (M.)(CDIAL 12859). can:ka-mukam < san:ga-mukha river-mouth (Cilap. 9,57, Urai.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

2944.Image: bridge; passage: san:kama passage, bridge (Pali); sam.kama bridge (Pkt.); sa~_go, sa_n.o (Ku.); sa~_gu, sa~_ghu small cane bridge repaired only in the cold weather (N.); xa~_ku bridge (of poles or bamboos or masonry)(A.); sa~_ko bridge (B.); san:kua (Or.); sa~_ka_, sa~_kho, sa~_khu~, sa~_kha_ (Or.); sa~_kav, sa~_ku_ (M. < s'an:ku)(CDIAL 12834). san:ko a bridge (Tu.lex.) sam.krama going together (VS.); steps to water, bridge (Mn.)(CDIAL 12834). san:gla_ a plank bridge in the hills (P.)(CDIAL 12260). Image: blocking a stream: sa~_kar blocking a stream (M.)(CDIAL 12818). sa~_kha_ra_, sa~_kera_, sa~_kora_ rubbish and mud blocking a waterchannel (M.)(CDIAL 12820). sa~_ku_l. straws etc. blocking a stream (M.)(CDIAL 12828). sa~_ka_, sa_ka_ straw etc. collected and blocking a stream, dregs, a mixture of copper and inferior gold for soldering trinkets (M.)(CDIAL 12829). san:ka a bridge (Ka.); sa_n:ku_ a float or bridge of rude and hasty construction (M.)(Ka.lex.) sakho, sako bridge (Santali.lex.) Narrow; difficulty: san:kat.t.a-caturtti < san:kas.t.a + a fast observed in honour of Gan.e_s'a (Vina_yakapu. 47,6) (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) sam.kat.a contracted, narrow, dangerous; n. defile, difficulty, danger (MBh.); sam.kad.a, sam.kad.ia narrow (Pkt.); sangur steep hill (K.); sa~_gar.o_ narrow (WPah.); sa~_gur.o (Ku.); sa~_guro (N.); sa~_kur (Or.); sa~_kar narrow; n. narrow lane (H.); sakra_ tight, narrow (H.); sa_m.kad.a narrow (OG.); sa~_kr.u~ (G.); sa~_kad., sa~_kd.a_ tight, narrow (M.); sa~_kad., sa~_kd.e~ a difficulty (M.); sakul.u hard, fast, massive (Si.)(CDIAL 12817). can:kat.a-p-pat.alai a barred gate at the entrance of a house or garden (J.); can:kat.appa_t.u state of being in trouble or distress (Ta.); san:kat.apa_t.u (Te.); can:kat.am difficulty, trouble, straitened circumstances (Te_va_. 702,2); narrow path; a barred gate (Ta.lex.) san:kat.a, san:gat.a contracted, narrow, strait; a narrow passage (Ka.lex.) Image: narrow: sa~_kur narrow (Or.)(CDIAL 12828). sam.kad.a, sam.kad.ia narrow (Pkt.); sa~_gar.o_ narrow (WPah.); sa~_gur.o (Ku.); sa~_guro (N.); sa~_kur (Or.); sa~_kar narrow; narrow lane; sakra_ tight, narrow (H.); sa_m.kad.a narrow (OG.); sa~_kr.u~ (G.); sa~_kad., sa~_kd.a_ tight, narrow; sa~_kad., sa~_kd.e~ a difficulty (M.)(CDIAL 12817). sa~_kat.an., sa~_kat.n.e~ chopping block (M.); sakut.an. (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 12826). sa~_kat.n.e~ to chip up (M.)(CDIAL 12827). sa~_kar. a difficulty (H.); sa~_kad. (G.)(CDIAL 12830). sr.a_ narrow, tight, near; saur.a_ id.; saur. constriction (L.)(CDIAL 13068). To shrink; to contract: sam.kut.ati bends oneself together (Skt.); sam.kut.ana contracting (Skt.); san:kut.ita doubled up, shrunk (Pali); san:kun.d.ita distorted (Pali); sam.kud.ia contracted (Pkt.); su~gran. to shrink, dwindle; sun:gur.un. (L.); sun:gar.na_, sun:gur.na_, san:gar.n.a_, sukar.na_ to contract (P.); sa_n:kur.iba_, sa_n:kul.iba_ to contract, draw in one's limbs (Or.); sa~kar.na_, sakar.na_, sukar.na_, sikar.na_ to be contracted (H.); sakul.anava_, hakul.anava_, akul.anava_ to curl up, fold, roll in (Si.)(CDIAL 12825). sam.kucyate_ is contracted, shrinks (Sus'r.); sam.kucati (Skt.); san:kucati (Pali); sam.kuyai (Pkt.); sam.kucae_ (Pkt.); sa~guccn.a_, sa~gu_c^an.a_, sukacn.a_ to shrink, be drawn together (P.); sa_n:kuciba_ to contract (Or.); sakucab to be pressed, be squeezed (Mth.); sakucai shrinks, trembles, is shy (OAw.); sakucna_, sukucna_ to shrink, become narrow or tight (H.)(CDIAL 12824). sam.ko_cayati is contracted (MBh.); san:ko_ce_ti (Pali); sam.ko_ai (Pkt.); sa~gocn.a_ to contract, draw in (P.); sa~goc contraction (P.); sa_n:kociba_ to contract (Or.); sam.kocai is pressed (OMth.); sa~kocna_ to make shrink (H.)(CDIAL 12832). sam.ko_d.iya contracted (Pkt.); su~gor.an. to shrink (L.); sa~gor.n.a_, su~gor.n.a_ to contract, draw up (as the arms and legs)(P.); sakor.na_, sikor.na_, si~kor.na_ to contract, compress, crumple together; suker.na_, saker.na_ (H.)(CDIAL 12833). Closely packed: sm.kirati bestows liberally (RV.); mixes together (MBh.); pp. sam.ki_rn.a (Ya_j.); sam.ki_rati mixes together (Pali); sakilna_ to collect, accumulate, purse, shrink (H.); san:kin.n.a mixed (Pali); closely packed (Pkt.); sakinu scattered, confused, mixed (Si.)(CDIAL 12823). sa~guccn.a_, sa~guc^an.a_, sukacn.a_ to be drawn together, to shrink (P.); sam.kucyate_ is contracted, shrinks (Sus'r.); sa_n:kuciba_ to contract (Or.); sakucab to be pressed, be squeezed (Mth.); sakucna_, sukucna_ to shrink, become narrow or tight (H.)(CDIAL 12824). Herd: katuppu herd of cattle (Ta.); kadupu herd, flock (Ka.); kadale, kadal.i a mass, multitude (Ka.); kadupu id. (Te.); kadamba(ka)- multitude, troop (Skt.)(DEDR 1198). ghat.a_ collection, mass (BhP.); ghad.a_ collection, mass (Pkt.); ghad.i_, ghad.ia_ assembly (Pkt.); ghari bunch (of bananas)(N.); ghad. bunch, testicles (M.); gar testicle (Gypsy); gha_ri thicket, jungle (N.); gha_d bundle of rice straw (M.); ghat.t.a dense (Pkt.); collection, troop (Pkt.)(CDIAL 4411). sam.kula crowded together, dense (MBh.); san:kula crowded (Pali); sam.kula filled (Pkt.); sa~_kur narrow (Or.); sa~_kul. straws, etc. blocking a stream (M.); sa~_kul.n.e~ to become thick and clotted (M.); sakul.u numerous (Si.)(CDIAL 12828). sam.kr.s.t.a drawn together (Ka_tyS'r.); sam.kat.t.ha, sam.kit.t.ha scraped together (Pkt.); sa~get.hnu, sa~get.nu to collect greedily, hoard (N.)(CDIAL 12831). Image: swarm of fish; combined: gha_t.ita produced (Skt.); ghat.ita connected (Pali); combined (pp. of ghat.eti to join, to connect, to unite < denominative from ghat.a multitude, heap, dense mass, i.e. thiket, cluster; e.g., maccha-ghat.a a swarm of fish (Pali.lex.); ghad.ia- (Pkt.); ghar.i_ folded (H.)(CDIAL 4412).

2945.Image: monkey: sakam-gar.i a small kind of long-tailed macaque, the larger kind being called kuba gar.i (Mu.lex.) ga~r.i_ monkey (Santali.lex.) s'a_kha_mr.ga monkey (MBh.); sa_kha_m.ga monkey (Pali); sa_ha_mia, sa_ha_maya (Pkt.); sa_muva_ (Si.)(CDIAL 12377). cf. s'a_kha_ branch (RV.); sa_kha_, sa_kha branch (Pali); sa_ha_ (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12376). sin:gan.ika, sin:gal.i_ka a black monkey (Ka.); cin:glike a large kind of ape (Tu.); sin:gili_kamu the great black monkey (Te.)(DEDR 2502). Image: monkey: sin:gal.i_ka, sin:gan.ika a black monkey (Ka.); tin:gali_ka (Te.)(Ka.lex.)

2947.Eaglewood: ca_katun.t.am < ka_katun.d.a eaglewood, akil (Ta.lex.) cf. ca_ka-tti_vu an annular continent named after a tree called ca_kam or teak (Kampara_. Pat.aikka_. 9)(Ta.lex.) ka_katun.t.am eagle-wood (Cu_l.a_. Ci_ya. 105)(Ta.lex.) ka_katun.d.am a dark species of agallochum (Skt.Ka.lex.) jon:gaka synonym of aguru (Car. Ci. 1-4.15). sa_y, sava_, sa_g teak wood (M.); sa_g (G.H.); sa_gu (S.); s'a_ka (Skt.)(Bloch, p.407). Tectona grandis: te_kku teak (Akana_. 107); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) cekka, sekka bark of tree (Kol.); s'ekka bark of tree (Nk.); cakka bark (Go.)(DEDR 2748). s'a_ka the teak tree (B. Sam..) saka (Skt.); sagwan (H.P.M.); segun (B.); tekku (Ta.); peddateku (Te.); tekka (Ma.); tega (Ka.); chingjagu(Assam); wood: powdered and made into a plaster used for hot headaches and for swellings; vermifuge; ashes of wood: applied to swollen eyelids; bark: astringent; oil from nuts: promotes growth of hair, useful in scabies; wood contains quinine-like substance tectoquinine; habitat: Konkan, W. Ghats of Bombay and Madras States, Circars, Deccan, Carnatic and Madhya Bharat (GIMP, p. 240). cf. te_kku teak, tectona grandis (Ta.)(DEDR 3452) lot.pot.o dare, sagun tectona grandis (Santali.lex.) s'a_ka the teak tree tectona grandis (Gr.S'r.); sa_ka teak tree (Pali); sa_ga (Pkt.); sa_y, sa_ya_, sa_va_, sa~_va_, sa_yla_ (M.); sakhuwa_ (N.); sa_khu_, sa~_khu_, sakhua_ (H.); sa_gu_ (S.)(CDIAL 12369). ca_ki < s'a_khin tree (Ta.lex.) Eagle-wood; fragrant powder: s'r.n:ga_ra a fragrant powder for the dress or body; agallocham; s'r.n:gajam aloe wood; s'r.n:ga-mo_hin the champaka tree (Skt.lex.) cf. aguru, agaru, canda_l.a the dark species of agallochum; the fragrant aloe wood and tree, aquilaria agallocha; the tree which yields bdellium, amyris agallocha (Ka.lex.)

2948.Image: broom: ci_y (-pp-, -tt-) to sweep; ci_vu (ci_vi-) to sweep clean (as floor), clean (as teeth); ci_kku rubbish; ci_kam-pul broom-grass (Ta.)(DEDR 2599). sim.ka_ root stem of the grass andropogon muricatus (Pkt.); si~_k the grass anathorium muricatum (scented roots of which are used for making screens)(P.); si~_k spiky culm of andropogon muricatus (of which brooms are made)(H.)(CDIAL 13392). ci_ku broom-grass (Ta.); ci_puru (Te.); ci_pari (Ka.); ci_r..ku broom-grass, aristida setacea (Tol. Er..ut. 415, Urai.); u_kam, u_kai id.; ci_ppan.-ko_rai clubrush, bulrush (Ta.lex.) To sweep: ci_ (-pp-, -tt-) to sweep off, brush away, wipe off, cleanse (Ta.); ci_pra_ a broom (Ta.); ki.p broom (To.); ci_pari broom (Ka.); ci.pe broom made of grass, palm leaves, etc. (Ka.); ci_kili, ci_puru a broom (Te.); sabdi broom (Nk.Kol.); ce_pid broom (Pa.); se_pet., ce_pe_d., se_pe, se_pe_t (Ga.); saiya_na_, saitta_na_, he_ya_na_, hey, hay, heyy, ey, ey, e_y to sweep (Go.); he_pur, hepur, e_por, e_pur broom (Go.); hepa_ a grass thysanolaena agrostis (Go.); siper. broom; sipa to sweep (Kond.a); hi_p to sweep (Pe.); hipos broom (Pe.); he_p to sweep (Mand..); he_pur broom (Mand..); se_pa (se_pi-) to sweep; n. sweeping (Kui.); se_peri broom, brush (Kui.); hepali, he_pinai, he_p to sweep (Kuwi); hepori, he_pori (pl. he_porka), herpori, hapori broom (Kuwi)(DEDR 2599).

2949.Scented substances mixed together: ce_kka_l.i, ce_tta_l.i < ce_rkkai + a_l.i one who collects, gathers scented substances mixed together and makes into pills (Ta.lex.) Compound; mixing: ce_rkkai compound, mixing (Ta.); ce_rvva mixture (Ma.); se_ruve, se_rve mass, assemblage (Ka.); s'e_ra_vuni to mix (Tu.)(DEDR 2814). Essence; secretion: cf. sa_ra essence; the quintessence; marrow; pith; the sap of trees and plants; semen virile; wealth, goods, riches; se_rve, se_ruve mixture (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ce_rppu mixture (Ci.Ci. 4,5); ce_rkkai colecting, gathering; scented substanced mixed together and made into pills (Ta.); s'e_rige union (Tu.); ce_rika collecting, gathering (Te.); se_rige (Tu.); ce_r-tal to become united, to join together (Kampara_. Pu_kkoy. 5); ce_ru (Te.); se_ru (Ka.Tu.); ce_ruka (Ma.); ce_rvai mixture, compound (Tiruppu. 139); ingredients for medicinal or other composition; ce_rvai-c-cantan-am compound sandal paste (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) To gather: e_ppu a joint, patch (Ma.); e.p joint of two pieces of iron; e.gu.r.- (e.gu.c-) to gather; e.gu.t.n- (e.gu.c-) to gather (fuel, honey, grain, money)(Ko.); e.y- (e.c-) to join (pieces of two ends) together; o.ku.r.- (o.ku.r.y-) (things) are gathered, (men) work together; o.ku.t.- (o.ku.t.y-) to gather (things)(To.); e_ccu tie, connection (Ma.); e_kkuka to join so as to fit, patch (Ma.); e_ykkuka to unite, join (Ma.); e_yvu comparison, resemblance (Ta.); e_cuka, e_s'uka to unite, fit, meet (Ma.)(DEDR 899). cf. e_pi shorea robusta (Ka.); e_pe the sal tree (Te.)(DEDR 896). Female perfumer: sairandhri, sairindhri, sail.e_ndri a maid-servant or female attendant in the women's apartments; an independent female artisan working in another person's house; a female perfumer; a toilet woman; gandhaka_rike, gat.t.aval.ti (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2950.Collector of revenue: s'e_kada_ri, s'e_kada_rike the office or business of a s'e_kada_ra, the native collector of the revenue of a division of villages or land (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) san:grahitr. 'a treasurer or charioteer' (Hist. Dharm. Vol. III, p.111); prob. collector of the king's grain share (cf. Ghoshal, Hindu Revenue System, p.9; IEG, p.297). Native collector: s'e_kada_ra the native collector of the revenue of a division of villages or land (Ka.); s'e_kha-da_ra id. (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) ce_karakka_ran- servant who secures things (Tj.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Acquisition: ce_karam collection, assemblage, gathering (Ta.); se_karamu id. (Te.); family, tribe; acquisition, savings; provision, preparation, readiness; ce_karatta_r company, party (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) ce_kari (-pp-, -tt-) to acquire, get, secure, procure, make ready, collect, gather, assemble (Ta.); s'e_karam assemblage, heap; s'e_kharikka to pile up (these are Sanskritized in form)(Ma.); se_karamu saving, collecting, collection, amassing; se_karincu to save, collect, amass, obtain, procure (Te.)(DEDR 2801). To collect; assemblage; heap: sacau to save money (Santali.lex.) cake to pile up; thak a pile (Santali.lex.) ce_ya to be piled (MBh.); citya built on a foundation (TS.); cejo act of making a foundation (Marw.)(CDIAL 4909). sangr.au to collect as money; to amass; juktao, samtao to amass; jumau, jurau to collect by littles; joara, jarwa, jut.au to collect; johrao to collect necessaries; jhaua, samtao to collect together; juktau to accumulate (Santali.lex.) se_kad.a_ per hundred; an aggregate of one hundred (Ka.); s'e_n:kad.a_ (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) sangi the condition of being several or numerous (Mu.lex.) jamkao, jomkao, cumkak to assemble; jauhar to assemble in large numbers; jueau an assembly; jokha, jur.ta,jut.au to get (Santali.lex.) Meets; bringing together: sam.kr.ti bringing together (TS.); sa~_kar. a difficulty (H.); sa~_kad. (G.)(CDIAL 12830). sam.galai melts, meets, is joined (Pkt.); sa~_gul.n.e~ to congeal, clot (M.)(CDIAL 12848). Greatness; fertility: cer..i (-pp-, -tt-) to thrive, flourish, grow well as vegetation, prosper (as kingdom, family, country), be fertile, be superabundant, be cheerful as countenance; (-v-, -nt-) to grow, increase; cer..icci flourishing; cer..ippu, cer..impu, cer..uttu, cer..umpal fertility, flourishing condition, prosperity, plenteousness, abundance, fullness; cer..umai flourishing condition, greatness, excellence, splendour, beauty, gracefulness, verdure (Ta.); cer..u fine, stout; cer..ikka to be fertile; cer..ippu fertility (Ma.)(DEDR 2789). Great or noble man: s'e_khara the best or most distinguished of a class (at the end of comp.) (Skt.lex.) ekkat.iga a superior, noble or great man (Ka.); ekkat.i superior, noble, great (Te.); ekkud.u greatness, height, ascent; high, great, mighty; ekku to rise, increase, swell; egi, ege to rise, spring up, fly or bound (Te.); ekkat.e greatness; wonder, a wonder (Ka.); ekkuve greatness etc.; a strange thing, novelty (Te.); ekke eminence, superiority; great force (Ka.); ekkuvu, ekkuve (Te.)(Ka.lex.) ce_kka_l.i friend (Tinn.)(Ta.lex.) -aggala in cmpds. 'additional' e.g. vi_sa_ ekkaggala_ (Pkt.); angle in front; an:glal, aglal from in front (Gypsy); agaro superior (S.); agla_ former (L.P.); a_gale in future (A.); a_gali being in front (OB.); a_gara best (OAw.); a_gal future, front part (H.); a_gal.ⁱ previously; a_gali before (OG.); a_gl.u~ previous, future, superior (G.); agl.a_ superior (M.); aggiliya first (Pkt.); agiro superior (Pkt.); a_gila future (OAw.); a_gil foremost (H.); a~_gla_ anterior (M.)(CDIAL 68). agaun.a chief, primary (Or.); agauni_ going forward to meet a visitor (H.)(CDIAL 70). agraga_min guide (Pa_n..); aggaga_miga leading (Pkt.); aga_u~_ guide, pioneer (P.)(CDIAL 71). agratah.sara going in front (Pa_n..); a_gusa_ra leading (Or.)(CDIAL 72). agratas in front (RV.); aggato_ in the beginning (Pali); aggao_ in front (Pkt.); aggo_ beforehand (P.); aghu~ next year (N.); a_gu~ from the beginning (Or.); a_gu in front (Or.)(CDIAL 73). agraya_van going before (RV.); agva_n.u guide (S.); agwa_n, agma_n leader (P.); a_guya_n precursor; adj. going in front; a_gone before (B.); a_gua_n.i adj. leading; a_gia_n.i (Or.); agwa_n guide (H.)(CDIAL 78). agwa_ha_ guide (P.); agwa_ (Ku.); aguwa_ (N.)(CDIAL 82). agawar.h something in given in advance (Bhoj.); agot.h, agot. period just before or after the beginning of the rains (M.)(CDIAL 84). a_gas, agas adv. early; a_gasn.e~, agasn.e~ to be early ripe (of fruit or grain)(M.); agras'as from the beginning (AV.)(CDIAL 85). Greatness, eminence: cf. veggal.a, veggal.e, eggal.a, heggal.a abundance, greatness, excess; a great man; veggal.isu, vekkal.isu to become much, increase greatly, become plentiful, go beyond the common boundary (in emotions), be elated or actuated by impulse (Ka.); veggalamu, veggalapu excess, too much; excessive, extreme; veggali~_d.u a great or extraordinary man (Te.)(DEDR 5467). aggal.a, aggal.e, argal.a greatness, eminence, excess; a great man; aggal.ike greatness, great power; aggal.isu, aggalisu to be or become pre-eminent, abundant or redundant, excel (Ka.); aggalika greatness, high degree, perseverance, eagerness; aggalincu to increase, grow, exert; aggalamu excessive, vehement (Te.); a_glo, a_gro, agro more, much (Go.); a_gal many, much; aggeli many (Kui); aga_da more; agar.a id., extra (Kuwi)(DEDR App.4). Fop: {Echo word} an:kacan:kam ostentation, foppery; an:ka-k-ka_ran- dandy, fop; masquerader (Or..ivi. Tur-avu. 19) (Ta.lex.) akkar. stiff, erect; fop; akr.a_vu~ to be stiff, boast (G.); akad.n.e~ to strut (M.); akar. foppery, twist, bend (H.); aku_r^u stiff (K.); a_kar. affectation (P.); a_kar.i pride (S.); a_kir. stiffness, conceit (L.)(CDIAL 1013). eqto fop, coxcomb (Malt.); e_x-e_rna_ to give complacent looks at one's own dress (Kur.)(DEDR 873). akantai conceit, arrogance, haughtiness (Kantapu. Kat.avul.. 8)[?cf. aham.-ta_ (Skt.)]; akanakai derisive laughter (Cilap. 16,164, Urai); ekkar proud, haughty persons (Te_va_. 859,11); ekkal.ippu excessive joy tinged with conceit (Ta.lex.)

2951.Chieftainship: sikda_ri chieftainship; sikhar the highest point, top pinnacle (P.lex.)

2952.Management of sacred buildings: ci_karam < s'ri_-kara prosperity, fortune (Kantapu. Cayantan-pu. 20); ci_ < s'ri_ Laks.mi_ (Kantaran. 8); light, brilliancy (Kantaran. 69); part. an honorific prefix added to the names of deities, eminent persons and sacred objects, e.g. ci_ra_man-, ci_pa_tam (Ta.lex.) ci_ka_riyam < s'ri_ + management of sacred buildings and institutions (S.I.I. ii,311)(Ta.lex.) ci_r prosperity, wealth; greatness, excellence, superiority (Pur-ana_. 1)(Ta.); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) ci_r beauty, esteem, fame, balance, measure (Ta.); good condition, increase (Ma.)(DEDR 2624). s'ri_ light, beauty (RV.); welfare, riches (AV.); siri_ (Pali.Pkt.); si_- prosperity (Pkt.); -s hon. affix to names of relationship (e.g. a_ja_-s, a_ji_-s)(M.); siri health, happiness (Si.)(CDIAL 12708). s're_yas better (RV.); auspicious (MBh.); better state (AV.); seyyo_ nom. sg. m. excellent; happiness (Pali); se_a fortunate; fortune; se_am.sa-, sejjam.sa adj. (Pkt.); s'e_ happy (Gypsy)(CDIAL 12721). cf. s're_s.t.ha most splendid, best (RV.); set.t.ha best (Pali)(CDIAL 12725). cf. semant. se_d.hi_ line, row (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12724). Wealth; prosperity: ci_r-cir-appu great prosperity; gifts to a girl given by her parents on the occasion of her marriage; ci_r-ceytal to give presents, as to a daughter, on the occasion of her marriage; ci_r-pa_t.al extolling or recounting the excellence of wedding parties, usually on the fourth day of marriage; ci_r-varicai presents given to a bride, dowry; ci_ra_t.i-k-kon.t.u-po_kai going of a married girl from her husband's house to her father's on the pretext of a petty quarrel; cir-apput.ai-k-kil.avi words of hospitality (Perun.. Ucaik. 34,44); ci_ra_t.t.utal to extol, applaud (Civaraka. Te_viyut.an-. 24); ci_riyar the noble, the great (Mu_turai, 18); ci_riya_r id. (Na_lat.i, 232); ci_riya adj. of surpassing excellence (Tiv. Tiruppa_. 23); ci_rit.am suitable place or opportunity (Kur-al., 821); ci_rul. prosperity, wealth; ci_rittal to be magnificent (Tan.ikaippu. Kal.avu. 494); ci_ra_l.an- distinguished person (Patin-o. Ar-puta. 44); ci_rtti < ki_rti great reputation, renown (Tol. Col. 313); ci_r-p-pa_t.u greatness (Periyapu. Tiruna_vuk. 11); ci_r (-pp-, -tt-) to be excellent, be superior (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 8,7,6); be suitable, fitting (as an opportunity)(Kur-al., 490); fall into rhythmic movement; n. prosperity, wealth; beauty, gracefulness (Malaipat.u. 570); goodness; greatness, excellence, superiority (Pur-ana_. 1); paramount importance (Tirumuru. 220); esteem, regard, reputation, fame, nature, good normal condition, literal meaning; equilibrium (Kampara_. Akat. 40); evenness, balance; measure, quantity (Pur-ana_. 6,8); heaviness; time-measure, song, metrical foot, sound of musical instruments; ci_rmai greatness, excellence, eminence (Kur-al., 123); reputation, renown (Tacaiva_. 241); weight (Man.i. 27,254); moderateness; decorum, good behaviour (Tiruppu. 109); smoothness, evenness, polish; [cillaa shining (Pkt.); cilkan.u to be bright (S.); cillo smooth, polished (N.); cilakna_ to be bright (H.)(CDIAL 4827)]; ci_rppu excellence (Perun.. Ucaik. 42,148); ci_rkka to swell, become stout; ci_rppikka to increase; ci_r-u good condition, luck (Ma.)(DEDR 2624). cir-a (-pp-, -tt-) to be eminent, illustrious (Pur-ana_. 6,19); surpass, excel (Tiruva_ca. 1,61); be abundant (Maturaik. 244); to be dear (Kur-al., 515); be auspicious, be graceful; rejoice (Kantapu. Yuttaka_n.. Emaku_. 31); cir-anto_r the great, the illustrious, gods, relatives, ascetics; cir-appu pre-eminence, superiority (Tol. Po. 28); pomp, grandeur; that which is special, distinctive, peculiar,opp. to potu (Kur-al., 972); abundance, wealth, prosperity (Pur-ana_64,5); happiness (Kur-al., 1208); honours, privileges (Cilap. 16,109); regard, esteem (Kur-al., 195); courtesy, hospitality (Na_lat.i, 159; present, gift (Kur-al., 590); foodstuffs provided for the marriage parties at a wedding; periodical festival in a temple (Kur-al., 18); a ceremony observed by Na_t.t.ukko_t.t.ai Chetty community; heaven, heavenly bliss (Kur-al., 31); cir-appet.uttal to celebrate a festival (Arut.pa_. 1, Cecar-i, 388); cir-avu meritorious deed (Tiruva_ca. 5,86); cir-appa_t.u excellence, splendour (Te_va_. 500,4); cir-avu meritorious deed (Ta.); cir-akka (cir-annu) to be glorious (Ma.); ser-apu hospitality, honour, festival (Ka.)(DEDR 2589). ir-a (-pp-, -nt-) to go beyond, transcend, excel, be pre-eminent, pass by (of time), transgress; ir-appa much, exceedingly; ir-appu transgression, passing, excess, abundant (Ta.); er-t- (er-ty-) to overcome in contest, outstrip (To.); esna_ (essas) to transgress (Kur.)(DEDR 515).

2953.Land cultivated by owner: si_r land cultivated by owner (P.Ku.); sir-jamin (N.); si_r id. (H.)(CDIAL 13441). si_r the land that man retains for his own individual cultivation; a plot of land in the saila_ba_ cultivated by a separate tenant or a set of tenants; saila_bi_ land watered by floods of the great rivers or by overflow waters from other sources; saila_b inundation; dampness (P.lex.) s'aivara a revenue term; a levy in kind (cf. Ghosal, Hindu Revenue System, p.220); cf. s'eri_ arable land (M.)[orig. excluded from, the village assessment]; tax on farm houses (IEG, p.286); s'aibara a levy in kind (EI, 17; IEG, p.285).

2954.Property in land: cf. cir-u-tat.i small plot of land, small salt-pan (Akana_. 366)(Ta.lex.) cir-u-te_t.t.u private property in land, as of zamindars (Rd.); small savings (Ta.lex.)

2955.Furrow: si(h)a_ra_ drill (for sowing seed)(L.); sia_ra_ furrow (Or.); *si_ta_dha_ra_ furrow line (CDIAL 13429).

2671.Back of the neck: se_rki the back of the neck (Kui); he_rki, herki neck; herki shoulder (Kuwi)(DEDR 2817).

2956.Plough; pair of ploughing bullocks: he_rka pl. plough; pair of ploughing bullocks (Kuwi)(DEDR 2816). Image: drill for sowing seed: si(h)a_ra_ drill (for sowing seed)(L.); sia_ra furrow (Or.)(CDIAL 13429). Furrow: ci_tai < si_ta_ furrow (Tiruppo_. Can. Pil.l.ait. Cen:ki_. 8); ci_ta_ (Kampara_. Urukka_. 85); wife of Ra_ma, as having sprung from a furrow (Pur-ana_. 378)(Ta.lex.) Furrow; cultivation: si~_ cultivation (L.); furrow (L.WPah.); furrow, ploughing (P.Si.); si_ id. (P.); the second ploughing (WPah.); [cf. semant. ci_t.t.ai, ci_t.t.ai-k-katir ear of corn in the second growth (J.)(Ta.lex.)]; sia_r. furrow (P.); sea_r. (WPah.); si_a_ furrow (Pkt.); si_ furrow (Pkt.); si_a~, si_vi~ (L.); si_ya~_ a ploughing (L.); siha_ furrow (WPah.); siyo a ploughing; s'yu furrow (Ku.); siyo (N.); hi_, hi_ya furrow, ploughing (Si.); Goddess of agriculture: si_a_ Si_ta_ (Pkt.); siya (OAw.); si_ta_ goddess of agriculture, furrow (RV.); furrow (Pali)(CDIAL 13428). siya_u_ a deity presiding over agriculture (H.)(CDIAL 13428a). si_ta_yaja sacrifice to the furrow (Gr.S.); si_n a ploughing (L.); siun furrow (WPah.)(CDIAL 13430). Ploughed land: si_ta_ a furrow, track or line of a plough-share; (hence) a tilled or furrowed ground, ploughed land; husbandry, agriculture (e.g. si_ta_-dravyam.); name of the daughter of Janaka, king of Mithila, and wife of Rama. [She was so called because she was supposed to have sprung from a furrow made by king Janaka while ploughing the ground... and hence also her epithets, ayomja, dhara_putri_ etc.]; name of a goddess, wife of Indra; si_ta_-dravyam. implements of agriculture, tools of husbandry; si_tya measured out by furrows, tilled, ploughed (Skt.lex.) si_tya ploughed (Pa_n..)(CDIAL 13431). Cultivation: cf. se_dya cultivation, farming (Ka.); se_dyamu id. (Te.)(DEDR 2811). Furrow; line; plough: si_ra plough (RV.Pali.Pkt.); ?cords of the plough; furrow; [ac. to BHSkt. ii, 596 si_ra_h- nom. pl. ( = Pali. si_ta_yo) is mistake for si_ta_h., but A. attests meaning 'furrow']; siru a ploughing (Sh.); si_ra long string by which bullocks are guided in the plough (S.); xir furrow, one ploughing; xirlu_ furrow; xirluwa_ furrowed (A.); si_r ploughing (H.); siru-va, siri plough; (h)ira, (h)iri- line, streak (Si.)(CDIAL 13441). siraur furrow; siror, sira_ur (Bi.); siraur ke dharal to plough (Bi.); sira_ur furrow (Mth.)(CDIAL 13442). saira belonging to a plough (A_past.)(CDIAL 13441). cf. selli_ rope (Pkt.)(CDIAL 13591). cf. kayir-u rope, cod, string (Ta.); ki.r-na.n. rope (Ko.); ce.ri coconut fibre, coir (Kod..); ce_ru string, cord (Te.); ce_ri fibre (Tu.)(DEDR 1254). hali_ra plough (P.); halasi_ra plough (BHSkt.); haler the day on which neighbours join to plough one man's land (P.); hali_ri_ small plough (P.)(CDIAL 14010).

2958.Image: ladder: sir.hi, caini ladder (Santali.lex.) lis'i_n. wooden ladder (WPah.); lisnu ladder (N.)(CDIAL 12738). s'ile_t. ladder (Bshk.)(CDIAL 12743). s'ris. be in, enter (Skt.); (hr.di) s're_s.a_ma we shall cause to enter (RV.); hr.daya-s'ris. entering the heart (AV.); s'riti entrance (RV.); sii ladder (Pkt.); istri_ ladder made of a single log (Ash.); ci_, cir ladder (Wg.); ci_k (Kt.Pr.); ci_x (Pr.)(CDIAL 12703). sid.d.hi ladder (Pkt.); s'ir. (Wot..); s'i_r house (Tor.); si_r.h rapids in a stream (L.); si_r.hi_ ladder (P.); sir.i, si_r.i ladder, staircase, flight of steps (B.); sir.h, sir.i (Or.); si_r.hi_ ladder (Bi.Aw.H.); si_d.i_ (G.); s'id.hi_, s'id.i_ (M.); nis're_n.i ladder (Skt.); s.ur., s.ur.i_ ladder (Pas'.); s'or. stair, ladder (Par.); s'u_r.i (Phal.)(CDIAL 12709). ceitr ladder (Ash.); s're_tr. one who has recourse to (MBh.)(CDIAL 12720). To lean on; ladder: se.r- (se.rt-) to lean; se.r-- (se.rept-) id. (Kol.); kern- to lean; kerp- (kert-) id (Ga.); ce_ru to lean upon or against; ce_ra_bad.u id. (Te.); kerpuni to prop, support; kerpud.uni to cause to lean against, place against; kerpu, kerbu a kind of ladder; kerpa a slope; sloping (Tu.); ke.d- (ke.dy-) to lean one's back against support (Ko.); ko.r- (ko-0-), so.r- (so.d-) to lean against; ko.s't- (ko.s'ty-) id. (To.); kendu to lean on (Ka.); keskud. steps (Go.); ke_sku_r. ladder (Go.); ge_k- to lean on, rest the back on (wall, etc.)(Kond.a); ge_nd.- (-t-) to lean against; ge_ra ladder (Pe.); ge_nd.- to lean (Mand..); ke_ka (ke_ki-) to lean, lean upon or against (Kui); ge_nd.- (-it-) to lean; ge_t.- (-h-) id.; ge_ra ladder (Kuwi)(DEDR 2012). Ladder: he_r, he_ri ladder (K.)(CDIAL 12724). cic ladder (Sh.)(CDIAL 12704). s'i_t ladder (Kal.); si_nai_ (Shum.); siai_ (Gaw.)(CDIAL 12687). saini_, seni_ ladder (H.); hin.i, in.i, hin.a ladder, stairs (Si.)(CDIAL 12685). e_n.i ladder (Ta.Ka.Ma.Tu.); tier (Ta.lex.); limit, boundary (Pur-ana_. 35,1); country, territory; e_n. boundary, limit (Ta.); e_n.u id. (Ma.) (Ta.lex.) d.an.d.a_ ladder (L.)(CDIAL 6128).

2959.House: s'i_r house (Tor.); s'it.h, s'it. house (Bshk.); s'it.i inside (Phal.); si_t.ha_ cushion of straw or rushes on mouth of well on which bucket rests as water is discharged (Bi.)(CDIAL 12707). s'riti entrance (RV.)(CDIAL 12703). cf. cic ladder (Sh.)(CDIAL 12704).

2960.Image: chaplet: sihra_ a chaplet of flowers, or a piece of gold or silver flowers, or a piece of gold or silver fringe worn on the head by a bridegroom at the time of marriage (P.lex.) Image: garland of flowers worn on the head: s'e_khara (fr. s'ikhara) a garland of flowers worn on the top of the head, a chaplet, a crest, a diadem; the chief or head of anything (Ka.lex.) s'era end, extremity (M.); sihra_ diadem, crown (H.P.); hyor^u at the top, above (K.); sihara (Pkt.); s'ikhara (Skt.)(Bloch, p.412). s'ikhan.d.a tuft of hair left on sides or crown of head at tonsure (TS.); s'ikhandaka (Skt.); s'ikhan.d.in crested; peacock (Ya_j.); sikhan.d.in tufted, crested (Pali); siham.d.a crest; chiham.d.a peacock, crest (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12434). Image: hair of head: cikura hair of head (Skt.); hair of a chowry (Skt.); ciku_ra, cihura (Skt.); ciura, cihura hair of head (Pkt.); ciuri plant from which fibre is obtained, sterculia coxinia (N.); cihur hair of head (H.); civar, ci~var fibre surrounding pulp of breadfruit (M.)(CDIAL 4776). cikura name of a plant (Skt.); ciura a species of potherb (Or.)(CDIAL 4777). Image: peak: s'ikhara point, peak (MBh.); erection of hair on body, armpit (Skt.); sikhara top, summit of mountain, point or edge of sword (Pali); sihara crest of hill, top (Pkt.); s'e_r top, pinnacle (K.); siyar place where head lies in sleep (B.); siyara head pillow, head end of bed (Or.); s'era_ end, extremity (M.); siur cock's comb (N.); xihariba, xiyariba (hair) to stand on end, bristle; caus. xiyara_iba (A.); sihara_ (hair) to stand on end, start; sihara_na to startle (B.); sihrab to shiver (Mth.); siharna_ (H.); s'ikkhar precipitous ridge (WPah.)(CDIAL 12435). cihkau to be startled, to wince, to start through fear, to start from sleep scared; cihrau to shudder, to start, one's hair to stand on end through fear, to feel disgust (Santali.lex.) Image: diadem; garland of flowers on the head: s'e_khara peak (BhP.); top of head; chaplet, diadem (Skt.); se_hara crest (Pkt.); sihiro chaplet worn by bridegroom (S.); se_ra_ fillet (L.); sehra_, sihra_ chaplet of flowers (P.); s'ehra_ garland worn at wedding (WPah.); sehra_ (H.); sehara garland of flowers on the head (OG.)(CDIAL 12604). s'e_kharita crested, tufted, peaked (Skt.lex.) Image: chaplet: s'i_rs.aka an ornament of flowers on the head; a helmet; a turban; si_saka a helmet; s'ikhi id. (Ka.Skt.); si_sa-kanda_l. to put a helmet on (Ka.lex.) va_kai chaplet of sirissa flowers worn by victors (Pu. Ve. 8,1, Kol.u.); va_kai-y-aravam theme describing a warrior, as being decked with a wreath of white flowers and wearing a red girdle and anklets, in token of victory (Pu. Ve. 8,2)(Ta.lex.) Image: garland: cukkai < srak nom. sg. of sraj garland (Tiruppu. 161)(Ta.lex.)

2961.Toddy from sirissa bark: cikkar, cikkarattel.iyal toddy extracted from sirissa bark (Perun.. Ila_va_n.a. 2,180)(Ta.); ci_kkiri black sirissa, albizzia amara (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) Sirissa tree: s'a_ka the siri_s.a tree (Skt.lex.) kad.ace (perhaps Tadbhava of s'iri_s.a) the Sirissa tree, acacia speciosa (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. va_kai sirissa, albizzia, fragrant sirissa (Ta.)(DEDR 5333). Sirissa: s'an:khini_-phala the s'iri_s.a tree (Skt.lex.)

2962.Image: hunter: sikari, sikaria a hunter, a trapper of game (Santali.lex.) sika_ra hunting; game (Ka.); s'ika_ra (M.); s'ika_ri, sika_ri hunting, the chase (Ka.); s'ika_ra (M.H.); s'ika_riyava a hunter (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2963.Itch: sikir. itching, burning itchy sensation, dislike, antipathy, hate (Santali.lex.) se_k- (-t-) to itch (Kond.a); he_k- (-t-) id.; he_pkor cow itch, mucuna pruriens (Pe.); he_k- to itch; to scratch (Mand..); se_pka (< sek-p; se_kt-) to itch (Kui); he_nguli the itch; hengu_li aiyali, he_pk-, se_k- (-h-) to itch (Kuwi)(DEDR 2800).

2964.Image: bat: ci_kuru-va_yi cockroach (Ka.); ci_kuru-va_yi, ci_kura_yi bat, cricket; civuka-pit.t.a a bat (Te.)(DEDR 2606).

2965.Images: tree; top of a tree: si top of a tree (Si.)(CDIAL 12436). ciki tree (Ilak. Aka.)(Ta.lex.) s'ikha_ tuft, topknot, crest (S'Br.); sikha_ crest, topknot (Pali); siha_, sihali_, chihali_ (Pkt.); siha_b to be puffed up (Aw.)(CDIAL 12436).

2966.Images: cock; male: cerko, cerkea_ male (opp. to ced.u = female, girl); boy (e.g. when addresssing a boy as: cerkea_)(Kon.lex.) se_r-i kor-u cock (Kond.a); sehi male (Kuwi); sehi neh'ur.i male dog (Kuwi)(DEDR 2820). s'ri_ light, beauty (RV.); welfare, riches (AV.); siri_ (Pali.Pkt.); si_ prosperity (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12708). s'ri_mha_la-bhat.t.a = mha_lasa_-bhat.t.a (12th. c. Skt.); s'ri_ hon. affix to males (Skt.); -s hon. affix to names of relationship (e.g. a_ja_-s, a_ji_-s (M.)(CDIAL 14824). cf. sva_min owner, master (Mn.); sa~_i~_ (S.); sa~_i as term of address (L.)(CDIAL 13930). Image: bird; young: cicu < s'is'u babe, young of animals (Pa_rata. Kurukula. 65)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cice small fruit; ci_ce young berry, fruit just formed after the blossom (Go.); cici_, cico_ any fruit in its embryonic stage, just after the fall of the blossom; boy or girl under marriageable age (Kur.)(DEDR 2609). s'is'u young of an animal, child (RV.); s'is'uka (AV.); susu lad (Pali); sisu, susu (Pkt.); sisa son (Or.); sis, sisu young of any animal, infant (H.); susu child (Si.)(CDIAL 12476). s'is'una_ka young snake (R.); young elephant (Skt.); susva_l. crocodile (G.)(CDIAL 12477). cin.nu chicken (N.); ci~_ga_, ci~ga_ young bird; cin:ga_, ci~gna_ chicken; ci~gula_ young bird, child (H.); ce~ga_ chicken (Mth.); ce~ga_, ce~gr.a_ child (H.)(CDIAL 4785). Pecking: su_hur.a_ hull or bran of wheat; su_r.hi_, su_hur.i hull or bran of pulse (P.)(CDIAL 12513). cf. co_l.am maize (Ta.lex.) cokar. bran, husk, chaff (Ku.); cokar bran (P.); id. (N.); cokra_ dregs (e.g. of rice-spirit)(N.); cokar., cokal bran (B.); cokla_ rind, bran (B.); cokar, co~kar, cokra_, co~kra_ bran, husks (Bi.); cokar., cokar, co~kar bran (H.)(CDIAL 4917). cu_n.o grain given to birds to peck (S.); co_n. pick, choice (L.); con. refuse of cotton; con.i_ picking cotton (P.); cun.ⁱ pecking (of birds)(G.)(CDIAL 4919). cogu, cogo food for birds (S.); cogga_, cog id., food brought from the crop (L.); cogga_ food for birds (P.)(CDIAL 4920). cf. cu~_gn.o~_ to pick, glean, lift, carry (WPah.); cu~gnu to peck (N.); cu~_gna_ (H.)(CDIAL 4853). Image: cock: ce_val male of birds and fowls (excepting peacock), cock, male swan, kite (Ta.Ma.); ca_val cock, male of birds (Ma.); cawge cock-bird (Malt.)(DEDR 2818). ca_var-kat.t.u cock-fight (Ta.lex.) svula_ jungle cock, gallus lafeyetti (Si.)(CDIAL 4672). Image: kite: ce_val kite (Paripa_. 3,18)(Ta.lex.) Image: male swan: ce_val male swan (Pur-ana_. 67)(Ta.lex.) Cockscomb: curwyela pheasant (Dm.); cu_la_, cu_liya_ peacock's crest, cockscomb (Pkt.); cu_l.a_ cockscomb (Pali); sil.u peacock's crest (Si.); cu~_d.a_ cockscomb (P.)(CDIAL 4883). Son: se_pal (pl. se_pakil) boy, lad; sa_pal boy (Ga.); ce_pal (pl. ce_pkul) boy, lad (Pa.); ce_vala child, at the breast (Ma.); je_vu child, lad, youth; jo_vu id., baby, female child; je_vu, jo_vu girl; jo_kul.u children; je_ru pariah child (Tu.); ce_y son, child; juvenility, youth (Ta.); jo~_xas lad, youth; servant (Kur.)(DEDR 2813). cf. cevili foster-mother, one of ai-vakai-t-ta_ya_r (Tol. Po. 124)(Ta.lex.) cha_va_ young elephant (M.H.); s'a_va daughter (Skt.); cha_va (Pkt.)(Bloch, p. 334). cf. sehi male (Kuwi)(DEDR 2820). cf. ce_val male of birds and fowls; stallion (Ta.)(DEDR 2818). Image: chicken: ciwa_l, civa_(l), ci_va, civna~_, ciwa_ young of birds, chick (Go.); sipr.i, si_pi chicken (Kond.a); si_pa id. (Kui); hippa, hipa_, hi_pa chicken, chick (Kuwi); ci'am, ciyam id. (Kur.); cin.yo chicken (Malt.)(DEDR 2636). Pheasant: s'ya_ma_ hen cuckoo (VarBr.S.); hen golden oriole (opp. to bright cock bird)(Skt.); sa~_-wacu hen monal pheasant (Ash.); s'om (Kt.); ca_m, cam hen golden oriole (Wg.); s'a_m (Tor.); hen of either bird (Phal.); ham hen pheasant (K.)(CDIAL 12664). va_s'a roaring (RV.); va_s'aka croaking, warbling (of birds)(Skt.); va_saga making a noise (Pkt.); wacu_ cock golden auriole (Ash.); a kind of partridge (Ash.); wocw (Wg.); vacu_ cock golden auriole (Kt.); wa_ciw (Gaw.); batacul, batacu_r cock golden auriole (Kho.)(CDIAL 14800). ce_val peacock, the vehicle of Skanda (Tol. Po. 603, Urai.); ce_vala_n- Skanda, as having the cock on His banner (Pa_rata. Niraimi_t.. 20); ce_var--kot.iyo_n- Skanda, as having the cock on his banner (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) Image: partridge: akan-r-il male greek-partridge (Ain:kur-u. 381, Pa_. Ve_.)(Ta.)(TED). askal partridge (Santali.lex.) cako_ra, tittira partridge (Skt.lex.) ki_r, ki_ra_ parrot; koud.o, koud.ea_ dove (Kon.lex.)

2967.To distribute, give, gift; image: hand: ti hand (Sora. Khasi K'ti. Gutob. Pareng. Remo. and all languages of the family) (Sora.lex.) ti, tij to give; tija give up, give away, to surrender (Sora.); ti.ag to give up (Mundari); tijena:b a boon, a gift, a promise; tikkui, tinkui mortgage (Sora.lex.) iku (-pp-, -tt-), ikai (-pp-, -tt-) to give, bestow (Ta.); ikku to give (as money, alms, a name, medicine); in:gu to give (Ka.)(DEDR 416). Five metals: ci_ka_ the five metals (R.); cf. si_sa_di: starting with si_sa (lead)(Skt.) cikkam lead, silver, copper; si_saka lead (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) sija_ the jingling sound of metallic ornaments (Skt.lex.) Gold for ornaments: s'r.n:gi_ gold used for ornaments; s'r.n:gi_-kanakam id. (Skt.lex.) cinkam a mineral poison (Ta.lex.) cika-na_tam mica; abhraka (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) Property: sina property (RV. ii.30.2); who was going here to carry off Vr.tra's wealth; sinavant rich (RV. x.102.11)(Vedic.lex.) Gift, grant: i_kai gift, grant (Kur-al., 221); gold (Pur-ana_. 99); Kalpaka tree of cuvarkkam which, accg. to Hindu myth. bestows everything that one may desire (Aka. Ni.)(Ta.lex.) [cf. si_ka_r..i < S'ri_ + ka_li_ Shiyali, a S'iva shrine in Tanjore district, noted as the birth-place of Tiru-a_n--campantar (Te_va_.); i_s'an- S'iva (Nal.a. Ka_ppu.); lord of the universe (Tiv. Periyati. 2,10,1); lord, master (Pa_rata. Kuru. 91)(Ta.lex.)] cf. ikkuva_ku < iks.va_ku first king of the solar dynasty who ruled in Ayo_dhya_ (Kalin.. Ira_ca. 11)(Ta.lex.) icaittal to give lavishly (Pin.)(Ta.lex.) si_va (si_t-), ji_va (ji_t-) to give, allow; n. act of giving, bestowal (Kui); si.- (si.t-) to give (Kol.); s'i_ id. (Nk.); si_ id. (Nk.); si_- (-t-) id. (Kond.a); si_- id. (Pe.); hi_- (-t-) id. (Pe.Kuwi); hi_- id. (Mand..Kui); ci_- (ci-) id. (Pa.); si_- (si_d-, si_y-, si_n-) id. (Ga.); i_vu giving, gift, distribution; i_vi (-pp-, -tt-) to distribute; i_vo_n- donor (Ta.); i_ (itt-) to give, allow, permit; i_su, i_yisu to cause to give (Ka.); iccu (i_-, iyy-, ivv-) to give, allow, permit; i_gi, i_vi giving, donation, charity, a gift; i_gika~_d.u, i_vika~_d.u, i_vari a liberal, bountiful person (Te.); ciye (cic-) to give away (Malt.); i_ (-v-, -nt-) to give to inferiors, give alms, bestow, grant (Tol. Col. 445); to give; to distribute, apportion; (arith.) to divide; to give instruction (Nan-. 36); to create, bring into existence (Kampara_. Akali. 49); to agree, consent (Paripa_. 9,17); i_kai gift; i_kaiyan- liberal person (Kampara_. Mantarai. 18)(Ta.); si_a_na_ to give, allow; hiya_na_ (hit-), hi_-, i_- to give (Go.); hi_ali, hi_nai to give (Kuwi); ci'ina_ (ciccas) to give, allow (Kur.)(DEDR 2598). Dowry: ci_tan-a-k-ka_n.i land obtained as dowry (Kumara. Pira. Muttuk. Pil.l.ait. 35); ci_tan-akka_ri married woman with a dowry; ci_tan-a-c-ci_t.t.u, ci_tan-a-v-ur-uti, ci_tan--v-o_lai dowry instrument; ci_tan-am dowry (Kantaran. 8); ci_tan-a-v-a_t.ci right of possession by dowry (Ta.lex.) cf. stri_-dhana (Skt.lex.)

2968.Image: water-bearer: se_ka a libation, an offering; se_ktr. one who sprinkles; a water-bearer; se_ktra a bucket, watering-pot (Skt.lex.) ce_ka effusion, emission; seminal effusion; a drop (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Image: woman's breast; milk: ce_kku breast milk; ce_kkai woman's breast (Pin..)(Ta.lex.) cf. sirko a rush or stream (of milk)(N.); s'irakn.e~ to enter; s'irkavin.e~ to thrust, pierce (M.)(CDIAL 13420). ce_pu gush or spurt as of milk (Ka.); ce.pu (milk) to secrete (Kod..); ce~_pu, ce_pu the breasts to become full with milk, the milk to be secreted, flow, rush or spring forth; let the milk flow; n. the becoming full with milk (of breasts), the secretion or flowing forth of milk (Te.); se_mpap- to become ready to be milked (Ga.)(DEDR 2803). Image: pouring out: se_ka pouring out, emission (RV. iii.31.3); se_ktr. sprinkler (RV. iii.32.15); cf. sic (Skt.)(Vedic.lex.) cf. se_ka sprinkling (Pali); se_a (Pkt.); syo_ jug, jar (Kt.); s'u_ bucket (Pr.); seo land irrigated directly by water-lift; si_u_ inundation from canal or river; se_ wet (L.)(CDIAL 13580). abhis.e_ka consecrating a king (S'Br.); abhise_ka (Pali); abhise_a, ahise_a (Pkt.); bisava, biso_ (Si.)(CDIAL 531). abhis.e_kya to be anointed (MBh.); wiceka_y (Dm.); vis.ikta emitted (of semen)(S'Br.); vis.icati shed (A_pS'r.)(CDIAL 532). abhis.e_cita inaugurated; abhis.e_cya to be anointed (R.); abhise_cita (Pali); bisava, biso_ queen (Si.)(CDIAL 533). a_se_cayati pours in or on (A_s'vGr..); a_sicati pours in (RV.); sprinkles (Pali); a_sitta (Pkt.); asavin.e~ to season (a pot by heating and sprinkling to saturation with milk)(M.)(CDIAL 1498). cf. utsicati causes to flow over (RV.); ussicati bales out (Pali); usewna_ to pour off (H.)(CDIAL 1883). upase_cana pouring on (RV.); sprinkling on (RV.); infusion, juice (AV.); sauce (Pali); usevan., usavn.u~ solution of several salts used in washing and sizing cloth (G.); uvasitta sprinkled (Pkt.)(CDIAL 2261). se_kapa_tra a vessel for pouring out or holding water; a baling vessel, a bucket (Ka.lex.) Images: sprinkling; drop of water: s'i_kara, si_kara drizzle, spray, mist (MBh.); si_ara rain driven by wind, drop of water (Pkt.); si_haraa shower (Pkt.); s'ivra_ a gentle sprinkling (M.)(CDIAL 12483). sikta sprinkled, wetted (RV.); sitta sprinkled (Pali)(CDIAL 13388). Image: drop of water: ci_karam < s'i_kara drop of water (Kampara_. Ma_ri_can-. 14); hail-stone; ci_kari water-drop (Ta.lex.) cf. sikata_ grain of sand (VS.)(CDIAL 13386). Image: wavy motion: tgare to wave, undulate, fly with a waving motion as a sherd when thrown; tke wind, air (Malt.); taho_ wind (Br.); ta_ka_ air, wind, breeze; ta_grna_ to blow (of the wind)(Kur.)(DEDR 3149). cf. ca~_xna_ to scatter seed (Kur.); cge to scatter (Malt.)(DEDR 2431). takkal.isu to sprinkle as water (Ka.lex.) se_ka sprinking, besprinkling; pouring out, effusion; a libation, an offering; cf. abhis.e_ka, utse_ka, nis.e_ka (Ka.lex.) To divide; sow: cqe to divide, scatter, sow (Malt.); ca~_xna_ to sow, scatter seed (Kur.)(CDIAL 2431). Image: channel: jigal.u, jigul.u a small channel; jid.d.i, did.d.i an opening made in a panel of the front door or gate, just large enough for a person to squeeze himself through; it is shut at night (Ka.); jid.d.iba_galu id. (Ka.M.)(Ka.lex.) Wetness: cintu to trickle, stream as tears; cintu to be strewn, spilled (Ta.); cindu id. (Te.); cinduga id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) sindali moist, damp (Kui); cittad.i damp, moisture, wetness (Te.)(DEDR 2525). sicyate_ is sprinkled (RV.); siccam.ta pres. part. being sprinkled (Pkt.); ciceik to pour from one vessel to another (Kho.); xisiba to sprinkle, scatter, sow broadcast, bale; xisani baling scoop (A.); sijjan. to be moistened; sijjun. to be wet (L.); sijjn.a_ to be watered (P.); caus. sija_un.a_ (P.)(CDIAL 13393). sicati pours out, sprinkles (RV.); sprinkles (Pali); sija (Dhp.); sim.cai (Pkt.); sijn.a_ to water, irrigate (P.); si~jna_, si~jn.u (WPah.); si~cnu (N.); xi~siba (A.); se~ca_, che~ca_ to irrigate, bale out (N.); si~cwa_ man who distributes water from irrigation channel (Bi.); si~cal to drench (Bhoj.); si~_cab to irrigate (Aw.); si~cvu~ to irrigate (G.); s'i~cn.e~ to sprinkle (M.); isinava_, ihinava_ to sprinkle, scatter about (Si.); si~_cna_, chicna_ to irrigate, throw out (water)(H.); si~ciba_, chiciba_ to sprinkle, irrigate (Or.)(CDIAL 13394). sicana sprinkling (Skt.); sicanaka adj. sprinkling (Pali); sim.can.a (Pkt.); si~can.iyu~ rope to draw water with from well (G.)(CDIAL 13395). sikta sprinkled, wetted (RV.); sitta sprinkled (Pali); sita (Dhp.); sitta, setta (Pkt.); sit silt, dregs (Kho.); sitli marshland (Or.); sippam.ta being sprinkled (Pkt.); sim.pai to sprinkle (Pkt.); si~pvu~ to sprinkle, water; si~pn.i_ sprinkling (G.); s'i~pn.e~ to sprinkle (M.); s'i~pad.n.e~ to sprinkle, scatter (M.)(CDIAL 13388).

2969.Images; two poles crossed and tied in V-shape; rope-sling for carrying things: cigr.i supporting poles, tied in a V-shape; cigur.i an apparatus for raising heavy beams, when beyond the height to which men can reach, consisting of two poles crossed at the top and securely tied; used also as a support for beams; cihir.i d.an. a pole used to propel a boat (Santali.lex.) si_ka~_ pl. strings of pearls worn on woman's forehead (G.); s'i_k, s'ike~, s'i~ke~ sling to hang things in; s'iki_ reef in a sail (M.); sikka_ strings of a carrying pole (Si.); s'ikya rope-sling for carrying things (AV.); s'ikyaka (VarBr.S.); s'ic net, sling (BhP.); sikka_ string (Pali); cce basket carried on back (Kt.); xikiya_ loop or string bag for carrying loads (A.); sikkad.a bed (Pkt.); chiko netted bag for carrying things on a journey, hanging shelf, cattle muzzle (S.); chikk rope by which anything is pulled (L.); chikka_ a hanging net (L.P.); chi_ka_, chi~_ka_ hanging net, rope bridge, cattle muzzle (H.); chikan.u to pull (S.); chikkan., chikan. to pull; chikkan. end of a girth for pulling (L.)(CDIAL 12427). cikka (Tadbhava of s'ikya) a sling, a net, a network for carrying or suspending burdens, a muzzle, etc. (Ka.); cikkam (Ta.Te.); cikke (Te.)(Ka.lex.) s'ikya_dha_ra = s'ikya_-dhr.ta hook at the end of the pole which carries the looped cord for holding the strings of a balance (Skt.)(CDIAL 12428). cf. s'ivika_, s'ibika_ palanquin, litter, bier (MBh.); sivika_ palanquin (Pali); siviya_, si_a_ (Pkt.); sivi-ya (Si.)(CDIAL 12474). s'ivike, s'ibike, sivige a palanquin, a litter; a bier (Ka.lex.) ci_kkiram a small hack palankeen-carriage (M.M. 822)(Ta.lex.) Balance: ci_r balance; equilibrium, evenness (Kampara_. Akat. 40); libra of the zodiac; ci_rmai weight (Man.i. 27,254)(Ta.lex.) Image: scale-pan: ci_rai scale-pan (Pur-ana_. 43,7)(Ta.lex.) Shoulder-staff to carry burdens: ci_r shoulder-staff for carrying burden (Malaipat.u. 154); club, bludgeon; cir-attal to be unbearably heavy (Pur-ana_. 75,5); to be indispensable (Tol. Col. 76, Ce_n-a_.)(Ta.lex.) Image: yoke for load carried by two persons: cit.t.ai-maram yoke for load carried on the shoulders between two persons, dist. fr. ka_-maram carried by a single person (Ta.lex.) Image: water-carrier: sikuar, sikwar a sling slung to each end of a pole in which things are carried (Santali.lex.) Image: equal weight: ekka-tul.a (Tadbhava of e_ka-tula) one weight, equality; whole, undivided weight (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2970.Image: mortar: sa_ki_, sahki, sahki_, cahki, hahki, ahki, a'ki, ahk mortar (Go.); sonki mortar for pounding fixed in the veranda floor (Kond.a); henki mortar (Pe.); heni id. (Mand..); seni a bamboo or wooden mortar for pounding rice (Kui); he'ni, henni, heni mortar for pounding rice (Kuwi)(DEDR 2799). cf. cavli mortar (Kol.); avl-akki rice fried and each grain pounded flat (Kod..); savul mortar (Ga.)(DEDR 2391). Flat: cakkar..i that has become flat by pressure (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cakkal.i (-v-, -nt-) to become oblate, flattened, compressed (Ta.); cakku flat (Tu.)(DEDR 2271). caki a flat cake of anything, to cut into thin slices; caki gur. a flat cake of raw sugar; cakti small and flat, a thin slice, a cake; cakti gur. a cake of raw sugar; piska caktikateko tekea they slice the piska and then cook it; chaka chun, chakacun, chakachur in pieces, shivers, atoms; to pulverise, to reduce to powder; chaka chunena it is pulverised (Santali.lex.) cakul.i_ a kind of cake (Or.); cakri_ round flat sweetmeat of sugarcane juice (Bi.); cakra_ flat round cake (Mth.)(CDIAL 4548). cakkal. (-v-, -nt-) to become oblate, flattened, compressed (Ta.); cakkar..i that has become flat by pressure (Ka.); cakku flat (Tu.)(DEDR 2271). Husked rice: ca_ula_, pl. cavala rice (Pkt.); ca~_uru, ca~_varu a grain of rice (S.); ca~_uro pertaining to husked rice (S.); ca_val husked rice (L.P.); ca_vul (L.); ca_var, ca_ul, caul (P.); c.a_u, pl. cau (WPah.); cau_l, c.a~_wo_w (Ku.); ca~_wal, ca_mal (N.); sa_ul (A.); ta_ula (OB.); ca_ul (B.); ca_l (B.); cau~l.a, ca_ul.a, ca_ura (Or.); ca_ur (Bi.Mth.Bhoj.); ca~_wal, cawal, ca~_war (H.); ca_vala (OMarw.); ca_val. usu. pl. (G.)(CDIAL 4749). cauret.ha_, caurat.ha_ rice soaked and dried and pounded (Bi.); cauret.ha_ rice ground up with water (H.)(CDIAL 4750). aval rice obtained from fried paddy by pestling it (Ta.Ma.); pound, beat; n. pounding, beating in a mortar (Ka.); avil rice bruised and dried (Ma.); kac av- to pestle (millet) second time (Ko.); avl-akki rice friedn and each grain pounded flat (Kod..); abepuni, abeyuni, abecuni to beat or pound rice (Tu.)(DEDR 2391).

2973.Image: steep hill: sangur steep hill (K.)(CDIAL 12817). Image: top of a mountain: s'r.n:ga top of a mountain; s'r.n:gi a mountain (Ka.lex.)

2974.Image: mountain range: sahya name of one of the seven principal ranges of mountains in India (Ka.lex.)

2975.Image: third slope of Mount: cakkarava_l.am the third slope or tier of Mt. Me_ru; cakkarava_l.a-k-ko_t.t.am a place in the ancient city of Ka_viri-p-pu_m-pat.t.in.am adjoining its burning ground (Ta.lex.) cakrava_t.a boundary (Skt.); chakrava_la circle (MBh.BHSk.); cakrava_d.a a mountain range encircling the earth (Pali); cakkava_la circle (Pkt.); sakval.a the world (Si.)(CDIAL 4552). cf. cakabhua circular battle array (Or.); cakravyu_ha circular array of troops (MBh.)(CDIAL 4553).

2976.Image: stool: cau~ki_ stool (S.); cauka_ cooking place (L.M.Or.); cooking place or stove (B.): caukka_ id. (P.); cauki_ chair (P.); long bench for sitting on (Mth.); stool, aggregate of four (M.) cooking place (Or.); cooking and eating place (H.); square loe seat (H.G.); caukho, cauko wooden seat (Ku.); cauko eating place (N.); cauki seat (N.); sauka_ supports for cooking pot (A.); saki_ stool (A.); cauko cooking place, quadrangular spot (G.); cokiyu~ waggon drawn by four bullocks (G.)(CDIAL 4629). Image: square: cakka-cauka, caccauka square, four-square; cakkada a_t.a a play in squares on the ground (Ka.); cakku, cekku a kind of checkered cotton cloth (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Backgammon game: cokkat.t.a_n- a game similar to backgammon (Ta.); cokkat.t.a_nkal.i (Ma.); sogat.amu (Te.); cokkat.t.a_n--ci_lai chequered cloth in the form of a cross for playing cokkat.t.a_n-; cokkat.t.a_n--man.ai drought board for playing cokkat.t.a_n-; cokkat.t.a_n--vi_t.u chequers of cokkat.t.a_n- board; cokkat.t.a_n--kavar-u, cokkat.t.a_n--pa_yccikai dice used in the game of cokkat.t.a_n- (Ta.lex.)

2977.Image: jaw; corner of the mouth: as.ki, is.ki jaw (Kho.); is.kio don back-tooth (Kho.)(CDIAL 1497). sr.kvan corner of mouth (RV.); du. sr.va_n.i_, sr.kkan.i_, whence acc. sg. sr.kkan.i_m (Skt.); du. sr.kkanyau (Sus'r.); sr.kva, sr.kka (MBh.); sr.vi (Skt.); du. sr.kvin.i_, sr.kkin.i_, whence acc. sg. sr.kvin.i_m (MBh.); srakva corner of mouth, jaws (RV.); sikka corner of mouth (Pkt.); (h)akuva, pl. (h)aku jaws (Si.); haka jaw (Si.)(CDIAL 13576). cf. an:g lower cheek; an:g val molar teeth (Ko.)(DEDR 114). alaku, alavu jaw, mandibles, bird's beak (Ta.); alaku, alavu upper portion of the jawbone (Ma.); halaku the lower part of the cheek (Ka.)(DEDR 239).

2978.Image: uvula; tongue; heat eruptions: s'an:kha temporal bone or frontal bone (Ya_j.); part of an elephant's head between the tusks (Skt.); sam.kha temporal bone (Pkt.); sen:kk ear (Gypsy); s'en. throat (Bshk); s'a_n:g (Tor.); s'an:gi_ru inside of throat (Phal.); sa~gh throat; sa~ghr.i_ enlarged uvula; sagh throat (L.); san:gh, san:gha_ throat, front part of neck, gullet (P.); s'a~_gi_ throat (WPah.)(CDIAL 12264). hangun^u the temple, curl of hair on the temple; honga, hongun^u chin (K.)(CDIAL 12266). an:gal.a, an:gal.u, an:gul.a, an:gul.i, an:gul.e palate; an:gilu, nan:gilu uvula (Ka.); an:gili palate (Te.); an:gul, an:gur.(u) tongue (Nk.); naqlu uvula (Malt.)(DEDR 33). an.ar side of the upper jaw (Pin..); an.ari id. (Ja_n-a_. 37, Urai.)(Ta.lex.) an.n.am palate, roof of the mouth (Tol. Er..ut. 93); uvula (Ta.); id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) an:gul.iya mul. a disease of the uvula, attended with difficulty of breathing and swallowing; an:gul.a-var-e the palate to become dry (Ka.lex.) cf. indul anything defiled by contact with the mouth (Si.)(CDIAL 1850). cf. en:gili contamination or defilement by contact with the mouth or spittle (Te.)(DEDR 780). cf. hak neck; hak-nar.a throat (Pe.); can:ku throat (Ta.)(DEDR 2282). cf. na_, na_kku tongue (Ta.)(DEDR a3633). a_gru_ eruption on the lips from heat (H.); a_gru disease causing burning sensation in the mouth (G.); a_gru~_, agru~_, a_geru~_ heat eruption on lips and tongue (M.)(CDIAL 62). akkaram a disease of the mouth, thrush, aphthae, parasitic stomatitis; accaram thrush; at.caram cracked tongue (Ta.); akka_ram a disease, aphthae (Ma.); agra the thrush (Ka.); a sore mouth, aphthae, the thrush (Tu.); aks.aramu disease of the mouth (Te.)(DEDR App.3). at.caram cracked tongue (Ta.); a general name for several diseases of children (Ta.); aks.aramu cracked tongue (Ta.lex.)

2979.Hiccough: ekkal.ikka to hiccough; ekkil., ekkit.t.a, ikkil., ikkit.t.am hiccough, last breath (Ma.); is.kur fat-- to hiccough (To.); ekku (usura ekku) to breathe as a child after crying loudly; ekd.u to hiccough; ekkid.ikE hiccough; e_ged.ike id. (Ka.); ekkade, ekkale hiccough, gasping (Tu.); ikl.u, ikkid.i hiccough (Kor.); ekkili, ekku hiccup (Te.); ekt.i, at.ki_ (pl. -hk) id.; ekku to belch (Go.); hikking to hiccough (Br.)(DEDR 772). cf. in:kuva a sigh (Te.); inka a belch (Go.); inkawata hiccough (Go.); hikking to hiccough (Br.)(DEDR 419). hikkati hiccups, sobs (Skt.); hik- to hiccup (Dm.); hi~k (Kal.); 1 sg. hiku_m (Phal.)(CDIAL 14074). hikka_ hiccup (Sus'r. Pali.Pkt.); hyuk^u (K.); hi_k (H.); hik (G.); hikka_ra (Pali); hikik (N.); hi~_kat.i (A.)(CDIAL 14075). kel.ni, kal.ni hiccup (Kon.lex.) hidhma_, hikka_ hiccough, hiccup (Skt.lex.)

2980.Perfume; gummy pine; juniper: s'rika a perfume (Skt.)(Br.hat sam.hita_. LXXVI.23-26). ci_d.a_ tree from which turpentine is obtained; a kind of perfume (Jain.Skt.); ci_d.a pine (Pkt.); ci_r (Bshk.); ci_, ci, ci_i, ci_h, ci_r. (Sh.D..); cer (K.); ci_hr. (P.); cihr.a_ gummy (P.); cir wooden post planted in the ground at Holi and then burnt (N.); ci_r, ci_r pine (H.); ceu pine (WPah.); cilla a partic. tree (Pkt.); cili juniper (Phal.); ci_li_ cypress; juniper (Sh.); ci_l pine (K.); ci_l, ci_l (P.)(CDIAL 4837). ciuwon pine forest (WPah.)(CDIAL 4840). sano dare pine (Santali.lex.) cf. Pinus roxburghii = pinus longifolia chir (H.).); sarala (Skt.Te.); yields resin (GIMP, p. 194). cf. sarala-drava bho_ja, the resin of pinus longifolia, turpentine (Ka.lex.) cf. de_va-da_ru a species of pine, pinus deodara; the red cedar, erythroxylon monogynum (Ka.lex.) Pinus gerardiana: rhi (H.P.); chida (Skt.); chilgozah (U.); ronecha (Kumaon); seeds: anodyne, stimulant; oil from seeds: applied as a dressing to wounds and ulcers; habitat: NW Himalayas 5,800 - 12,000 ft., and Baluchistan (GIMP, p.193). Pinus griffithi = Pinus excelsa: chil (P.K.); kail (H.); chilla (Garhwal); dolchilla (Kumaon); properties similar to pinus longifolia; habitat: temperate Himalayas 6,000 - 12,500 ft. and W. Waziristan (GIMP, p. 193). serec juniper (Kt.); saras, sa_ras (Dm.); sa_ras (Kal.); saru_s (Kho.)(CDIAL 13256). sarasa juicy (TS.); moist, beautiful (Skt.); having its essential properties (Pali); juicy (Pkt.); juicy, fresh, tasty (Or.); saras (Mth.H.); juicy, excellent (G.G.)(CDIAL 13255). cikan.u to distil, ooze out (of pus)(S.); cika_in.u to distil, fatigue (S.)(CDIAL 4778). siktha, s'iktha beeswax (Skt.); sikthaka (Skt.); sittha, sitthaka id. (Pali); sittha, sitthaya (Pkt.); syoth^u (K.); sittha_ (L.P.); s'etthu, si_t.ha (WPah.)(CDIAL 13390). sit silt, dregs (Kho.)(CDIAL 13388). saku, sekwe fat (Toch.); s'ika_ the fat (of animals)(Ash.); saka_ (Wg.); sko_ (Kt.)(CDIAL 13391).

2981.Smell: s'in:ghati smells (Dha_tup.); upas'in:ghati kisses (Skt.); upas'in:ghana a thing to be smelled at (Sus'r.); sin:ghati smells (Pali); sim.ghai, sum.ghai (Pkt.); sung-, s'ung (Gypsy); s'u~_khim 1 sg. (Kal.); s'un:khik (Kho.); sin:ghan.u, sun:ghan.u (S.); sin:ghan., sugghun. (L.); se~_hga_ smeller-out of old wells (L.); sin:ghn.a_, sun:gh^ana_ smells (P.); s'i~n.n.u_, s'in:ghn.o~_, s'i~ghn.u (WPah.); su~gn.o, sun.n.o (Ku.); sun.nu (N.); xun.iba (A.); su~ka_, su~ga_ (B.); sun:ghiba_, sun:giba_ (Or.); sun:ghab (Mth.); su~_ghab (Aw.); su~_ghna_ (H.); su~_ghvu~ (G.); su~gn.e~ (M.); s.u~_ thoiki to smell (Sh.)(CDIAL 12579). s'r.n:kha_n.ika_ mucus of nose (A_past.); s'in:gha_n.a, s'in:gha_n.aka, sin:ghan.a (Skt.); s'im.ha_n.a, sim.ha_n.a mucus (Skt.); upas'im.hana, upasim.hana something for smelling (Sus'r.); sin:gha_nika_ mucus of the nose (Pali); sim.gha_n.a, sim.gha_n.aya (Pkt.); si~ga_n.o (Ku.); sin.a_n (N.); xen:gun (A.); sikni (B.); sin:gha_n.i, sin:ga_n.i mucus of nose, iron rust (Or.); sikni_ mucus of nose (H.); sin:ghiru sniveller (Ash.); adj. sin:ghila (S.); s.i_a~ mucus (Ash.); s.i~_ (Pas'.)(CDIAL 12582). For -ga_n.i cf. semant. 'smell ~~ nose': cf. kiran.am < ghra_n.a nose (Tiva_.)(Ta.lex.) semha phlegm (Pali); semha, sem.bha, sim.bha, seppha, se_pha (Pkt.); sem-a mucus (Si.); s'e~b, s'em mucus (of nose or bowels)(M.); s'e~ba_ discharge from horse's nostrils (M.); s'im mucus; s'i_m (WPah.)(CDIAL 12727). s'immar mucus (WPah.)(CDIAL 12728). sum.gn.em. to smell, to sniff (M.); sum.ghvum. (G.); sum.ghn.a (P.); su_m.ghna_, su_m.gna_ (H.); s'ung (Romany); sum.ghiam. ghra_tam (OM.); s'inghati (Dha_tup.)(Bloch, p. 410). simbal.a, simba, sumbal.a the mucus of the nose, snot (Ka.); ci_mid.i, ci_miri (Te.); s'e_mbu_d.a (M.); simbal.a tege to blow the nose (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ci_ pus (Tiruva_ca. 25,3); ki_vu (Ka.Tu.); ci_ mucous matter, as of the nose (Man.i. 20,48); ci_kkai phlegm (Tiruman. 147); ci_r.. pus (Ta.); ci_mu (Te.); ki_vii (Ka.); cintu to blow the nose (Ta.); ci_du id. (Te.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ci_ntu to blow, as the nose (Ta.); ci_mpu to clear the nose (Kor.); si_nd- to blow the nose (Go.Kond.a.Ga.)(DEDR 2618). Sneeze: cf. chikka_ sneeze (Skt.Pkt.); chikka id.; chikkai sneezes (Pkt.); chikkiya sneezing (Pkt.); cik, pl. cika sneeze; cikni sneezing (Gypsy); ci_n. (Shum.Pas'.); cik (Gaw.); cikal he sneezes (Kal.); chika sneeze (S.); chikk (P.); chekki (WPah.); chi~_k (Ku.); chi~k (N.); chi~knu (N.); chikka_ sneeze; chikkan sneezing (B.); chikka, chin:ka (Or.); chik(k)iba_, chin:kiba_ (Or.); chi~_k, chi~_kna_ (H.); chi~_k (G.); chi~kvu~, chi~kn.i_ snuff (G.); s'i~_k, s'ikn.e~, s'i~kn.e~ (M.); s'im.ki (Konkan.i); ca_s', co_s to cough; ca_s'a coughing (Pas'.); ca_sik (Gaw.)(CDIAL 5032). cf. cit.ike a pinch as of snuff (Ka.)(DEDR 2507). chikkani_ the plant artemisia sternutatoria (Bhpr.); chikni_ a partic. kind of grass used medicinally (H.); s'ikn.i_ a plant which causes sneezing (M.)(CDIAL 5030).

2982.Image: ready to gore: hikali to crouch (Kuwi); hikk- to hang the head (Kuwi); hig- (hikt-) to lower head (Pe.); sika (siki-) to bend the head down, bow the head, droop the head (Kui)(DEDR 2493).

2983.Stamped grant: cikka_can-n-attu < sikka (U.) + sanad (U.) stamped grant (R.T.)(Ta.); cikku-tal to be obtained (Tan-ippa_. i,323,18); cika_ < sikka (U.) seal (W.)(Ta.lex.) sikka < sikkah (Arabic) a stamp, an impression on a coin; lead; sterling; current coin; a caste of khattris; sikka bait.hn.a (lit. to establish one's currency) no king was looked on as enthroned until he struck his own coin; hence to establish one's authority (P.lex.) sike, siki, sikke a coining-die; the royal seal; the stamp produced by the coining-die or by a seal or stamp (Ka.); s'ikka_ (M.H.); sike-y-un:gara, siki-y-un:gara the royal seal (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2985.Market; image: cross-roads: s'r.n:ga_t.a, s'r.n:ga_t.aka a place where four roads meet (Ka.Skt.lex.) catukkam junction where four roads meet (Tirumuru. 225); platform (Tailava. Pa_yi. 44); catura-c-canti junction of four roads (Perun.. Ucaik. 50,7)(Ta.lex.) ca_vat.i open dais in front of a house for general use (Pan.avit.u. 163)(Ta.); inn, choultry (Ira_mana_. Cuntara. 3); id. (Ma.); ca_vad.i id. (Te.Ka.); sa_vat.i_ (M.); ca_vat.i-c-ci_t.t.u a chit or ticket permitting one to obtain food at a choultry (Ta.lex.) cowot^u cross-roads (K.); cauva_t.o (infl. by simplex va_t.a road); cauvat.i adv. on all sides (S.); cauba_t., cauba_t.a_ cross-roads (Ku.); cauba_t.o (N.); caubat.iya_ place where boundaries of four fields meet (Bi.); covat. open space where four or more roads meet, market-place; caut.u~ market-place; cova_t, cova_t.e on all sides (G.); cauva_t.a_ cross-roads (M.); caupat. square open space (N.); caupat.t.a_ (M.); comt.a_, co~pt.a_ mound where boundaries of 4 villages meet (H.)(CDIAL 4620). catus.ka consisting of four; set of four (Mn.); quadrangular courtyard (Skt.); catukka set of four, junction of four roads, village square (Pali); caukkka set of four, cross-roads, square (Pkt.); caukkia_ courtyard (Pkt.); cok^u rectangular frame; cokh, cokas house built round a court-yard (K.); cau~ku frame of door, square; cau~ko figure 4, smearing with cowdung; cau~ki_ stool (S.); cauk four cowries; cauka_ cooking place; cauk square (L.); cauk open square where 4 roads meet; caukka_ cooking place; cauka_ figure 4, cauki_ chair (P.); cauk courtyard (Ku.); cauk courtyard; cauko eating place (N.); sauka_ supports for cooking pot; saki_ stool (A.); cauk square courtyard; cauka_ adj. square; cooking place (Or.); cauki_ long low bench for sitting on (Mth.); cak increased by four (Bhoj.); caka_ cooking place (Bhoj.); cauk square, market (H.); cauka_ aggregate of four, cooking and eating place (H.); cauki_ square low seat (H.); caukho, cauko wooden seat (Ku.); cauki chair (N.); cok square, market, number four (G.); coko quadrangular spot, cooking place; coki_ square low seat (G.); cokiyu~ waggon drawn by four bullocks (G.); cauk courtyard, number four; cauka_ cooking place; cauki_ aggregate of four, stool (M.); cauku market (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 4629). Land revenue: catur-p-pa_kam land held on favourable tenure paying only one-fourth of the revenue due to government (C.G. 93); a grant or alienation of one-fourth share of government revenue (R.T.)(Ta.lex.)

2986.Image: dog; jackal: ja_gilamu hound, hunting dog (Te.); ja_yila dog (Ka.); ja_val.a-na_yi wolf-dog (Tu.)(DEDR 2459). d.ahal, koya, tan wild dog (Santali.lex.) sa_iya wild animal (OAw.); sa_waj savage, wild (H.); wild animal (deer, tiger etc.)(H.); sa_vaj savage, barbarian (G.); sa_vju~ wild animal, tiger (G.); sa_vaj, sa_vi_j wild animal (M.)(CDIAL 12765). sa_vaya wild animal (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12764). cf. jhaur. to attack (P.)(CDIAL 5335). sa_rame_ya a dog; alarka a mad dog (Skt.lex.) s'r.ga_la, sr.ga_la (S'Br.); s'r.ga_li_, s'r.ga_lika_, sr.ka_la (Skt.)[Dard. and WPah. attest s'r-]; siga_la (Pali); si(g)a_la, si(g)a_li_ (Pkt.); s.yo_l wolf (Kt.); s.il, s.e_li (Pr.); s.ial (Dm.); s.ia_l, so_l, s'io_l, s'a_l wolf; xe_lek ; s'aka_l (Pas'.); s'i_a_l (Shum.); s'a_l (Gaw.); s.ial (Kho. < a dialect in which s.- < s'r-); s'a~_l wolf; s'a_l (Sh.); s'a_l ; s'ojⁱ (K.); s'ia_l., s'ya_o ; sia_li_, saga_l, sugaⁱlⁱ fox (WPah.); sya_l , fox; s'ya_w (Ku.); siya_l (N.); xiya_l (A.); siya_l, seya_l (B.); siya_l.a, sial.a, sial.i (Or.); siya_r (Bi.Bhoj.Aw.); siya_l, siya_r, sa_l, sya_la_, siya_ri_, siya_rin, siya_rni_ (H.); siya_l. (G.); sival-a_, hival-a_ (Si.); hiyal (Md.)(CDIAL 12578). s'u_n:g, s'u_n., s'i_on., s'unin., s'un.in., s'u_r.in., xur.in. (Pas'.); s'u_na_, s'un.a_ (Gaw.); s'una dog; s'unaka puppy, dog (MBh.); s'unya, s'unya_ a number of dogs (Skt.); s'uni_ (AV.); sunakha (BHSkt.); sunaha name of a son of Jahnu (Skt.); s'unaka name of a rs.i (MBh.); suna, sun.a dog (Pali); s'une (NiDoc.); sun.aga, sun.aya, sun.ai_ (Pkt.); cuna_, cuna (Dm.); sena_ (Tir.); s'u~r.e (Nin:g.); s'u~_r.e (Shum.); s'u~_ra, s'e~_r. (Kal.); s'u~_, pl. s'uvi~ (Sh.); s'un.a_, s'un.ei_, hunn^u (K.); s'una_ (MB.); su_na_ (H.); sun.e~ (M.); su_n.e~ (Konkan.i); s'un:gala puppy (Pas'.); s'u~ali (Sh.); sno_ta dog, ; senuta (Gypsy); s'un.et.u puppy (WPah.); sun.ia_ (Pkt.); cuni_, cuni (Dm.); huⁱnnⁱ (K.); s'uni (MB.); su_ni_ (H.); sunakha, sunakhi_ (Pali); sun.aha, sun.ahillaya_ (Pkt.); s'un.a_ (WPah.)(CDIAL 12528). s'auna relating to dogs (MBh.); s'aunaka nom. prop. (S'Br.); s'aunika, saunika hunter (Skt.); so_na, so_n.a dog; so_n.i f. (Pali); cu~_, son (Kt.Wg.); hu_n^u, abl. ho_ni, ho_n^u, ho_nyⁱ (K.); sonha_ a kind of animal like a dog, the wild dog canis rutilans (H.); so_n.ahia hunter with dogs (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12651). [cf. na_y, na_i dog (Ta.); na_y id. (Ma.Nahali.Ka.)(DEDR 3650]. san [Vedic s'va, gen. s'unah.; Av. spa_; Lat. canis; Old Irish. cu_; Goth. hunds = hound] dog (Pali.lex.) s'van dog (RV.); nom. sg. s'va_ ~ s'uva_, acc. s'va_nam ~ s'uva_nam (Skt.); sa_ nom. sg. dog; suva_na, suva_n.a, supa_na, supa_n.a (Pali); span- (Av.); s'vana (NiDoc.); sa_n.a, sa_n.i_ (Pkt.); suvan (Si.)(CDIAL 12749). s'vaka wolf (Skt.); spai dog (Wg.); spai (Psht.)(CDIAL 12749). solav dog (Gypsy)(CDIA 12751). cf. sa_vaya wild animal (Pkt.); s'va_pada beast of prey (RV.)(CDIAL 12764). civin:ki-na_y a swift-footed hunting dog (Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

2987.Image: woven cover of jar: jhakna_ cover of a grain pot (Bi.); jha_kn.e~ to cover (M.)(CDIAL 5317). cha_ni_ woven cover of jar for sugarcane juice (H.); cha_n thatch, hut (H.); chana shed (S.); chann thatched roof or shed (P.)(CDIAL 4992).

2988.Hard core of a tree: ce_kam hard core of a tree, central part of exogenous plant hardened by age, heart-wood (Ta.); ce_ga (Te.); ce_gu (Ka.); ce_ku-vayiram heart-wood (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) [cf. vajra the thunderbolt-weapon of Indra (Skt.lex.)] cf. ce_ge heart or core of a tree, essence, strength (Ka.); ce_ga, ce_va essence, core, pith, substance, strength, courage (Te.)(DEDR 2802). cf. cura giving milk (Ma.)(DEDR 2883). cf. co_r. to trickle (Pa.)(DEDR 2893). ce_ku solidity, hardness (Ci_ka_l.at. Pu. Kan.n.a. 72)(Ta.lex.) ce_gu, ce_ge the heart or core of a tree; essence; strength (Ka.); ce_ge, ce_ve (Te.)(Ka.lex.) cikkan-vu hardness, strength (I_t.u, 5,8,3)(Ta.); cikkana (Te.)(Ta.lex.) cf. keccu (the marrow, essence, or pith of plants etc.); core, the heart of a tree; essence; strength (Ka.lex.) cikken-n-(u)-tal to become hardened as the ground (Man.i. 27,143)(Ta.); cikken- firmly, tenaciously (Tiruva_ca. 37,5); cikken-avu firmness, tenacity (Ta.); cikkani (Te.); cikan.i (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) Resin; image: pouring out: prase_ka flowing forth (MBh.); resin (R.); pasia_ water filtered from boiled rice (Or.); pasewa_ juice draining off fresh opium (Bi.)(CDIAL 8852). cf. pacai stickiness, paste, glue, glutinous substance in fruits, roots etc. (Ta.)(DEDR 3827). cf. s'e_vala slimy (AV. i.11.4)(CDIAL 12493; Vedic.lex.) cf. pasyu_n.o to drain extra water off rice while cooking (Ku.); prase_cayati pours into (Ya_j.); prasicati pours out (AV.)(CDIAL 8853). sikti effusion (RV.); pahati sugarcane juice after boiling, grain boiled in water and served up thin (S.)(CDIAL 8840). vis.icati spills (A_pS'r.); vis.ikta discharged (S'Br.); bahi_n. hole in the wall of house or fort or city to let water out, spout (P.)(CDIAL 11984). cf. sikta sprinkled, wetted (RV.)(CDIAL 13388).

2990.Image: fight: jagal.a a quarrel, a fight; war (Ka.); jagad.a (Te.); jhagad.a_, jhan:gad.a (M.); jagal.a-gan.d.a a quarrelsome man (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) jan:gu war, warfare (Ka.); jan:ga (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) jhagad.a quarrel (Pkt.); jagad.am.ta quarrelling (Pkt.); jher.o quarrel (S.); jher.a_ (L.P.); jher.an. to quarrel (L.); jhagir.o quarrel; jhagir.an.u to quarrel (S.); jhagr.an. (L.); jhagr.a_, jhagar.n.a_ (P.); jhagar.n.a_ (WPah.); jhagr.o (Ku.); jhagra_-sagra_, jhagranu (N.); jhagr.a_ (B.); jhagar.a_ (Or.); jhagr.a_, jhagar.na_ (H.); jhagr.o (Marw.); jhagr.o, jhagr.o, jhagar.vu~ (G.); jhagd.a_, jhagad.n.e~ (M.); jhagat.n.e~ to collide with, seize violently (M.)(CDIAL 5321). Image: slaughter: jan:ghanti strikes, kills (RV.); zhan:gn.o~ to kill (WPah.)(CDIAL 5081). sam.ha_ra bringing together (MBh.); destruction (Mn.Pkt.); abridgement (Pali); sam.gha_ra (Pkt.); sa~gha_r (P.); ruin, slaughter (N.); san.a_r (N.); sa~gha_r destruction (H.); sam.gha_ra (OG.)(CDIAL 13063). sam.ha_rayati caus. of sam.harati draws together (RV.); annihilates (Skt.); a-sam.ha_riya indestructible (Pali); sam.gha_ria struck, killed (Pkt.); sa~gha_rn.a_ to destroy (P.); sam.gha_rai kills (OAw.); sa~ha_rna_, sa~gha_rna_ to destroy, kill (H.); sa~ha_rn.e~ to destroy (M.)(CDIAL 13064). Image: crowd; battle: sam.kula disordered (Skt.); crowd (Skt.); battle (MBh.); san:kula crowded (Pali); sakul.u numerous; akula thicket, dense bush (Si.)(CDIAL 12828). sagra_ma assembly of people, battle (AV.); san:ga_ma battle (Pali); sam.ga_ma (Pkt.); san:gam (Si.)(CDIAL 12853). Image: dashing together: samgha_ta close union, mass (TS); dashing together (MBh.)[cf. samhata- with similar range of meanings.]; san:gha_ta killing, knocking together (Pali); samgha_ya closeness, collection (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12862). gha_ta killing (Mn.); blow, bruise (MBh.)(CDIAL 4460). can:kat.am < san:kat.a difficulty, trouble, straitened circumstances; narrow path (Ta.lex.) san:kat.a defile, difficulty, danger (MBh.)(CDIAL 12817). Destruction: sam.ha_rayati caus. of sam.harati draws together (RV.); annihilates (Up.); a-sam.ha_riya indestructible (Pali); sam.gha_ria struck, killed (Pkt.); sa~gha_rn.a_ to destroy (P.); sam.gha_rai kills (OAw.); sa~ha_rn.e~ to destroy (M.); sa~ha_rna_, sa~gha_rna_ to destroy, kill (H.)(CDIAL 13064). sam.ha_ra bringing together (MBh.); destruction (Mn.); abridgement (Pali.Pkt.); sam.gha_ra id. (Pkt.); sa~gha_r (P.); sa~gha_r, san.a_r ruin, slaughter (N.); sa~gha_r destruction (H.); sam.gha_rau (OG.)(CDIAL 13063). sam.gha_tayati strikes together, kills (Skt.); san:gha_tanika in cmpd. 'binding together' (Pali); sam.gha_yai strikes together, joins (Pkt.); san:gha_han.u to kill (S.)(CDIAL 12863). xa_n. finished, destroyed, destruction (A.); sa_n:g finished (B.)(CDIAL 13327). To stagger; to kill: jokka_na_, jak-, johka_na_ to kill; jokka_na_, hak-, hok-, juka_na_ to strike, kill (Go.); soka (soki-), so_ka (so_ki-) to strike at, bite (snake, dog, etc.)(Kui)(DEDR 2831). ujhukal to stagger (Bhoj.)(CDIAL 1679). juk to beat (Shgh.); juke_w to shake (Par.); jhun:kiba_ to stagger (Or.)(CDIAL 5399). Scream: chicro quarrelsome (Ku.); chicaro, chicro quick-tempered (N.); chichallu~ troublesome (G.)(CDIAL 5034). caccaravu quarrel, disturbance (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cin.a_r, cin.ari_ row, quarrel, brawl; cin.er to scold (Gypsy); cin:gha_r screech; cin:gha_rna_ to screech (P.); ci~gha_r., ci~gha_r, ci~gha_r.a_ scream, screech; ci~gha_r.na_ to screech, roar (H.); cin:ghan.u to groan (S.)(CDIAL 4787). cikarab to cry, shout, low (Mth.); ci_tkr.ta noise; ci_tkr.ti rattling (Skt.)(CDIAL 4838). ci_tka_ra cry, noise (MBh.); citti crackling (RV.); cikka_ra shout, shriek (Pkt.); cika_ra_, caka_ra_ noise, fiddle (P.); cika_r scream (H.); cika_rna_ to scream (H.); cika_ra_ fiddle (H.); cikan.u to creak (S.)(CDIAL 4839). cicci shriek (Pkt.); cicla_un.a_ to shriek (P.); cicya_unu (N.); ciciya_na_ (H.); ci_cvu~ (G.); se~sa_iba to scream (A.); ce~ca_na to cry out (B.)(CDIAL 4789). ciccika a kind of bird (RV.); cici-bon a kind of white and blue bird (Kho.); ciccibici a kind of bird (N.)(CDIAL 4791). cf. cikilu to cry tenderly or fondly as a child (Te.)(DEDR 2494). gi_jaga, gi_juga the bottlebird, ploceus baya (Ka.); ki.je pakki weaver bird (Kod..); gijiga~_d.u, gijjiga~_d.u the weaver bird, baya ploceus baya (Te.)(DEDR 1608). cf. kiccukicc-en-al onom. expr. signifying chirping (as lizards); ki_ccu chirp of birds (Ta.)(DEDR 1615). ci_r.., ci_r..kkai, ci_kkal whistle, whistling; ci_t.t.i whistling, toy whistle (Ta.); ci_l., cil. a sound (Ma.); sil.l.u whistling (of men or birds); ci_l., si_l. a scream; a cry; s'il.pu whistling (Ka.); s'i_l. a whistle (M.)(DEDR 2638).

2991.Dicing ground; wrestling ground: a_hur. fighting (H.); a_hava challenge, battle (RV.); fighting (Pkt.)(CDIAL 1543). cf. an:kam battle, fight (Ta.); battle, fight, duel, challenge (Ma.); an:ka fight, war (Ka.); id., cock-fight (Tu.); an:kaka~_d.u a quarrelsome man (Te.); an:ka fight, mimic war or conflict (Skt.)(DEDR 29). cf. a_rpu might, force, daring, valour; a_ke power, valour; a_pa being strong, being able, being possible (Ka.)(DEDR 407). aks.ava_t.a wrestling ground; aks.apa_t.a id. (Skt.); akkhava_t.a fence round wrestling arena (Pali); akkhava_d.aga wrestling ground; akkha_d.aga, akkha_d.aya dicing ground (Pkt.); akha_r.ha_, kha_r.(h)a_ wrestling ground, place where indigo is dried, cattle-track through waste land; kha_r.a_ wrestling ground (L.); aka_r.ha_, aka_r.a_, ka_r.ha_, ka_ra_ (P.); a_khara_ practising dancing and singing (A.); a_khar.a_ wrestling ground (B.); meeting place for dancing and singing (A.); akhar.a_ wrestling ground (H.); akaha_r (K.); akha_r.a_ (N.); akha_d.a_ (M.); a_kha_r.o, akha_r.o wrestling place, monastery (G.)(CDIAL 39). War: a_kavam war, battle (Pa_rata. Patin-mu_n-. 97); a_kaviyan- warrior; a_kava-pu_mi battle-field; a_vi an ancient chief of the ve_l.ir tribe (Akana_. 1); strength, power (Kampara_. Nintan-ai. 69) (Ta.); a_viyar a family descended from A_vi Pothini mountains and including Pe_kan- (Pur-ana_. 147); hunters (Ta.lex.) Image: fight; a leading hero: an:kam battle, fight (Kampara_. Kumpaka. 15)(Ta.lex.) an:ga-rakka a boduy-guard man; an:ga-rakke a body-guard; an:ka-daus.adha the drug of war, gunpowder; an:ka fight, war, san:gra_ma; an:ka-var-e a war-drum; an:ka-vi_ra a battle-hero, a valiant man (Ka.); an:ka-ka_r-a an influential or a chief servant; a leading hero; an:ka-ka_d.u = mone-ka_d.u a leader (Te.) (Ka.lex.) a_-kavan-i_yam < a_-havani_ya one of three sacred fires connected with S'rauta ritual in which oblations are generally offered (Tirumuru. 181, Urai.) (Ta.lex.)

2984.Polisher of tools; polishing horn: si~ghaut.a_ weapon-cleaner's polishing horn (Bi.)(CDIAL 12585). cf. sikala polishing, furbishing, burnishing; sikiliga_ra, sikalaga_ra a polisher of tools, weapons (Ka.); cf. sikata sandy soil (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. sita_ candied sugar, sugar (Skt.lex.)

3004.Engraver: sekyaka_ra (EI 12; BL) a brazier; engraver; cf. sen:kra_ goldsmith (B.); sega_n.a official designation of uncertain import (Chamba inscr.)(IEG, p.308).

2992.Image: body covered with bangles: seke-meke the condition of a body covered with bangles and ornaments, especially metallic; sekera a professional maker of mother-of-pearl bracelets (saka)(Mu.) (Mu.lex.) cf. jagjaga_t. glitter (P.)(CDIAL 5076). sakom bracelet; barphar.a sakom id. (Santali.lex.) cf. pal.apal.a shining (Ta.lex.) can:ka-val.ai white bangles or bracelets made of conch-shell (Ta.) (Ta.lex.) Image: brass worker: sekra a Hindu caste who work in brass and bell metal; sekra sakom a kind of armlet of bell metal; sekrec, sekrec sekrec, sekec sekec to clink, applied to the sound produced by metallic objects coming into contact with each other (Santali.lex.) Decoration: cin:ka_rittal to decorate, beautify; cin:ka_ram decoration, embellishment, beauty, especially artificial (Pan.avit.u. 85)(Ta.lex.) sin:gara, sin:ga_ra, s'r.n:ga_ra decoration, dress, embellishment; beauty; to adorn, to decorate; sin:garisu, s'r.n:garisu to ornament, to decorate (Ka.); s'r.n:gi, s'r.n:gi_-kanaka a kind of gold used for making ornaments (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) sekseke covered, as the arms with ornaments, full; seke doke, seke meke covered with ornaments, as the neck (Santali.lex.) s'r.n:ga_ra sexual desire; amorous pursuits, finery (MBh.); s'r.n:ga arrogance (MBh.); sin:ga_ra erotic sentiment (Pali); sim.ga_ra adornment, sexual passion (Pkt.); s.in:gera beautiful (Kt.); si~_ga_ro decoration (S.); sin:ga_r, san:ga_r (P.); sin.a_r (N.); sin:ga_ra toilette, beauty due to toilette (Or.); si~ga_r adornment (Mth.); sim.ga_ra (OAw.); si~ga_r, si~ga_ra_ (H.)(CDIAL 12592). s'r.n:ga_rita adorned (Skt.); s'in.ar to rejoice (Wg.); s'in:gra (Pr.); s.in:gar.i_ mistress (Pas'.); xin:gari ghar coronation house (A.)(CDIAL 12593). sin:gar. to bathe and tidy oneself; tinakem sin:garok kana? how much will you titivate yourself? (Santali.lex.)

2993.King's ministerial officer; dancer: jagati the first attendant of a king (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ca_kkai king's ministerial officer; priest; astrologer (Ta.lex.) ca_kkaiyan- member of a caste whose profession in ancient times was to sing and dance in temples and palaces (Ta.)(Cilap. 28,77); astrologer; ca_kkai-kku_ttu dance performed by Ca_kkiyan- (Ta.); ca_kki, pl. hon. ca_kkiya_r, ca_kya_r a caste of half-brahmans who sing and dance before gods and brahmans (Ma.)(DEDR 2432). ca_kkiyan- id. (Na_.)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cakkan.i < jakkin.i (Te.) a kind of dance (Pan.avit.u. 186)(Ta.); cekkan.i a kind of dance (Kur-r-a_. Tala. Tarumaca_mi. 55)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) A clan: s'a_kya a Ks.atriya clan in Kapilavastu to which the Buddha belonged (Skt.); s'a_kiya (BHSkt.); sakia, sakka (Pali); sakka, sakkia a Buddhist (Pkt.); sa_kiya (Pali); sh, sa_ (Si.)(CDIAL 12375). s'a_kkiya-na_yan-a_r a canonized S'aiva saint converted to S'aivism from Buddhism, one of 63 (Periyapu.); ca_kkiyan- id. (Te_va_. 737,6); Gautama Buddha (Pin..)(Ta.); ca_kkiyar Buddhists (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 4,10,5); Jainas (Tiruva_lava_. 38,50)(Ta.lex.)

2994.Messenger; bard: ca_krika a bard who chants in chorus the praises of kings, heroes, etc. (Skt.Ka.) (Ka.lex.) Messenger: sakiya messenger, courier (Si.); cakhika bard (Pali); sakavi bard (Si.); ca_krika driver (MBh.); proclaimer (Ya_j.)(CDIAL 4732). cf. cakra wheel (RV.); potter's wheel (S'Br.)(CDIAL 4538).

2995.Image: burden carried: xa_n:gi_, xa_n:gi_ bha_r burden suspended from one pole and carried by two or more persons (A.); n:gaya three oxen yoked together (Si.); sam.gaya union; met (Pkt.); san:gata met (Pali); sam.gata united (AV.); union (MBh.); sam.gati meeting (RV.)(CDIAL 12844). cf. ta_n:ku-ko_l punt pole (Ta.lex.) san:gr.a a pole on which things are slung to carry (Santali.lex.) cf. chakk present to bards (P.); cha_k anything sufficient for one time, a meal (N.); ready prepared food carried by labourers (H.)(CDIAL 4957). sa_ku ( = sa_lkum. 3rd pers. sg. fut. of sa_l) he, she or it is sufficient or enough, they are sufficient etc.; suficiency; sufficient, enough; enough! (Ka.)(Ka.lex.)

2996.Liquor: jagala vinous liquor for distilling (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) nahel liquor (Santali.lex.)

2997.Ferry boat; image: raised place: jan:gal, jan:gala_ ferry-boat (Kon.lex.) cf. cajja_d.a Portuguese jangada (Ma.); sa_n:gad.a a float composed of two boats bound together (M.)(Ka.lex.) jan:gala double-canoe (Tu.); can:kat.am id. (Ta.); hangul.a, angul.a double canoe, raft; san:gal.a pair (Si.)(CDIAL 12859). jan:ga_l a wooden platform placed on boats used at ferries for transporting vehicles and other heavy things (Tu.lex.) jagal.i, jagati, jagali, jaguli a raised place etc. (Ka.); jagati, jagari, jagile (Te.); ce_di (Ma.); ta_va_ram (Ta.); ta_vad.a a place, a residence; ta_vara = stha_vara a place, abode (Te.)(Ka.lex.) jagati the site of a house (Ka.lex.) jagali an artificially raised place : a kind of sacrificial altar; the pedestal of an idol; a seat of mud, stone etc. (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) ja_ga a place; a spot; room (Ka.); ja_ga_ (M.H.Te.) (Ka.lex.)

2998.Double-canoe: jan:ga_l a platform with railings placed on two boats, used at ferries (Ka.); cajjo_d.a Portuguese jangada (M.); sa_n:gad.a a float composed of two boats bound together (M.); sa_n:gad.a, sa_n:gad.e = jan:ga_l (Ka.lex.) cf. jan:gha_la running swiftly (Car.); ja~gha_l. swift (esp. of horses)(M.)(CDIAL 5083). cf. jan:gama moving (AitUp.)(CDIAL 5079). Two canoes joined into a ferry-boat: can:kat.am < jangada (Port.) ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon, irat.t.ai-t-to_n.i (Ta.lex.); jan:gala double-canoe (Tu.); sam.gha_t.a fitting and joining timber (R.); na_va_-san:gha_t.a, da_ru-san:gha_t.a raft (Pali); sa~gad. float made of two canoes joined together (M.)[cf. saggara (Gr.) at Limurike in the Periplus]; hangul.a, angul.a double canoe, raft (Si.)(CDIAL 12859). Ferry-boat: can:ka_t.am a kind of boat (Na_.); can:ku-vat.am ferry-boat (Ta.); can.n.a_t.am id. (Ma.); jangada (Port.)(Ta.lex.) Image: fitting and joining; double-canoe, raft: sam.gha_t.a fitting and joining of timber (R.); da_ru-san:gha_t.a raft (Pali); sa~gad. float made of two canoes joined together (M.); s'an:gad.am (Ta.); jan:gala double-canoe (Tu.); han:gul.a, an:gul.a double canoe, raft (Si.)(CDIAL 12859). Boat: san:gha_d.a a boat; identified with sangar mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (Jain. Skt.) can:kat.am = irat.t.ai-t-to_n.i; can:kuvat.am ferry-boat (Ta.) can.n.a_t.am (Ma.); kat.t.u-t-to_n.i surf boat, boat of which the seams are sewn together; kat.t.u-p-pat.aku id. (Ta.); kat.t.u-maram Catamaran, used for deep sea fishing; raft made of logs of wood lashed or joined together; post to which is bound Ara_va_n- to be offered as a sacrifice in the festival of ku_tta_n.t.ai held to commemorate certain incidents in the Mahabharata (Ta.lex)

3001.Images: a seat of cane; cot: cekkal.a, cakkal.a a small cot or oblong low couch of cane-work, a seat of cane or bamboo (Ka.lex.) ekki a piece of timber (or bamboo) forming one side of the frame of a cot (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) To sleep; bed: ce_-ttal to dwell, abide (Pat.t.in-ap. 249); ke_ id. (Ka.); ce_- to lie, remain (Perumpa_n.. 52); to sleep (Pur-ana_. 209); ce_kkai cot, bed, thing to sleep on (Pur-ana_. 50); sleeping place of animals, roost of birds; dwelling place (Man.i. 4,117); bird's nest (Periyapu. Can.t.e_. 4); ce_kkai-p-pal.l.i bed, mattress (Cilap. 4,28)(Ta.lex.) cakkal.a, cekkal.a a small cot or oblong low couch of cane-work (Ka.); cakkan.o a small mat (Tu.)(DEDR 2270). sikkad.a bed (Pkt.)(CDIAL 12427). s'i_ lie down (Skt.); s'aya in cmpds. 'living in' (R.); s'e_te_ lies down (RV.); sleeps (Gr.S'r.); remains unused (TS.); imperf. as'ayat (Skt.); se_ti, sayati lies down, sleeps, dwells, behaves (Pali); se_i, se_ai sleeps (Pkt.); s'ilo it is (Gypsy); s'i to stay, live (Kt.); si_ exists, is (Tir.); s'i_k, s'i_, s'e_, s'i_u, s'u_ it is (Pas'.); s'u_e (Shum.); s'i_r (Kal.); s'i_u (Kal.); s'e_r (Kho.); sai (Phal.); nus', nus'i is not (Sh.); si_n.o, sen.o, pres. part. si~_do to repose, sleep; sitn.o to sleep (Ku.); os'oi it was (Kho.); a_s' was (Bshk.); as'u_ (Tor.)(CDIAL 12605). s'ayya_ bed (S.ad.vBr.); sleeping (Mn.); sahas'e_yya sleeping with (RV.); sahas'ayya (A_past.); seyya_ couch, bed (Pali); seja (S.); sej, chej (P.); sejja_, sijja_ (Pkt.); chehja_ bed and bedding given to a brahman after a relative's death (P.); sej (Ku.N.); xeza_ river-bed, main course of a river (A.); seji bed (OB.); sej, si_j (B.); seja, sesa (Or.); sajea_, sajiya_ (Bi.); sej (Mth.); se_j (Bhoj.Aw.); sej (H.); seja (OMarw.); sej (G.)); s'ej (M.); si_ sleep, repose (Si.)(CDIAL 12609). ce_kuka, ce_kkuka to roost; ce_kal, ce_yal, ce_kka, ce_kku a roost (Ma.); ce_ppu (ce_ppi-) to abide, remain (Ta.); ke_ (ke_d-) to lie down, repose, copulate with (Ka.); ke_vu, kendu copulation (Ka.); kedon.uni to lie down, rest; keton.u, katon.u to lie down; kerapa_vu to cause to lie down (Tu.); ke.p (ke.pt-) to make (child) to sleep (Kol.); ki_dna_, ki_d'a_na_ to allow or invite one to lie down for rest or sleep, put to bed (a child, a sick person), lay in the grave (Kur.); kde to lay down (Malt.)(DEDR 1990). Guest: xeppas a visitor or friend entertained in the house, guest; fellow-villager, neighbour; xeppa_ inhabitant of a village; xeppar inhabitants, population (Kur.); qepu village; qepo inhabitant of a village, neighbour (Malt.)(DEDR 1956).

3002.Image: a roost: ce_kuka, ce_kkuka to roost; ce_kal, ce_yal, ce_kka, ce_kku a roost (Ma.)(DEDR 1990).

3003.Image: basket: can:ga_ru basket (S.); can:ger shallow basket (P.); can:gor large basket (Bi.); can:ger, can:geri_, can:gera_ basket (H.); can.era_ bamboo basket (N.); can.eri small bamboo basket (N.); ca_n.a_ri, ca_n.ra_ (B.); ca_n:gur.a_, ca_n:gara_ wicker tray or basket (Or.); ca_n:gur.i_, ca_n:gr.i_ small wicker tray or basket (Or.); can:ged.a_ basket (OB.); can:ge_ri basket (Skt.)[Divergent NIA forms indicate non-Aryan origin]; can:gava_ra a hollow vessel (Pali); can:go_t.a, can:go_t.aka box, basket (Pali); can:ge_ri_ basket (Pkt.); can:gave_ra wooden box (Pkt.); can:geri_, can:geli_ flat open basket (S.)(CDIAL 4565). songor.i basket that holds four seers of grain (Kond.a); hangon. a kind of basket (Pe.); hangun. id. (Mand..); ha_ngori basket (small)(Kuwi); hangor.i, han.un.i id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2288). cakkal.a, cekkal.a a small cot or oblong low couch of cane-work, a seat of cane or bamboo (Ka.lex.) cakita shaking, trembling (Ka.); afraid, timid (Skt.Ka.)(Ka.lex.) saika basket (Santali.lex.) Image: filter; stainer: chaka chaki a strainer; chaka chaki to strain through, filter, dodge; chakao to separate by straining, or filtering (Santali.lex.) Image: wicker trap; to catch: a_n(u) to lay hold of, hold, put on, take, seize (Ka.); a_nika, a_n:ke laying hold of, seizing; a_n:ke-gol. to seize (Ka.); a~_ci-konu to seize, take away; na~_cu to snatch, seize, usurp; na~_ci-ko_lu usurpation (Te.); a_njana_ to catch the blood of a slain animal, to catch something falling (Go.); a_nj- (a_nc-) to catch (something thrown at one)(Pe.); a_jo a circular wicker trap for catching fish (Kui)(DEDR 409).

3005.An officer: san:gad.i-raks.a_-pa_laka an officer; 'the meaning of san:gad.i is uncertain' (EI6; IEG, p.296). sa_nkou, sa_kva_ bridge (Kon.lex.)

3006.Image: line of entrenchments: sa~gar.h line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence (L.)(CDIAL 12845). san:gghar a field fortification; an army drawn up on the model of a fort, the breastwork of an army (P.lex.)

3007.Image: turner's apparatus; lathe: sa~gha_r.o lathe (G.); sa~gad. part of a turner's apparatus (M.); sa~_ga_d.i_ lathe (Tu.)(CDIAL 12859). Perh. san:gad.i lathe > an:ga_d.i shop. cf. sam.yuta joined with (AV.); joined (Pali); sam.jua (Pkt.); sam.yauti mixes (VS.)(CDIAL 12988). cf. ad.a, ad.e, ad.i the piece of wood on which the five artisans put the article which they happen to operate upon, a support (Ka.)(DEDR 86). Rubbing, friction: san:ghat.i that crushes: a millstone; san:ghat.isu to strike (one thing) against (another); to crush; san:ghat.t.a rubbing together, friction; striking against, touch; san:ghat.t.ana id.; san:ghat.t.ita struck against, touched; san:ghars.an.a rubbing against (another)(Ka.lex.) Turner or mover: jagat, jaga, jagattu moving, movable, locomotive (Ka.Skt.); jaga-varti, jaga-vatti the turner or mover of the world (Ka.); jagur.. to go away or move off; to slip; to drop down (Ka.); jagur..tir to go away, to disappear (Ka.); jaggu, jeggu to pull with effort, to drag, to draw, as cloth, a cart, water etc. (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) Oil shop; oil-press workers: cekka_liyar a caste of oil-press workers (Na_.); cekkarva_n-ir-attan- lit. one red as the red sky; Vi_rabhadra (Cu_t.a_.); S'iva; cen:kan.ma_l Vis.n.u as having red eyes (Tiv. Periya_r... 3,8,4)(Ta.); cen:kalvara_yan- < cen:galuva + (Te.) Skanda, as lord of Cen:kalva-kiri, i.e., Tiruttan.i hill (Arut.pa_, v, Can.mukar, Ka_laip. 5)(Ta.); cen:gal.i red lac dye (Cu_l.a_. Cuyam. 101); a kind of infusion used in preparing areca-nuts (Perun.. Makata. 14,81)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Wheel-turner or cart-puller: jakkantor..ali the wheel-turner or cart-puller : a male buffalo, which is yamaratha or Yama's vehicle; jakkandor..alide_ra whose vehicle is a buffalo : Yama (Ka.); cakka, jakka (Tadbhava of cakra) wheel (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cakkaram oil-mill (Periyapu. Kaliyan-a_. 5)(Ta.lex.) cekku an oil-press, a sugar-mill (Ka.); cakku (Ma.); cakki_ a hand-mill (M.H.)(Tadbhava of cakra)(Skt.)(Ka.lex.) cekkat.i-ttal to work the oil-press; cekkat.i place where oil-press is working (Ta.); cekkat.ikkar-uppan- a demon or ferocious deity having its abode in oil-press (W.)(Ta.lex.) cakkiri oil-monger, oil-grinder; potter (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cakkiyasa_la_ oil shop (Jain.Skt.) cekka_t.t.i, cekka_tti person of the va_n.iya caste, as worker of oil-press; cf. cekku oil-press (Na_lat.i, 374)(Ta.); id. (Ka.); cakkai refuse as of sugarcane after pressing; rind or fibrous parts of fruits (Ta.); cakka id. (Ma.); cakkai bark (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cekkural mortar of oil-press; cekkulakkai working shaft or pestle of oil-press (Tan-ippa_. i,51,99); cekku-mut.t.ai spoonful of oil, being a contribution from oil-presses in the village to the village proprietors (R.T.); cekku-me_t.u raised place where oil-press works; cekku-k-kat.amai = cekka_yam an ancient tax on oil-press (S.I.I. i,108); cekkir-ai id. (I.M.P.Cg. 195); cekkilit.t.u-t-tirittal to oppress, torment as by grinding in oil-press (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 7,1,5)(Ta.lex.) Oil-miller: tailika_, tila-pis.aka oil-miller; since he worked with the wheel, he was also called ca_krika and cakracara (Skt.lex.) cf. cigal.i, cigul.i a ball made of fried gingilli-oil seed mixed with jaggery (Ka.)(DEDR 2480).

3008.Sharpened: cakna_ to sharpen an edge instrument, whet (Kur.); cake to sharpen, whet (Malt.)(DEDR 2277). nis'a_na whetting (Skt.); nisa_na hone (pali); n.isa_n.a (Pkt.); nisa_n.a_, nisn.a_ (M.); nihun.u-ga_nava_ to whet (Si.)(CDIAL 7432). nis'ita sharpened (RV.); nisita id. (Pali); n.isia (Pkt.); nisila_ (OM.); niyu (Si.)(CDIAL 7435). nis'yati sharpens (AitBr.); nisiba_ to whet (Or.)(CDIAL 7456). Polishing arms: cikil < cikna_ (U.) polishing or burnishing of arms (Ta.); cikili id. (Te.); cikilli id. (Ta.); cikil-a_t.u- to polish arms (Ta.); cikir--ka_ran- a caste of knife-grinders, belonging originally to Upper India (Sikligar) and found chiefly in Madura district (E.T.)(Ta.lex.) cf. ci_ to scrape (Ta.); ci_vu to pare off, shave or scrape off, smooth or polish by planing (Ta.); ci_y to rub (Ta.); ci_ka to scrape, smooth, polish (Ma.); ci_vu, civvu to cut thin, shave, scrape, peel, pare or trim the nails, smooth, furbish, polish (Ka.); civvu to cut, shave, pare, mend or sharpen (Te.)(DEDR 2600). cf. ni_n:kal removing, separating (Ta.)(DEDR 3685). cf. silaut.o stone to grind spices on (Ku.N.); silaut. (Bi.Mth.H.); s'ila_pat.t.a stone slab (for sitting or grinding on)(MBh.)(CDIAL 12461). sala_t. stone-cutter (G.)(CDIAL 12460). Whetstone: sira_n.i large whetstone (S.); sara_n. (G.)(CDIAL 12462). cf. ci_ran.a a small chisel, esp. used in cutting metals (Ka.)(DEDR 2627).

3009.Flint: cakamuki, cakimuki, cakkamuki, cakkamukki, cakkumukki a flint and steel for striking fire; the steel alone (Ka.); cakamaka (M.H.); cakamuka, cakamuki, cikimuki, ceku,muku (Te.); cakamuki-kallu a flint; cakmuk (Turkish); cakkumukku (Ma.); cakkimukki (Ta.)(Ka.lex.) cf. cakkamukki-hatti silk-cotton tinder (Ka.lex.)

3010.Sand: cikatai white sand (Civataru. Pa_vavi. 60)(Ta.lex.) sikata_ grain of sand; sand, gravel (VS.Pali.); sigata_ sand, gravel (Skt.); s've_ta-sika-druka scattering white sand (TA_r.); 0ika_ (OPers.); six (Bal.); s'ega (Psht.); c, cyu sand (Kt.); s'o_ (Wg.); s'o~_r.e (Ash.); ci~_a (Dm.); s'uyur (Kho.); s'i_gou, s'i_gol, s'iger sand (Kal.); sikata_ sand, gravel (Pali); sigatam.mi (NiDoc.); sikaya_, sigaya_ sand (Pkt.); se~_o, si_ou, si_u, sio_ (Pas'.); si_u (Shum.); si_u_ (Gaw.); sigit, s'igit (Wot..); sigit (Bshk.); sekh, seki sand, file (K.); sikk, sikka_ gravel (WPah.); sikatila sandy (Skt.); cele sand (Kt.); siye_l, se_l (Pas'.); sigal fine sand (Tor.Phal.); sand (Sh.); sigil (Chil.Gau.); s'igala (Sv.); s'iga (Phal.)(CDIAL 13386). cakkimukki, cakkimukki-k-kal flint-stone used for kindling fire < caqmaq (U. < Turk.) (Ta.lex.) Image: to set tooth on edge: cangrna_ to be on edge (of the teeth); cangrta'a_na_ to set (the teeth) on edge; cangcangrna_ to grate upon the ear, not to ring true, sound hollow or as a cracked plate, grate upon the throat, have a bad taste (said esp. of beer)(Kur.); carge to have the teeth set on edge (Malt.)(DEDR 2289). To pierce; to whet: cakkhna_ (cakkhyas/cakkos) to pierce with a prick, prick, penetrate into, puncture, cause a prickly sensation; refl. cakkhrna_ (to get tattooed etc.); cakkhta'a_na_ to cause to be pierced, tattooed (Kur.); caqe to pierce, sting, stab; also applied to the sowing of certain grains for which holes are made in the earth; [cf. ca~_xna_ to sow, scatter seed (Kur.); cqe to sow, scatter, divide (Malt.)(DEDR 2431)]; caqro worm-eaten roots; caqtre to have the ears bored; caqu shooting pains in the stomach (Malt.); jaxxing to pierce (Br.)(DEDR 2278). casakn.a_ to throb (P.); caskn.a_ to be angry (WPah.); casak rheumatic pain (Ku.); casakka with a sharp pain; caskanu to throb, give acute pain (N.); casakna_, cusakna_ to throb or twitch with pain (H.); casak acute pain (G.); cas.ati, chas.ati hurts (Dha_tup.)(CDIAL 4730). s'o whet (Skt.); s'a_r file, rasp (Dm.Kho.)(CDIAL 12386). To whet: s'a_na whetstone (Skt.); s'a_n.a whetstone (Skt.Pali.); id. (Pkt.Or.Konkan.i); sa_n. (P.M.); sa_n.o (Ku.); sa_n (N.B.Bi.H.); xa_n (A.); sa_n.a_ (M.); san.a-gala, han.a-gala (Si.); hanu (Md.); sa_ha_n.a (Or.); saha_n. (M.)(CDIAL 12388). s'a_nita whetted (Skt.); sa_n.aia id. (Pkt.); sa_n.ijjadi is whetted (Pkt.); xana_iba to whet (A.); sa_na_ (B.); sa_n.iba_ (Or.); sa_nna_ (H.)(CDIAL 12389). san, han blunt (Si.)(CDIAL 12392). sira_n.i large whetstone (S.); sara_n. (G.)(CDIAL 12462). Friction; rubbing; image: collision, clash: san:ghat.t.a friction, rubbing together; collision, clashing together, encounter; conflict; meeting, joining, collision or rivalry; san:ghat. to strike; to bring together, unite; san:ghat.t.anam rubbing together, friction; collision, clash; contact, union, cohesion; the intertwining of wrestlers; meeting, encounter in general; san:ghr.s. to rub or grind together; to rival, emulate, compete or vie with (Skt.lex.) sam.ghars.a rubbing together, grinding, trituration, friction; rubbing against (another)(Ka.lex.)

3011. Images: leopard; lion: si_ leopard (WPah.); tiger (Wg.); si_h leopard (P.); s'i~h, s'i_ tiger (with s'- from Pers. s'er tiger)(L.); si_mi tigress, leopard (K.); si_han.i_ tigress (P.); se~hin.i leopard with cubs; si~_han. tigress (WPah.); syu~_, syu_ tiger (Ku.); s^ah, sh tiger, leopard (K.); si_h lion (WPah.); sim.ha lion; sim.hi_ (RV.); si_ha, si_hi lion (Pali); siha (Dhp.); sim.ha, sim.gha, siha, si_hi_ (Pkt.): si~_h lion (Mth.); si~_h, siha~_ lion (P.); si~_gh, si_h lion (H.); si_ha (OG.); si_, siha (Si.); si_hini_ lioness (Pali); si~ghni_ lioness (H.); si~_h leopard (P.); lion (WPah.Mth.H.); syu~_ tiger (Ku.); si_mi tigress, leopard (K.); s'er tiger (Persian); si_han.i_ tigress (P.)(CDIAL 13384). cin:kam lion (Ta.lex.) Leopard: cf. circa, circu, cir-ate, cir-aca a small kind of tiger, the cheeta or hunting leopard, felix jubata (Ka.); cirate leopard (Kod..); cirtepili id. (Tu.); cir-uta leopard, cheetah; cir-u puli leopard (Te.); cir-uttai panther, felis pardus (Ta.)(DEDR 2590). cf. kirbn lelpard (Ko.); kir-aba, kir-uba id. (Ka.)(DEDR 1599). cf. garum go_li fox (go_li < IA)(Pa.); xarma_ wolf (Br.)(DEDR 1289). cf. to_la (Br.)(DEDR 3548). cf. ci_yam lion (Perun.. Ucaik. 42,85) < si_ha (Pkt.)(Ta.lex.) Hunting leopard: civin:ki Indian lynx, felis caracal; hunting leopard, felix jubata (Ta.); civin.n.i a hunting leopard (Ma.); sivan:gi the tiger wolf, the hyaena; a leopard used in hunting (Ka.); civa_gi, civvan:gi, siva_gi, sivan:gi, sivvan:gi, sivva_gi hyaena (Te.)(DEDR 2579). cf. civin:ki-na_y a swift-footed hunting dog (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) [Hence, civin:ki- as a pre-fix may connote, semant. 'hunting'.] cf. the reduplicating semant. suffix -van:gi in: ve_n:kai tiger (Ta.); ve_n.n.a royal tiger (Ma.); ve~_gi tiger (Te.); ve_nga_lam leopard (Go.)(DEDR 5521). cf. vya_ghra tiger (Skt.lex.)

3012.Image: leopard: jan.al leopard (Ash.); za_n:gal (Gaw.); ja_n:gal.a wild beasts (Or.)(CDIAL 5177). civin:ki-p-pu_n-ai leopard cat, felis bengalensis; civai (Tiruva_lava_. 29,16); ci_yam lion (ci_yamu me_r-um pa_ypari-p-puraviyum: Perun.. Ucaik. 42,85) leo, sign of the zodiac (Ta.lex.) cf. ikalan- (Kalavar..i. 28); old (Ta.lex.)(DEDR 413). sin:ga, sim.ha lion (Ka.lex.) sin. a lion (Santali.lex.)

3013. Image: turned neck: can:ku-tiruki : can:ku throat (Ta.Ma.); tiruku-tal to turn (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) Image: to turn back: cikic backwards, to turn back, to come into contact with something behind; cikic ruar.enae he turned suddenly and fled back the way he came; cikicte nu~renae he fell back in a sitting position (Santali.lex.) cin:ka-no_kku looking over the shoulder with neck turned as a lion (Ci_vaka. 1569)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.)

3014.Image: a body formed of two or more animals: sa_jul.iba_ to tie two things or animals together (Or.)(CDIAL 12987). Fabulous animals: sa~gad. a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men etc. linked together (Ma.); san:gha_r.iba_ to mix many materials, stir boiling curry, tie two cattle together and leave to graze (Or.) (CDIAL 12859,12860). Image: limbs joined: an:ga_n:gi limb and limb, jointly or reciprocally, in consequence of being related, as one limb to another or to the body; sam.s'le_s.a (Ka.lex.) an:ka_n:ki-pa_vam < an:ga_n:gi_-bha_va relation of the subsidiary or accessory and principal (Ci.Ci. 1,27); an:kam symmetry, beauty, as of the body (Ta.); an:gu id. (Te.); am beauty, prettiness (Tiruva_ca. 19,5) (Ta.lex.) an:ga limb, member (RV. x.85.30); an:ga_-paru_m.s.i limbs and joints (TS. ii.5.6.1)(Vedic.lex.) sam.kara mixing (esp. of castes) (Mn.); anything defiled (MBh.); dung (Car.); dust, sweepings (Skt.); sa~_kar rubbish blocking a stream (M.)(CDIAL 12818). Image: animals joined together: sam.gha_t.a fitting and joining of timber (R.); sa~gad. a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men etc., linked together (M.)(CDIAL 12859). san:gha_ta, san:gad.a, san:ga_ta close combination, union, association, connection; a collection; san:ghat.ita joined; san:ghat.ane contact, union, junction; san:gha close contact or combination; any collection; an assemblage, a flock; any number of people or inhabitants living together; san:gra_n.isu to bring or gather together, to collect, etc.; san:graha bringing together; a store-room; san:gradhita strung or tied together (Ka.lex.) To fetch: a_harati fetches, gets (RV.Pali); enjoys (MBh.); a_harai steals, eats (Pkt.); a_r to bring (Pas'.); ha_rim I bring (Kal.); aletam I brought (Kho.); a_hariba_ to collect (Or.); a_harai fetches food to eat (esp. of ascetics)(OG.)(CDIAL 1541). Collection: a_hr.ti collection (Ka.lex.) a_hr.ta brought near, fetched (Mn.); a_hat.a (Pali); a_had.a, a_haya brought, stolen (Pkt.); ha_d.ta_ brings (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 1547). a_karittal to send for, secure, get (Perun.. Ucaik. 38,149)(Ta.lex.) a_gara, a_yagara collection (Pkt.); a_kara accumulation, plenty (R.); one who scatters (RV.)(CDIAL 1000). Image: joined: a_kalana binding, joining together; a_kalita joined, bound, connected with; counted, reckoned; seized, held (Ka.lex.) a_ghat.ita joined; touched; put on; rubbed (Ka.lex.)

3016.Image: spear carried by a watchman: sa_n:gu a spear or a javelin altogether of iron (Ka.); sa_n:ga (M.H.)(Ka.lex.) Arrow, spear: sr.ka arrow, spear (RV.); sr.ga (Skt.); sr.gavant, sr.ga_vant having arrows (Skt.); hiya, hi_, iya, i_ya arrow (Si.); si_k reed, spit (Mth.)(CDIAL 13575). Image: one fork of a forked stick; spear; arrow: ca_n:ku a kind of dart, arrow (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) s'an:ku peg, spike (RV.); stake, post (MBh.); stick, arrow (Skt.); san:ku, san:kuka stake, spike, javelin (Pali); sam.ku stake, spike, javelin (Pkt.); xa~ka_li a kind of fishing spear (A.); aku-va stake (Si.); sa~_ga one fork of a forked stick (S.); sa~_gi spear (S.); sa_n:g, pl. sa_n:ga~ spear (L.); sa~gola_ spear carried by a watchman (L.); sa~_g prong, fork, point; sa_n:gi_ pitchfork (P.); sa~_g spear, instrument for digging wells; sa~_gi_ small spear (H.); sa~_g iron spear (G.M.)(CDIAL 12260). Spear: s'akti spear; s'akti_ (flag)staff (MBh.); satti knife, dagger (Pali); satti a kind of weapon (Pkt.); sat sword, spear (OSi.)(CDIAL 12251). An iron arrow: astra-sa_yaka an iron arrow; the na_ra_ca missile (Skt.lex.) sa_yaka an arrow; a sword; sa_yaka-pun:kha the feathered part of an arrow (Skt.lex.) ca_yakam arrow (Kampara_. Makarakkan.n.an-. 18)(Ta.lex.) cf. s'ethar iron (K.); s'eitr knife (Pas'.); saster iron (Gypsy)(CDIAL 12367). cf. selago_la goad (Te.); selapandi porcupine (Te.)(DEDR 2568). cf. salhan:g, salhan:ga_, salan:gh, salan:gha_ small pitchfork (P.)(CDIAL 12355).

3017.Image: bush: jhan:g thicket (L.P.); ja_n. clump (N.); jha_n:kar.a_ bushy (Or.); jha~_kar thick bush (M.); jha~_khru~ a prickly shrub with few leaves (G.); jha~_khi_, jha~_khar. bush (Mth.); jham.khara dry tree (Pkt.)(CDIAL 5323). Hilly tract: co_n:ku hilly tract thickly clustered with trees and watered by streams or cataracts (Ta.lex.) A valley of rice-field: cf. son:gha a valley of rice-field; sokr.a id. (Santali.lex.) cf. co_lai flower garden, grove (Ta.); so.le jungle with trees (Badaga); co.lgn man of a forest tribe living near Bokkapur (Ko.); ca_la_ grove, sacred grove (Kur.)(DEDR 2891).

3018.Green: sa_n:gad.a, sa_n:gad.e, jan:ga_l zangar, verditer, a greenish blue dye (Ka.); jan:gala (M.H.); jan:ga_lpacce = jan:ga_l (Ka.lex.) ja_ga, ca_ga the colour green; ja_gavaral, ja_gaparal the green pebble: an emerald (Ka.lex.) ak blue (Santali.lex.)

3019.Civet perfume: can:kumatam civet perfume (Ta.); san:ku-madamu (Te.)(Ta.lex.)

3020.A perfume; trigonella corniculata: san:ke (Tadbhava of spr.kke) the plant trigonella corniculata; san:kebe_ru, marunma_le, pis'une, spr.kke, de_vi, late, laghu, samudra_nte, badhu, ko_t.ivars.a, lan:ko_pike, spr.kke emba gandha dravya (Ka.lex.) pr.kke the leguminous plant, trigonella corniculata (Ka.lex.) piring san:k (B.)(Sanskrit Materia Medica, p.319). Trigonella corniculata: tirir (Pers.); malya (Skt.); pirang (U.); fruit: bitter, astringent, styptic; applied to swellings and bruises; habitat: Bengal and Kumaon to Kashmir, 5,000 to 12,000 ft. (GIMP, p.248). Trigonella foenum-graecum: methi (H.Skt.P.B.M.); vendayam (Ta.); mentulu (Te.); ventayam (Ma.); menthya (Ka.); seeds: carminative, tonic, aphrodisiac; an infusion given to small-pox patients as a cooling drink; toasted and then infused, used for dysentery; leaves: used both internally and externally for their cooling properties; habitat: Punjab and Kashmir; cultivated in many parts of India (GIMP, pp. 248-249). Synonyms: marunma_le a sort of grass, trigonella corniculata; pis'une, de_vi, ko_t.ivars.a the plant medicago esculenta, trigonella corniculata [de_vi the small-pox; vaccinia; Note: use of trigonella foenum-graecum for small-pox]; de_vipan.d.ita a vaccinator; de_vamme the plant sanseviera roxburghiana]; laghu the plant trigonella corniculata; agallochum, a particular kind of agallochum, agaru, maruga (Ka.lex.) cf. picin- gum, exudation from certain trees; benzoin, ca_mpira_n.i (Ta.lex.)

3022.Image: sidelock: ce_kku sidelock (Ta.lex.) Image: to look askance: sae-sae of people or monkeys, to look askance at somebody in anger (Mu.lex.) Side: sae_-supid the habit of tying the chignon at the side of the head (Mu.lex.)

3023.Image: frothing of boiling juice: za_ki the frothing of boiling sugar-cane juice (A.); jhaga froth, scum, suds (S.); jhagg foam; jhag foam, saliva; jhagan. to churn; jhagga_ small churning stick (L.); jhagg foam, froth, scum (P.); jha_g froth, scum (H.)(CDIAL 5322). cf. o_l.a saliva (Ma.); no_l.i stick (juice)(Ka.); o_li anything sticky, gummy, glutinous, viscous; saliva (Tu.)(DEDR 2937). cf. la_la_ saliva, spittle (Skt.)(CDIAL 11027). To chew: oxy- (oxs-) to chew (To.); agi to champ, bite, chew, eat; avud.u to chew with the teeth, champ, chew the cud; jagi, jegi, jigi, jagi, jegi to chew (Ka.); aggiyuni, agyuni id., bite (Tu.)(DEDR 2265). cakn.o~ to chew (WPah.); cakkhai tastes (Pkt.); cac-, ca_c to taste (Wg.); chocik, cocik to gnaw (a bone)(Kho.); cakhan.u to taste (S.); cakkhan. (L.); cakkhn.a_ (P.); cakh- to taste (WPah.); ca_khn.o to taste (Ku.); ca_khnu (N.); sa_kiba (A.); ca_k(h)a_ (B.); ca_khiba_ (Or.); ca_khai (OAw.); ca_khna_ (H.); ca_khvu~ to taste (G.); ca_khn.e~ (M.); ci_khna_ to taste (H.)(CDIAL 4557). caks.an.a eating a relish to promote drinking (Skt.); cakkhan.a tasting (Pkt.); ca_khan. liking (Ku.); ca_kan tasting (B.); ca_khana_ (Or.); cakhana_ tasting, kissing (OAw.)(CDIAL 4556). cas.ati eats (Dha_tup.); cas'i_dan to taste (Pers.); cas.el to drink (Psht.)(CDIAL 4556).

3024.Image: hot vapour: sagal.i, segal.i, sekal.e, segal.ike, segal.u heat; hot vapour, steam; segal.i-kadira the hot-rayed, the sun (Ka.lex.) cecut.ar sun (Pin..); kecod.ar id. (Ka.)(Ta.lex.) sek fomentation; to foment (Kon.lex.) se_n:ke, je_n:ke, de_n:ke heat, warmth, panting (Tu.lex.)

3025.Image: skin flask: saggal.e, cakkal.e a skin-flask: a vessel for holding drinking water (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cakkal.a skin, leather (Ka.); cakkiliyan- a shoemaker (Ta.Ma.); sa_gala goats' skin-leather (M.)(Ka.lex.) cekkili cobbler (Ta.); jaggelaasi, ja_kera shoemaker (Kuwi)(DEDR 2272). s'a_s.kula eating flesh (or fish)(Skt.lex.) Flesh: s'aus.kala, s'a_s.kula, s'a_s.kala an habitual eater of flesh (Ka.lex.) can:kalam < jan:gala flesh, meat (Ta.)(Ta.lex.) cakala_ttu < sakla_t (U.) < escarlata (Port.) woollen stuff (Vir-alivit.u, 742); s'akala_ttu (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) san:gara swallowing up, devouring; flesh, meat (Ka.lex.) Gunny bag: ca_kku < zak (Dutch) sack, gunny bag (Ta.); ca_kku id. (Ma.)(Ta.lex.) Leather: sa_gal. goatskin, leather made from it (M.)(CDIAL 4963). cakkal.a skin, leather (Ka.); cakkili caste of shoemakers (Ta.); cakkiliyan- worker in leather (Ta.); cakkilicci woman of the Cakkili caste; cekkili cobbler (Ta.); cakkiliyan a Tamil shoemaker; f. cakkilicci (Ma.); jaggelaasi, ja_kera shoemaker (Kuwi)(DEDR 2272).

3026.Herd; herdsman: ja~_gli_, ja~_glu_ wild, rural (H.); ja~_gli_ herdsman (M.)(CDIAL 5177). jan:gal.i, jan:gul.i, jan:gal.a, jan:gur..i mass, assemblage, herd, etc. (Ka.); jan:gili a herd of cattle (Te.)(DEDR 2284). jhan:gu jungle (S.)(CDIAL 5323). Flock: sa_ga_ flock of sheep or goats (M.)(CDIAL 5011). ca~ecor a tribe of gypsies (Santali.lex.) cf. ca~ca a man of wild tribe that resides in forests, a s'abara (Ka.)(DEDR 2291). jagat moving and living (RV.); men and animals (RV.); the world (S'Br.); jagati female animal (RV.); jagat (in cmpd. jagati-) the world (Pali); jaya the world; living creature (Pkt.); diya the world; inscr. jiyal. people (Si.)(CDIAL 5078). Image: flock: jha_k flock (M.); za_k crowd (A.); jha~_k flock (B.); jha_n:ka flock (Or.); jha~_k flock (H.)(CDIAL 5323). cha_lla_, cha_la_ pertaining to goats; m. flock of goats (L.)(CDIAL 5010). Image: he-goat: ca_kam < cha_ga he-goat (Ta.lex.) cha_ga he-goat (RV.); cha_gala coming from a goat (Sus'r.Pkt.); goat (R.Pkt.); ca_galiya goatherd (Pkt.); cha_wul he-goat (K.); cha_la goat (Pkt.); cha_wul, cha_wul^u (K.); cha_li_, cha_liya_ (Pkt.); cha_wajⁱ he-goat; ca_wali-pu_t kid (K.); cha_la_, ca_li_ goat (L.); ca_la_n of or belonging to a goat (L.)(CDIAL 5009). chaga goat (Skt.)(CDIAL 4958). Goat: can newborn kid (Mj.); cna, ca~r. kid (Ash.); ce~, co~_ (Wg.); chani (Kho.); chani_k, canar. male kid (Pas'.)(CDIAL 4961). Goat: chor.^u he-goat (K.); che_r.o_ (WPah.); cher.i goat (Or.)(CDIAL 4959). cherua_ goat (in general)(Bi.)(CDIAL 4962). chagala goat (TS.Pkt.); chagalaka, chagalika_ (Skt.); chakala, chalaka goat (Pali); chagalaga (NiDoc.); ce_la, ce_laga (Pkt.); cilo_, cilo sheep (Ash.); cul lamb (Wg.); ce_le_ goat (Tir.); ca_li_ goat (Tir.); caloik small kid (Shum.); seya_l goat (Wot..); chalo kid (Gaw.); che_l goat (Bshk.); cha_l (Tor.); cael (Mai.); sa_li (Gau.); cha_li (Sv.); cha_l newborn kid (Phal.); che_li goat (Phal.); chal kid (Sh.); cha_li_ id.; chali she-goat (D..); ce_li_ she-goat; ce_l, che_lⁱ (K.); chela_, cha_li_ (L.); chela_, cheli_ goat more than one year old (P.); chila_r, chila_ru_ young kid (P.); chelu_ kid; cheur.u (WPah.); cheli goat (B.); chel.i (Or.); cher, cheri_ (Bi.); che_rⁱ (Bhoj.); chela_, cheli_, chera_, cheri_ (H.); cha_la_ pl. goat; cha_li_ (OG.); cha_l.i_ goat; ca_l.u~ sheep; ca_l.i_ she-goat (G.); s'el.i_ goat; s'el.d.u~_ (M.); chelo kid (S.); chella_ (P.); chelli_ she-goat; chellu kid (WPah.); cherr.u male kid; cherr.i (WPah.); cirr.u~ he-goat (K.); cherr.o goat (WPah.); s'erd.u~_ goat; s'erd.i_ (M.); cha_gar he-goat (Bi.); cha_gr.i_ (Bi.); chagari_ goat (Aw.)(CDIAL 4963).

3028.To know: ja_nant pres. part. knowing (RV.); ja_ know (Skt.); ja_naka knowing; dujja_na difficult to understand (Pali); ja_n.a knowing (Pkt.); ja_n.aya one who knows (Pkt.); ja_n wizard (B.H.); ja_n.a knowing (OG.); ja_n. (M.)(CDIAL 5191). ja_na_ti knows (RV.Pali); ja_nam.tu 3 pl. imper., fut. ja_nisam.ti (As'.); janemi 1 sg. (NiDoc.); ja_n.ai (Pkt.); jan (Gypsy); za_r (Wg.Kt.); zan (Dm.); za_ni (Shum.); jhonem 1 sg. (Kal.); zanik (Kho.); jan (Tor.); jhan (Phal.); za_nun (K.); ja_n.an.u (S.); ja_n.an. (L.); ja_n.ana_ (P.); ja_n.n.u_, ja_n.n.a_ (WPah.); ja_n.n.o (Ku.); ja_nnu (N.); za_niba (A.); ja_na_ (B.); ja_n.iba_ (Or.); ja_nab (Mth.Aw.); ja_nna_ (H.); ja_n.n.o (Marw.); ja_n.vu~ (G.); ja_n.n.e~ (M.); ja_n.ta_ (Konkan.i); dannava_ (Si.); caus. ja_na_pe_ti (Pali); ja_na_ve_i (Pkt.); janauar informs (Gypsy); ja_n.a_in.u (S.); jan.a_un.a_ (P.); jana_unu (N.); zana_iba (A.); jana_na (B.); jan.a_iba_ (Or.); jana_na_ (H.); jan.a_vvu~ (G.); ja_n.avin.e~ (M.); danvanava_ (Si.)(CDIAL 5193). aja_nant not knowing (Skt.); aya_n.am.ta, aya_n.a, aya_n.aa, aya_n.uya foolish; aya_n.a folly (Pkt.); ia_n.o ignorant (S.); aya_n.a~_ fool, infant (L.); aya_n.a, ya_n.a_ ignorant, immature (P.); aya_n.o young (Ku.); aya_na_ ignorant (OAw.); silly (H.); aja_nana ignorance (Pali)(CDIAL 157). ko_ ja_na_ti who knows (Skt.); kwa_n.i perhaps (Ku.); kune, kuni emph. kunni I don't know (N.)(CDIAL 3491). na ja_na_ti does not know (Skt.); n.a a_n.ai (Pkt.); nen.an.em. not to know (OM.); nen.a I do not know (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 6932). na_na_ nothingness, emptiness, non-existence (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) nanu is it not so? it certainly must be so! certainly, assuredly (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) cf. nana_ndr., nanandr., na_dani, na_dini, na_duni a husband's sister; a brother's wife (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) na ja_nant not knowing (Skt.); nia_n.o son-in-law; nia_n.i_ girl, daughter (S.); nia_n.i~_ sister's daughter (L.); nia_n.a_ of immature judgement, young, little (P.); nia_na~_ (P.)(CDIAL 6931). Image: awake; observing: nan-avu, nan-a_ wakefulness (opposite kan-avu)(Man.i. 8,21); certainty (Cu_t.a_.); truth, reality (Patir-r-up. 85,12); daylight (Kalit. 35)(Ta.)[cf. a_yir-u sun (Ta.)(DEDR 2910)]; nanasu, nanesu, nenasu truth; truly, certainly (Ka.)(DEDR 3629). nin-ai-tal to know, understand (Te_va_. 52,10); to think (Kur-al., 1209)(Ta.); nene_, nenasu (Ka.); ninayuka (Ma.); nin-aital reflection (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 6,9,11)(Ta.lex.) To think: nin-ai (-v-, -nt-) to think, consider, reflect, ponder, remember, meditate, know, understand, intend, design, have in view, imagine, fancy, suppose; (-pp-, -tt-) id., resolve, determine; nin-aital reflection; nin-aippu thought; nin-aivu thought, idea, reflection, consideration, recollection, remembrance, imagination, conception, notion, object, design, purpose, meditation, care (Ta.); nanayuka to think; ninekka to think, remember, consider, wish; ninavu thought, a memorandum, notice, imagination; nineppavar the thoughtful (Ma.); neny-/nenc- to think (Ko.); nenf- (nent-) to think of; nen- (nen0-) (Kurumba) thinks of in order to kill by witchcraft; nenp a thought; nep a sign to recognize something by (To.); nenasu to think, imagine, think of, remember; nenapu, nenavu, nenavi, nenaha, nenahu thought, reflection, recollection, remmebrance; nene to think, think on, bear in mind, be mindful of, wish, remember, recollect; neneyisu to think, etc.; neppu recollection, acquaintance; nempu memory (Ka.); nena- (nenap-, nenat-) to think, reflect upon; nenap thought (Kod..); nenepuni to think, imagine, mind, reflect, recollect, remember; ninepu, nenepu, nepa thought, intention, remembrance, recollection, memory; nempu memory; nenevarig remembrance, recollection, recognition (Tu.); neppu skill, cleverness; nelavu acquaintance, friendship, familiarity; nelavari an acquaintance, a person well known, one who knows a secret, a well-informed, experienced or clever person (Te.)(DEDR 3683). Awake: ja_garti awake (RV.); ujja_garayati awakens (Skt.); ujja_gara, ujja_ara lack of sleep (Skt.); oja_go, oja_ga sleeplessness (S.); uja_gar manifest, known (P.); ujjaggira wakefulness (Pkt.); uza_gar (A.); uja_gara awake (Or.); uja_gro waking at night, anxiety (G.); uja_gar, uja_gra_, ujagra_, ujagira_ wakefulness; uja_gri_ publicity (M.)(CDIAL 1665). pratija_garan.a watching (Ma_rkP.); pat.ijaggana attention, care (Pali); pil.idagin favour, protection (Si.)(CDIAL 8561). pratija_garti watches beside (RV.); pat.ijaggati tends (Pali); pad.ijaggai (Pkt.); pil.idaginava_ to cherish (Si.)(CDIAL 8562). suja_g awake (L.)(CDIAL 13229). ca_kki < sa_ks.in eye witness (Ira_mana_. Uyut. 71)(Ta.)(Ta.lex.) sakki, sa_kki (Tadbhava of sa_ks.i) observing, witnessing, seeing; an observer, an eye-witness; any witness (in law)(Ka.lex.) Image: eye: cakku < cakkhu_ (Pkt.); caks.uh- eye (Kalin.. 175)(Ta.) (Ta.lex.) Evidence: sakkha evidence (Pkt.); sa_kh (H.); sakkhijja evidence (Pkt.); sachiyena inst. sg. (NiDoc.); sa_khi_ (P.); reputation, mercantile credit (M.); sa_kha evidence, honesty (S.); sa_kh solemn declaration (L.); credit (Aw.); evidence, reputation (H.M.); sa_k = sa_khi_ (M.); sa_khiim. inst. sg. (OG.); sa_khⁱ evidence (G.) sa_kha_ trustworthy (H.); sa_k ra_khn.e~ to set a watch for expected arrival (M.); sa_ks.ya evidence (Mn.)[morph. cf. sa_magri_ ~~ sa_magrya](CDIAL 13322). Witness: ca_t.ci eye-witness; witness in court (Tiruva_lava_. Pak. 27)(Ta.lex.) sakkhi witness (adv. sakkhi_, sakhim., sacchi in cmpd.)(Pali); sakkhi, sakkhin.a (Pkt.); sa_ks.in witness (Gaut.); sa_ks.ika in adj. cmpds. e.g. asa_ks.ika unattested (Mn.); sa_ks.i (R.); sa_ks.a in: sa_ks.a_t manifestly (AV.); sa_ks.ya visible (BhP.); sachi (NiDoc.); shosh (Kt.); sakh (Wg.); sa_c (Sh.); sa_khi_ (S.L.P.Ku.); s'a_kⁱ (Ku.); xa_khi (A.); sa_khi (B.Or.Mth.); sa_khi_ (Aw.H.OMarw.OG.); heki (Md.)(CDIAL 13321). Image: eye: caks.us eye (RV.); cakkhu eye (Pali.Pkt.); spiritual insight (As'.); ca~_kh evil eye (Ku.); saukha_ pair of spectacles (A.); saku eye (A.); cauk, cok(h) (B.); cokha_ni tear (B.); cakhu (Or.OAw.); saka (Si.)(CDIAL 4560). ca_ks.us.a relating to sight (VS.); cakkhusa suitable for seeing (Pkt.); saukha_ pair of spectacles (A.); caks. appear (Skt.)(CDIAL 4733). caks.us.ya pleasing to the eye (ChUp.)(CDIAL 4559). caks.ate_, cas.t.e_ 3 pl. caks.ate_ seems (RV.); cac, ca_c to want, send for (Wg.)(CDIAL 4558). ca_n.o to seek (Ku.); ca_ see (Ku.); ca_ha_rnu to look for (N.); sa_iba to look at, reflect on (A.); ca_ha_ to look at or for, expect, want (B.); ca_hiba_, ca_hi~ba_ to look at, look at wistfully, desire, ask for (Or.); ca_hna_ to see, look for (H.); ca_hai wishes, expects, asks for (Pkt.); ca_hun to wish (K.); ca_han.u to desire, like (S.); ca_han. wish (L.); ca_hi_da_ desirable (P.); ca_n.a_ to wish (WPah.); ca_va want (OMarw.)(CDIAL 4775). Image: awake: caccara wakefulness, care (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) jagrat waking (RV.); wakefulness (Skt.); jagga watchfulness (Pali); ja_go wakefulness (S.); ja_g (L.); ja_gga_ watching (P.); ja_gru religious vigil (WPah.); ja_go awake (N.); ja_ga_ (B.H.); ja_go awake; keeping awake all night (G.); ja_ga_ awake (M.); ja_gr. wake (Skt.)(CDIAL 5174). ja_grati are awake, 3 sg. ja_garti (RV.); ja_grama_n.a (MBh.); jaggati lies awake, watches; jaggana (Pali); jaggai, jaggan.a (Pkt.); jang to wake, be awake (Gypsy); za_gun to be watchful (K.); ja_gan.u to wake up, be kindled; ja_gun. (L.); ja_gan.a_ to wake, watch (P.); ja_gn.o (Ku.); ja_gnu (N.); za_giba (A.); ja_ga_ (B.); ja_giba_ (Or.); ja_gab (Mth.); ja_gai (OAw.); ja_gna_ to wake, watch (H.); jagna_ (H.); ja_gn.o (Marw.); ja_gvu~ (G.); ja_gn.e~ (M.); caus.: jagga_vai (Pkt.); jangev (Gypsy); jaga_in.u (S.); jaga_van. (L.); jaga_un.a_ (P.); jagu_n.o (Ku.); jaga_unu (N.); zaga_iba (A.); ja_ga_na (B.); jaga_iba_ (Or.); jaga_eb (Mth.); jaga_vai (OAw.); jaga_na_ (H.); jaga_vvu~ (G.); ja_gavin.e~ (M.); ja_gayta_ (Konkan.i)(CDIAL 5175). jagra_ta_ sleepless night (L.)(CDIAL 5176).

3029.Image: eye: aks.a eye (Skt.); a~_kh (H.)(CDIAL 23). aks.i eye (RV.); iki (Gypsy); akkhi, acchi (Pali.Pkt.)(CDIAL 43). aks.i eye (RV.); akkho, acchi (Pali.Pkt.); akhi, yakh (y- from preceding f. article or adjective in -i_)(Gypsy); aci~_ (Ash.); aci_ (Kt.); ace~_ (Wg.); izi~_ (Pr.);[cf. vir..i eye, sight, awake (Ta.lex.)]; e~_c (with c not ch, as in Gaw. Pas'.)(Dm.); ac (Tir.); achi_, a^ec (Pas'.); ai~c, acin (Shum.); ici_n (Gaw.); e_c (Kal.); gec(h) [with ch as in Kaf. and WDardic; cf. e_c, 'ec (Bshk.)]; as.i_ (Tor.); ache_ (Kand.); a_chi_ (Mai.); achi_, a~chi_ (Mai.); ache~_, pl. ache~_a (Savi); achi, pl. achi_a (Phal.); achi_ f. as.i_ (Sh.); ac. (D..); achi, acch, acchi_ (K.); akhi (S.); akkh, f. akh, pl. akhia~_ (L.); akkh (P.); ach, a_khri_, ha_kh (WPah.); a~_kh, a~_khi, a~_kho eye, esp. evil eye (Ku.); a~_khi evil eye; a~_khi-bhu~ eye-brow; a~_kho eye (N.); a_khi eye, knot in bamboo, etc. (A.); a~_khⁱ (Bhoj.G. a~_khi (OAw.); a~_khi_ pl. (Aw.); a~_kh (H.); a_khi (OMarw.); sa, h (Si.)(CDIAL 43). Eye-brow: aks.ibhruva the eye and the brows (Pa_n..); aci_bru_ eyebrow (Wg.); acipru_ (Kt.); azbura_ (Pas'.); ecbru (Kal.)(CDIAL 44). cf. puruvam eyebrow (Kur-al., 1086)(Ta.lex.) cf. ac.hu_n.u hole; ac.hu_n.i small hole (Sh.)(CDIAL 1029). vir..i (-pp-, -tt-) to open the eyes, wake from sleep, gaze, shine, be clear; n. (also mir..i) eye, eyeball, knowledge, wisdom; mul.i to open the eyes; eyeball (Ta.); mir..i eyebal, eye (Ma.); mil., mil.a blinking (Ka.); bul.a_vu, bula_vu to open as the eyes (Tu.); bir.p- to blink (Kond.a)(DEDR 5429). cf. mi- to open the eyes (Go.); meh'nai to look, see (Kui)(DEDR 5084). cf. bid.a_la eyeball (Skt.)(DEDR 5429). cf. Image: crab's eye: a_vu crab's eye; adenanthera pavonina (Ta.lex.)

3030.Image: beautiful eye: an:kan.i Malaimagal. (Pa_rvati) as gracious-eyed (Can.. Aka.); an:kan. beautiful eye; kindness, favouritism (Kalit. 37,22); an:kan.n.an- one with beautiful eyes; one who is very affectionate (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 9,6,6); S'iva (Ta.); an:kan.an- one who has beautiful eyes (Kampara_. Pa_la. Kat.iman.a. 96); one who has gracious eyes (Kampara_. Ayo_t. Cittira. 1); S'iva as gracious-eyed (Te_va_. 7,25,4); an:kan.a_l.an- gracious person, as one who looks with favour (Kalit. 144,70); Lord S'iva (Ka_cippu. Civapun.. 33)(T.E.D.) Image: gracious-eyed: an:kan.an- < am + kan. S'iva, as gracious-eyed (Te_va_. 989,4)(Ta.lex.) Image: symmetry, beauty: an:kam symmetry, beauty (Ta.); an:gu beauty (Te.)(DEDR 30). anuku_lata_ symmetry (Pali.lex.) Image: beautiful woman: an:gana woman (R.); beautiful woman (Skt. < Austro-as.); an:gana_ (Pali); am.gan.a_ (Pkt.); agana (OSi.); anguna woman, wife (Si.)(CDIAL 119). an:kan-ai woman (Ta.lex.) cf. a_t.aval. woman (Ta.lex.); a_d.angulu females; a_d.adi woman (Te.) (DEDR 400). a_r (pl. a_cku) woman(Pe.)(DED 400). Image: ladies: a_d.uva_ralu, a_d.uva_l.l.u the Vaishnava saints (Te.Inscr.)(DEDR 396). Image: celestial damsel: an.an:ku deity (Tol. Po. 256); celestial damsel; demoness that takes away one's life by awakening lust or by other means (Kur-al.., 918; Man.i. 6,135); beautiful woman, as resembling a celestial damsel; devil (tun.an:kaiya celvi-k-kan.an:ku not.itta_n:ku : Perumpa_n.. 459); dancing under religious excitement, esp. possession by Skanda; low-caste person; beauty; form; young offspring (a_l.iyi n-an.an:ku mariyin kurul.aiyum : Cilap. 25,48)(Ta.lex.) an.uga son; an.ugi daughter (Ka.)(DEDR 113). an.an:kayar to celebrate a festival (Ta.lex.) ar..aku beauty, happiness, excellence; ar..akan-, ar..akiya_n- handsome man; fem. ar..aki, an.an:ku beauty, form (Ta.); ar..aku beauty (Ma.)(DEDR 274).

3031.Gong: ce_kan.t.i-y-at.ittal to work hard for livelihood; to proclaim widely (Ta.); ce_kan.t.i gong (Ta.); je_gan.t.a (Te.); jayaghan.t.a_ (Skt.)(Ta.lex.) jagal.e, jegal.e, jhagat.e, jhagad.e, jhagal.e, ja_gat.i, je_gat.i (Tadbhava of jhagat.e) a kind of cymbal; a round metal plate beaten on by a class of mendicants, that on which the hours are struck, a gong (Ka.); jan:gat.a, jhan:gat.a, jhan:gad.a, je_n:gat.a (M.); je_gat.i, je_gan.t.e (Te.); ce_kan.t.i, ce_makkala (Ta.); ce_n.d.ile, ce_r-umajjila, ce_majjila (M.)(Ka.lex.) jan:gu (fr. jan.) a ringing round brass bell worn by a Jan:gama mendicant on his legs (Ka.)(Ka.lex.) zid.nga cattle-bell (Kol.); s'irna_ bell (Go.); jiringa cowbell (Kuwi)(DEDR 2515). ceni, s'eni, s'ani_ bracelet, necklace; jeni bracelet (Gypsy)(CDIAL 5333). cf. can:kili chain (Ta.lex.) jhan. tinkle (Skt.); jhan:ka_ra jingling, buzzing (Skt.); jham.ka_ra tinkling (Pkt.); jha~ga_rna_ to scream (of elephant or peacock)(P.); zan:ka_r noise (A.); jhan:ka_ra clanging (Or.); jha~ka_r tinkling; jha~ka_rna_ to tinkle, chirp (H.); jhi~ga_ran. to creak (L.)(CDIAL 5324). jhan.ajhan.a_yate_ jingles (Skt.); jhan.ajhan.i_bhu_ta (MBh.); jhan.ajjhan.ita (Skt.); jhan.ajhan.ai tinkles (Pkt.); jhan.ajjahan.am.ta (Pkt.); jhan.jhan. clang (L.); jhan.jhan.a_un.a_ to tingle, thrill (P.); jhan.jhan.i_ irritating sensation (Ku.); jhanjhana_unu to tingle (N.); jhanjhan anger (N.); zanzanani prickling sensation in the nose (A.); jhanjhan clatter, ache (B.); jhan.ajhan.a clanking (Or.); jhanjhan tinkle (Mth.); jingle, clank (H.); jhanjhani_ tinkling, tingling (H.); jhan.jhan. adv. with a clank; jhan.jhan.i_ tingling, numbness (G.); jhan.jhan. adv. with a clang; jhan.jhan.i_ ringing, tingling (M.); jhin.jhin.i rattling (S.)(CDIAL 5330). jhanko outburst of anger (N.); zanak tinkling, rattling (A.); jhanakna_ to tinkle, be angry (H.); jhana_ka_ clank (H.); jhan:ko tinkling (G.); jhan:ka_ smart, gust of passion; jhan:ki_ tingling, ringing (M.); jhin:kan.u to fly out against, threaten (S.); jhim.khan.a raging against (Pkt.)(CDIAL 5331). jhan.atka_ra jingling (Skt.); jhan:ka_r tinkling; jhanka_r rattling (P.); jhanka_r jingling; jhanka_rnu to jingle (N.); jhanka_rna_ to tinkle, chirp (H.); jhan:ka_r, jhan:ka_ro tinkling (G.); jhan:ka_r, jhan:ka_ra_ twang, smart, gust of passion (M.); jhin:ka_ra rebuff (S.)(CDIAL 5332). akkul.u (-pp-, -tt-) to tickle (Ta.); ikkil.i, kikkil.i ticklig (Ma.); akal.a a term used in tickling; akal.a-cakal.a, akal.a-sakal.a excessive tickling; cakkalagul.i, cakal.agul.i, cakkal.agul.i tickling another; jakkulisu to tickle, touch (Ka.); kakkul.i tickling (Kod..); cakkiligili, cakkiliginta tickling (Te.); cangrna_ to itch, be the seat of a titillation; cangrta'a_na_ to tickle, titillate (Kur.); cql-kund.e to tickle (Malt.)(DEDR 2274). jha~_jhu cymbal (S.); jha~_j sound of a musical instrument (P.); jha~_jh cymbal (N.B.); jha_jha (Or.); jha_m.jha cymbal (OAw.); jha~_jh anklet (OAw.); jha~_jh cymbal (H.G.); jha~_j (M.)(CDIAL 5361).