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Dha_tupa_t.ha (lit. a study of roots or verb forms) reputedly by Pa_n.ini provides a list of 2200 roots (in ten technical classes) with almost all irregular and noteworthy forms which can be expanded in the series of active, passive, casual desiderative and derivative groups.
About 2200 roots are grouped into ten classes which are sub-divided into two groups based on conjugational terminations. There are two main divisions of terminations: parasmaipadi and atmanepadi. In Sanskrit the tenses and moods are divided into two categories : the conjugational and non-conjugational; this division determines the peculiar modification the root should undergo.
The classification of verbal bases in the following ten classes is based on vikaran.a the inserted conjugational affix, the conjugational sign placed between the root and the terminations:
IX. s'na_-vikaran.a r.ya_digan.aI. s'abvikaran.o_bhva_digan.ah
[s'ap a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for the conjugational sign a inserted between the root and the terminations of the conjugational tenses in the first class of roots.]
II. lugvikaran.o_da_di gan.a
[luk a technical term used by Pa_n.ini to express the dropping or disappearance of affixes.]
III. s'lu-vikaran.o_juho_tya_digan.a
IV. s'yan vikaran.o_diva_digan.a
V. s'nu-vikaran.ah-sva_digan.a
[s'nu a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for nu the sign of the 5th class of roots.]
VI. s'a-vikaran.astuda_digan.a
VIII. u-vikaran.astana_digan.a
X. n.ijantas'cura_digan.a I. s'abvikaran.o_bhva_digan.a [s'ap a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for the conjugational sign a inserted between the root and the terminations of the conjugational tenses in the first class of roots; vikaran.a the inserted conjugational affix, the conjugational sign placed between the root and the terminations][s'na_ a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for na_, the sign of the 9th class of roots]
ak to move tortuously
aks. to pervade; to reach; to accumulate
ag to wind, to go
an:k to mark
an:g to go
an:gh to go; to hasten; to begin; to blame; to gamble
ac to go; to request
aj to go; to drive; to throw
ac to speak indistinctly; to go; to request; to bend
ac to worship; to honour or to revere
at. to wander
at.t. to transgress; to kill
at.h to go
an.t.h to go
ad. to exert; to try
ad.d. to join; to attack; to explain the sense of; to sue, to exert
an. to utter a voice, to sound
at to go constantly; to obtain (mostly Vedic)
ant, and to bind
amb, ambh to sound
abhr to go, to wander about
am to go; to sound, to wait upon
ay to go
argh to be worth; to cost
arc to worship; to honour; to shine; to praise (Vedic)
arj to procure; to earn
ard to go; to beg or request; deri. ardita solicited; abhyarn.a near, proximate, close, drawing near (of time)
arb to go, to injure, to kill
arv to kill
al to adorn; to be competent or able
av to protect, to move, to be lovely, to please, to satisfy, to know, to enter, to hear, to own, to beg, to act, to desire, to shine, to obtain, to embrace, to kill, to take, to be, to grow; deri. avita or u_ta
as., as to go, to shine, to receive
am.h to go
a_ch to lengthen, to stretch, to make straight; deri. a_chita
i to go; deri. ita, e_tum, itva_, uditya, ayat, is.yat, i_yis.as
ikh to go, to move; deri. ikhita, e_khitum, e_khitva_, i_khivas
in:kh to go, to move
in:g to go, to move
it. to go
in.t. to have superhuman faculties, to be powerful
inv to pervade; to please; to be satisfied
i_ to go; deri. i_ta
i_ks. to see
i_kh, i_n:kh to go
i_j to go; to censure, to blame
i_r to go
i_rs.y, i_ks.y to envy
i_s. to escape, to kill, to see
i_s. to glean
i_n to endeavour, to obtain, to aim at, to wish
u to utter a voice; to sound; deri. uta, o_tum
uks. to sprinkle; to wet
ukh to go
un:kh to go
ucch to dwell abroad; to retire
uch to glean
ut.h to knock down
urd to measure, to play; to taste; to grant; to be cheerful
urv to kill or hurt
us. to burn
uh to hurt or kill
u_t.h to knock down
u_y to weave; to sew
u_s. to be ill
u_h to conjecture, to infer, to guess; to note; to expect; to reason
r. to go; to acquire; deri. r.ta, artum, aris.yat, a_rivas
r.j to go; to stand; to gain; to acquire; to be healthy
r.j to fry
r.t to reproach, to pity, to go, to rival; to have power
r.s' to kill; to go
ej to tremble or shake
ej to shine; deri. ejama_na
et. to annoy; to oppose
edh to grow: to increase, to prosper, to extend, to swell, to rise
es. to go
o_kh to be dry; to be able or sufficient; to adorn; to refuse; to prevent
o_n. to remove; to drag along
o_laj to throw up
o_lan.d. to throw up
kak to wish; to be proud; to be unsteady; to be thirsty
kakh to deride or laugh at
kakh to deride
kag to perform or do anything or act
kan:k to go
kac to bind
kac to cry
kac to shine; to bind
kat. to rain; to cover or to surround
kat. to go or approach
kat.h to drag on the days of life, to live in distress
kad. to be confused; to be proud
kad.d. to be harsh or rough
kan. to cry or bewail
kan. to go or approach
kat. to go
kan.t.h to grive for, to miss
kan.d. to be proud; to unhusk
kan.d. to be proud
katth to praise; to boast; to flatter; deri. vikatthya, cakattha_na
kad to be confounded, to grieve
kan to shine; to love; to wish; to go; Vedic (to be contented)
kand to call; to shed tears
kand to be confounded; to grieve
kab to colour
kam to love, to long for; to have intercourse with; to value highly; deri. ka_nta, ka_mya
kamp to shake or tremble
kamb to go
karj to pain
kard to rumble; to caw
karb to go or approach
karv to be proud, to boast
kal to sound; to count
kall to sound indistinctly
kav to praise; to describe, to compose a poem
kas' to sound
kas. to kill or injure; to try on a touchstone; to rub
kas to go
ka_n:ks. to desire or long for
ka_c to shine; to bind
ka_s' to shine
ka_s to cough
kit. to fear; to frighten; to go or approach
kit to live; to heal or cure; to doubt; deri. cikitsita
kit to desire
ki_l to bind; to fit
ku to sound; deri. kuta, ko_tum, kavama_na, cukuva_na
kuk to take; to accept; to seize
kuc to utter a shrill cry (as a bird); to contract; to bend; to be crooked; to impede; to write or delineate
kuj to steal
kuc to make crooked; to bend, or curve; to lessen
kut. to cut
kun.t. to be lame
kun.t.h to be mutilated or blunted; to loosen; to be dull or stupid or idle
kun.d. to maim or mutilate
kun.d. to burn
kut to cover
kunth to hurt; to suffer pain
kubh to wet
kump to cover; to dress
kumb to cover
kumbh to cover
kurd to play; deri. ku_rdita
kul to collect; to be related or to behave as a kinsman; to proceed uninterruptedly; to reckon
kum.s' to shine
kum.s to speak
kuj to make any inarticulate sound, to hum; to coo; to warble
klup to be fit for; to be able; deri. klupta, kalpitum
kr.s. to draw; to plough; deri. kr.s.t.a, kars.t.um, a_kr.s.ya, cakr.s.bas
ke_p to shake or tremble
ke_l to shake; to sport
kai to sound; deri. ka_ta, ka_yat, cakivas
knath to hurt, to injure, to kill
knu_y to make a creaking sound; to be wet; to sink
kmar to be crooked
krath to injure, hurt or kill
krad to be confounded, to grieve
krand to lament; to grieve
krand to call out; to cry
krap to pity; to go
kram to walk; to step; to go, to cross; to leap; to ascend; deri. kra_nta, kramitum, cakran.vas
kri_d. to amuse oneself; to play; to gamble; to make a noise or creak or break
kruc to make crooked; to bend or curve; to lessen
krus' to call out; to cry
klath to hurt or kill
kland to call out; to cry
klam to be fatigued; deri. kla_nta, caklanvas
klind to lament
kli_b to behave like a eunuch; to be timorous or modest or unassuming
klu to go
kle_v to serve
kle_s' to speak inarticulately; to impede
kvan. to jingle; to tinkle; to hum; to warble
kvath to boil; to decoct; to digest
ks.aj to kill
ks.aj to go, to give
ks.ad to cut, to protect, to eat
ks.am to forgive; to suffer; to allow; to put up with; to resist; to be able to do anything
ks.amp to forgive or endure
ks.ar to flow; to ooze; to wane; to become useless, to melt
ks.i to decay; to wane, to waste
ks.it. to make an inarticulate sound
ks.iv to eject from the mouth; to vomit; to spit out; deri. ks.yu_ta, praks.i_vya
ks.i_j to speak inarticulately
ks.i_b to be drunk or intoxicated
ks.i_v to be drunk or intoxicated
ks.i_v to spit out
ks.ud to go
ks.up to be intoxicated
ks.ubh to be agitated; to disturb
ks.ump to go
ks.e_v to spit out
ks.ai to wane, to decline; to decay, to waste away; deri. ks.a_ma, ks.e_ya
ks.ma_y to tremble; to shake
ks.mi_l to wink
ks.vid. to be wet or unctuous; to discharge juice, to emit sap
ks.vid to be wet
ks.ve_l to leap, to move; to shake
khakkh to laugh at
khaj to churn; to agitate
khaj to limp
khat. to desire
khan.d. to break, to cut, to tear to pieces
khad to be firm, to kill
khan to dig up; deri. kha_ta, khe_ya
khab, khamb to go
kharj to pain; to worship
khard to bite, to sting
kharb to go
kharv to proud or haughty
khal. to gather or collect; to move or shake
khas. to injure, hurt or kill
kha_d to eat; to devour
khit. to fear, to frighten
khu to sound
khuj to rob; to steal
khun.d. to limp; to break into pieces
khurd to play
khe_l to shake; to tremble; to play
khe_v to serve
khai to strike; to be firm; deri. kha_ta, kha_yat
kho_t., kho_d., kho_r, kho_l to limp, to be lame
gaj to sound or roar; to be drunk or confused
gaj to sound
gad. to distil
gan.d. to affect the cheek
gad to speak, to say
gand to affect the cheek
gam to go; deri. gata, a_gamya, jagmivas
garj, gard to roar; to growl; to thunder
garb to go
garv to be proud
garh to blame; to censure
gal to eat; to drip
galbh to be bold or confident
galh to blame, to censure
ga_ to go
ga_dh to set out for, to dive, to seek, to compile, to string together, to stay
ga_h to dive, to bathe; to penetrate, to agitate or churn, to be absorbed in; to hide onself in; to destroy; deri. ga_d.ha, ga_hitavya
gu to speak inarticulately; deri. guta, go_tum, gavama_na, juguva_na
guj to hum or buzz
guj to hum or buzz, to sound inarticulately
gun.t.h to enclose; to envelope
gun.d. to envelope, to protect, to pound
gud to play
gudh to play
gup to protect, to conceal
gup to censure; to despise, to hide
gard-grd to play
gurv to endeavour, to elevate
guh to cover; to hide
gr. to sprinkle, to wet
gr.j, gr.j to sound, to roar, to grumble
gr.h to take; to seize
ge_p to shake
ge_v to seve
ge_s. to search; to investigate
ga to sing, to relate; deri. gi_ta
go_s.t. to assemble; to collect; to heap together
granth to be crooked or wicked, to bend
granth to bind, to arrange in a regular order
gras, glas to eat; to devour, to swallow; to consume; to seize; to eclipse; to destroy; deri. grasta, jagrasa_na
gruc, gluc to steal; deri. grukta
gluh to take
gluc to go
gle_p to be poor or miserable; to shake
gle_v to serve or worship
gle_s. to seek
glai to despond, to wane; to be fatigued
ghagh to laugh
ghat. to act; to be intently occupied with; to happen; to be united with; to come to, to reach
ghat.t. to shake
ghan.t. to speak; to shine
gharb to go
ghas to eat; to devour
ghin.n. to take
ghu to sound
ghut. to return; to exchange
ghun. to stagger; to reel
ghun.n. to take
ghus. to be beautiful or brilliant
ghus. to sound, to proclaim
ghum.s. to diffuse lustre
ghu_rn. to whirl; to roll; to reel
ghr. to sprinkle
ghr.n.n. to take
ghr.s. to grind, to pound, to strike, to rub, to brush, to polish
ghra_ to smell
n.u to sound
cak to be satisfied, to repel; to resist, to shine
cak to be satisfied
can:k to reel; to roll
cac to go; to shake; to leap
cat. to break, to rain, to cover
can. to go, to sound
can.d. to be angry
cat, cad to beg, to request
can to kill
cand to be glad; to shine
cap to console; to sooth
cam to eat; to drink
camp to go
camb to go
cay to go
car to go; to walk, to graze; to eat; deri. carya, ce_ra_n.a_ca_rya an instructor
carc to discuss, to condemn; to censure
carb to go
carv to chew, to eat; to browse; to chop; to bite
cas. to eat
cah to be wicked; to be proud; to cheat
ca_y to worship, to discern
cit. to send out
cit to perceive; to think; to recover consciousness
cint to remember
chill to become loose; to act wantonly; to sport
chi_k to endure
ci_bh to coax, to boast
ci_b to take, to wear, to cover
cucya to bathe, to churn, to press
cud.d. to sport, to hint one's meaning
cun.t. to cut off
cun.d. to become small, to cut off
cup to move slowly
cumb to kiss
culump to swing, to rock; to agitate
cull to sport, to make amorous gestures
cu_s. to drink
cr.p to excite; to light
ce_l to shake; to go
ce_s.t. to act
cyu to go; to drop down; to fall, to swerve
cyut to flow; to trickle
chat. to cover; to veil; to hide
chand to cover
cham to eat, to consume
chas. to hurt; to injure, to kill
chr.d to kindle
chr.s. to beg or request
jaj to fight
jaj to fight
jat. to become matted (as hair)
jad. to heap
jap to mutter, to mediate
jabh to yawn, to gape; deri. jabdha, jambhitum, jajabha_na
jam to eat; deri. ja_nta, ja_ntva_, jamitva_
jamm to destroy
jarc, jarch to speak, to blame
jal to strike, to be rich, to hide; to encircle, to be sharp; to be cold, stiff, dull, or dumb
jalp to speak, to prattle, to babble, to murmur, to chatter, to praise
jas. to kill
jas to injure, to strike
jam.s to protect, to release
ji to conquer; to overcome; to surpass, to win, to restrain
jinv to please; to be lively, active, busy; to excise; to animate, to promote, confer
jim to eat
jis. to sprinkle
ji_v to live, to revive, to live upon
ju to go, to be quick
jug to abandon; to exclude
jut to shine
jus. to reason; to investigate; to be satisfied; to hurt
jumbh to gape; to yawn; to expand; to open; to spread; to increase, appear, to rise
jr._ to grow old, to waste away; to decay; deri. ji_rn.a, jarat
je_s. to go
je_h to try, to go
jai to decay
jyu to go
jri to conquer; to defeat, to grow old
jvar to be hot with fever or passion; to be ill; deri. ju_rn.a
jval to blaze; to glow; to shine; deri. prajvalya
jhat. to become matted together (as hair), to become confused or entangled
jham to eat; to consume
jharjh to speak; to hurt, injure or kill; to menace
jhas. to hurt, injure or kill
jhas. to take, to put on or wear
t.an:k to bind
t.al to be confused
t.ik to go
t.i_k to go, to resort to
t.auk to go
t.val to be confused
d.i_ to fly; to pass through the air; deri. d.ayita
d.hauk to go, to approach; deri. upad.haukya, d.ud.hauka_na
tak to laugh at; to bear, to fly or rush upon
taks. to cut off; to make thin; to wound, to form; deri. tas.t.a
taks. to eat; to pare, to cover
tan:k to live in distress
tan:g to go; to stumble; to tremble
tac to go
tat. to be raised, to rise, to groan
tan.d. to strike
tan to confide in, to assist; to pain with disease, to be harmless, to sound; deri. tata
tandr to be exhausted, to be disturbed in mind
tap to shine, to be hot; to make hot, to suffer pain, to injure or hurt, to undergo, to perform penance
tay to go
tarj to threaten, to terrify, to scold, to mock
tard to injure, to hurt or kill
tam.s to decorate; to shake, to pour out, to request
ta_y to spread, to protect
tik to go or move
tij to whet
tij to endure or bear patiently
tip to drop, to ooze; deri. tipta, te_pama_na
til to go
till to go
ti_k to go
ti_v to be strong or fat or corpulent
tuj to hurt, injure or kill
tuj to reach, to kill, to be strong, to take, to dwell, to protect to cloth, to strike, to push, to emit, to incite, to give
tud. to split, to push, to injure, to hurt
tud.d. to disregard, to condemn
tun.d. to disregard, to condemn
tup to injure, hurt or kill
tuph to injure, hurt or kill
tubh to injure, hurt or kill
tump, tumph to injure, hurt or kill
tumb to distress, to hurt
turv to kill
tus to sound
tuh to hurt, to kill, to pain
tu_d. to split, to disregard
tu_l to weigh, to measure
tu_s. to satisfy or to be satisfied
tr.ks. to go
tr._ to swim, to cross over, to float, to surmount; to master completely, to fulfil, to escape from; deri. ti_rn.a, taritavya, utti_rya
te_j to protect
te_p to ooze, to shake
te_v to lament; to play
to_d. to disregard
tyaj to abandon, to leave, to quit, to let go, to renounce, to except, to distribute, to disregard
trakh to go
tran:k to go
tran:kh, tran:g to go
trand to act; to try; to be busy or active
trap to be ashamed or abashed; to be embarrassed
tram.s to speak; to shine
trim.kh to go
trup, truph, trump, trumph to kill, injure or hurt
trai to protect; deri. tra_ta or tra_n.a, paritra_ya
trauk to go
tvaks. to make thin
tvan:g to go; to tremble
tvac to go; deri. tyakta
tvis. to shine; to glitter
tsar to creep; to crawl; to proceed crookedly or fraudulently
thurv to injure, hurt or kill
daks. to increase, to do or act quickly
daks. to go; to kill
dad to give; to offer; to present
dadh to hold: to possess
dam.s' to bite; to sting; deri. das.t.a
day to pity, to give; to go; to protect; to kill; to take
dal to break; to split; to expand, to open
dah to reduce to ashed; to burn; to scorch; to torment; deri. dagdha
da_ to give; deri. datta, de_ya, yacchat, dadivas
da_n to cut off, to straighten; deri. di_da_m.sita
da_y to give
da_s' to give; to offer an oblation
da_s to give
dinv to be glad or pleased, to gladden, to please
div to lament; deri. de_vitva_ or dyu_tva_
di_ks. to be shaved; to perform a sacrifice, to invest with a sacred thread; to practise self-restraint; to teach religious observances; to prepare oneself for the performance of a sacred rite; to dedicate oneself to
du to go; deri. du_na, du_tva_, do_tum
durv to kill; deri. du_rta
duh to injure, hurt or kill
dr.p to light; to kindle; to inflame
dr.bh to tie; to string
dr.s' to see; to behold; to visit; to learn; to investigate
dr.h, dr.m.h to increase; to prosper; to fasten; to be firm
dr._ to fear; deri. darks.rn.a
de_ to protect; deri. datta, dayama_na, da_tum, digya_na
de_v to play, to sport; to lament
dai to purify; to cleanse, to be purified
dyut to shine; to be bright
dyai to despise; to disfigure
dram to go; to run
dra_kh to become dry; to be able; to prevent; to adorn
dra_gh to be able; to stretch; to exert oneself; to be weary; to vex; to wander about
dra_m.ks. to desire, to utter a discordant sound
dra_d. to cut, to split
dra_h to wake
dru to go, to flow, to run; to retreat, to melt; to attack, to rush
dre_k to sound; to show joy; to be exhilarated
drai to sleep; deri. dra_n.a, nidra_ya
dvr. to cover, to appropriate
dhan., dhan to sound
dhanv to go
dha_v to run; to flow, to cleanse, to wash; deri. dhautva_
dhiks. to kindle, to be harassed or weary, to live
dhinv to please, to delight
dhuks. to kindle; to be harassed or weary, to live
dhurv to injure, hurt or kill; deri. dhu_rta
dhu_ to shake, to excite
dhu_p to heat, to fumigate, to perfume, to be heated
dhr. to hold, to support, to possess, to keep, to seize, to place
dhr.j, thr.j to go
dhr.s. to come together, to hurt or injure, to offend
dhe_ to suck, to drink, to draw; deri. dhi_ta, dha_tum, sam.dha_ya
dho_r to go quickly, to run, to trot; to be skilful
dhma_ to blow; to breathe out, to produce sound by blowing, to blow a fire, to manufacture by blowing; deri. a_dhma_ya, dhamat, dadhmivas, dhma_syat
dhyai to think of, to meditate, to recollect; deri. dhya_t
dhraj to go
dhran.j to go
dhran. to sound as a drum or other instrument
dhras to glean
dha_kh to be dry, to be able
dhra_dh to be able or competent
dhra_m.ks. to desire; to caw; to crow
dhra_d. to divide; to split
dhrij to go
dhru to be firm
dhre_k to sound; to be filled with joy
dhrai to be pleased
dhvaj to go
dhvaj to go
dhvan. to sound
dhvan to sound
dham.s to fall down; to perish; to go
dhva_m.ks. to desire; to caw; to crow
dhvr. to bend; to kill
naks. to go
nakh to go
nam.kh to go
nat. to dance; to act (as a dramatic part)
nat. to sound; to roar; to thunder; deri. na_dya, pran.adya
nand to be glad or satisfied
nabh to destroy, to perish
nam to salute; to sink; to bend; deri. nata, nantavya, vinamya, nam.syat
nay to go
nard to sound, to roar
nal to smell; to bind
nas to be crooked
na_th, na_dh to ask; to harass; to be master; to bless
na_s to sound
niks. to kiss
nid to ridicule, to reach
nind to blame; to censure; to condemn
ninv to sprinkle; to attend
nis' to meditate upon
nis. to sprinkle, to moisten
ni_ to lead; to carry; to bring; to pass, to spend; to trace; deri. ni_ta, ne_tum
ni_l to be of a dark colour; to dye dark
ni_v to become fat
nr._ to carry
ne_d to censure; to be near
ne_s. to go
paks. to seize; to accept, to take aside
pac to cook; to bake, to burn; to digest, to ripen, to develop; deri. pakva; paktrima (ripened, matured, cooked)
pac to make clear
pat. to go
pat.h to declare, to mention, to cite, to study, to read, to recite
pan. to transact business, to deal in, to barter, to bet, to stake
pan., pan to praise; deri. pan.ita
pan.d. to go
pat to fall, to fly, to alight, to sink, to be degraded, to attack
pr.th to go
pay to go
pard to break wind
pap, pab to go
parv to fill
pal to go
pa_ to drink, to feast on, to swallow up; deri. pi_ta, pe_ya, nipa_ya, pibat
pit. to sound; to assemble; to heap together
pit. to injure; to kill; to feel pain
pin.d. to roll into a lump, to heap; to unite
pinv to sprinkle, to serve
pis to go
pi_l to check; to impede; to obstruct
pi_v to be fat or thick
pud. to grind
pun.d. to grind, to pound
punth to kill, to suffer pain
purv to fill
pul to be great or large; to be lofty or high, to be heaped up
pus. to nourish, to develop, to support; to enhance, to get
pu_ to purify or clean from chaff; deri. pu_ta or pavita, pavya or pa_vya, pavitum, pavama_na, pupuva_na
pu_y to split, to stink; deri. pu_ta
pu_l to collect, to gather, to heap up, to assemble
pu_s. to nourish, to increase, to grow
pr.s. to sprinkle, to hurt, to vex
pe_l to go
pe_v to serve
pe_s. to resolve upon, to strive diligently for
pe_s to go
pai to dry, to wither
pain. to go, to send, to touch, to embrace
pya_y to grow, to increase, to swell; deri. pi_na, pya_na
pyai to grow
prath to become famous, to increase, to spread abroad, to arise, to appear
pras to extend, to expand
pru to go, to jump
prut. to rub
prus., plus. to burn, to reduce to ashes
pre_s. to go
pro_th to be equal to, to be a match for, to be complete
plaks. to eat
plih to go
plu to go, to jump, to fly, to float, to swim; deri. plavya
phakk to behave ill, to go softly
phan. to go, to produce easily; deri. phan.ita, pha_n.t.a (in the second sense)
phal to bear fruit, to result, to succeed, to be useful or fruitful
phal to burst open, to split; deri. phulla, utphulla, sam.phulla, praphulta
phe_l to go
ban. to sound
bad to be steady or firm
badh to loathe; to be disgusted with, to shrink from; deriv. bi_bhatsita
barv to go
barh to be pre-eminent; to speak: to kill; to give
bal to breath; to hoard grain
balh to be pre-eminent
bam.h to grow, to increase
ba_d. to bathe; to dive
ba_dh to oppress, to torment
ba_h to endeavour
bit. to swear, to curse, to shout
bind to split, to cleave, to divide
bukk to bark; to sound; to yelp; to speak
budh to know; to understand; to think
budh to make known; to inform; to teach
bund to perceive; to apprehend; deri. budga, butva_
br.nn to grow, to increase
br.m.h to increase, to sound
be_h to endeavour
bhaks. to eat
bhaj to worship; to honour, to divide; to be attached to, to serve; deri. bhakta, bha_jya or bha_gya
bhat. to hire, to nourish
bhat. to speak, to call
bhan. to speak, to call
bhan.d. to speak, to jest, to chide
bhand to be prosperous or glad
bharv to kill
bhal, bhall to speak, to kill, to give
bhas. to bark, to revile
bha_m to be angry
bha_s. to speak, to say; to call, to describe
bha_s to shine, to appear, to become evident
bhiks. to ask; to beg for without obtaining, to be weary or distressed, to obtain
bhind to split, to divide
bhu_ to be; deri. bhu_ta, bha_vya, bhavya
bhu_s. to adorn, to decorate
bhr. to support, to bear, to have, to fill; deri. bhr.ta, bha_rya, bhartum, bhr.tva_
bhr.j to parch, to fry
bhe_s. to fear, to go
bhyas to fear
bhraks. to eat
bhran. to speak
bhram to roam about; deri. bhra_nta, bhra_mitva_
bhras' to fall, to drop down
bhram.s', bhram.s to fall, to drop down; deri. bhras.t.a
bhra_s' to shine, to glitter
bhre_j to shine, to glitter
bhre_s. to fear, to go
bhlaks. to eat
bhla_s' to shine, to glitter
bhle_s. to shine, to glitter
maks. to collect
makh to go
man:k to adorn, to decorate
man:kh, man:g to go
man:gh to go, to blame, to be moving, to cheat
man:gh to adorn, to decorate
mac to cheat, to boast, to pound
maj to be mad, to sound
mac to hold, to grow high, to adore
maj to sound
mat.h to grind, to dwell
man. to sound, to murmur
man.t.h to remember with regret; to grieve for
man.d. to divide, to clothe; to surround
man.d. to adorn oneself
manth to churn, to stir
manth to kill; to injure; to be afflicted; to suffer pain
manth to churn, to stir; to shake; to kill; to crush; to tear off
mand to praise; to be glad; to proud; to sleep; to shine; to move slowly
mabhr to go
may to go
marb to go
marv to fill
mal, mall to hold; to possess
mad to bind; to kill
mavya to bind
mas' to sound; to be angry
mas. to kill; to sound
mask to go
mah to worship; to revere
mam.h to grow old
ma_m.ks. to desire; to wish
ma_n to investigate; to examine; deri. mi_ma_m.sita
ma_h to measure
mith to understand; to hurt
mid to love, to melt; deri. minna or me_dita
mid to understand, to kill
midh to understand, to kill
minv to love; to sprinkle
mis' to make noise; to be angry
mis. to sprinkle, to wet, to serve; deri. mis.t.a
mis. to make noise
mih to sprinkle, to make water, to wet; deri. mi_d.ha, me_d.havya
mi_m to go
mi_l to close the eyes, to twinkle, to fade, to disappear
mi_v to grow fat or large
muj to sound
muc to cheat, to be wicked, to tell
muj to sound
mut., mud. to crush, to grind, to break
mun.t.h to protect, to run away
mun.d. to be pure, to sink
mun.d. to grind, to shave, to shear
mud to be glad, to rejoise
murch to faint, to increase, to grow, to become strong, to take effect on
murv to bind
mu_ to bind
mu_l to take root, to be firm, to accumulate
mu_s. to steal, to rob
mr.ks. to collect, to rub
mr.j to cleanse, to wipe off, to adorn, to sharpen
mr.dh to moisten, to kill; deri. mr.ddha, mardhitva_
mr.s. to sprinkle, to endure
me_ to return, to exchange; deri. mita, nima_ya, nimitya, apamitya, apama_ya, ma_tum
me_th to know, to understand, to kill, to hurt
me_dh to know, to kill, to meet
me_p to go
me_v to serve, to worship
mna_ to study, to repeat, to remember, to think; deri. mna_ta, mne_ya
mraks. to collect, to rub
mrad to crush, to pound
mruc, mluc to go or move; deri. mrukta, mro_citva_
mruc to go, to move; deri. mrukta, mrucitva_
mre_t., mre_d. to be mad
mluc to go, to move
mle_cch to speak indistinctly
mle_t., mle_d. to be mad
mle_v to serve, to worship
mlai to be sad, to become weary, to fade, to be emaciated; deri. mla_na, mle_ya
yaj to make an oblation to a deity, to associate with, to sacrifice, to worship, to give; deri. is.t.a, yas.t.avya, ya_jya, yas.t.um, samijya, is.t.va_
yat to strive after, to be watchful; deriv. yatta, yatitavya
yabh to cohabit; deri. yiyapsate_, yabdha, yabdhva_, yarbdhum
yam to check, to stop; deri. yata, yamya, yantum, yatva_, niyamya or niyatya, yacchatma_na, ye_mivas-ye_ma_na
yas to endeavour; deri. yasta, ya_sya, yasitva_
ya_c to beg, to ask, to solicit
yun:g to abandon, to desert
yucch to err, to be negligent
yuj to unite, to bind, to yoke; deri. yukta
yut to shine
yus. to injure, hurt or kill
ye_s. to try, to attempt
yaut., yaud. to bind
raks. to protect, to watch, to take care of
rakh to go
rag to doubt
ran:kh, ran:g to go, to move
ran:gh to go, to hasten
raj to be coloured, to redden, to dye, to be attached to, to be excited, to be pleased with; deri. rakta, ran:ktum, ran:ktva_ or raktva_, uparajya
rat., rat.h to roar, to yell, to proclaim aloud, to shout
ran. to sound, to ring, to jingle
ran. to go
ran.va to go
rad to split, to scratch
rap to talk, to speak
raph to kill, to go
rabh to begin, to desire, to act rashly; deri. rabdha, rabhya, rabdhum, rabdhva_, a_rabhya
ram to sport, to rest, to be pleased, to rejoice at, to have sexual intercourse with; deri. rata, ramya, rantum, ratva_ or ramitva_, viramya or viratya
ramph to go, to kill
ramb, rambh to sound
ray to go, to move
ras' to sound
ras to roar, to cry, to make noise, to praise
rah to abandon, to quit
ram.h to go, to move
ra_kh to dry, to adorn, to be able
ra_ghra to be able
ra_j to shine, to glitter, to appear like
ra_s', ra_s to sound
rikh to go, to move
rin:kh, rin:g to go, to move
ric to separate, to divide, to join; deri. rikta, riktva_, re_ktum
rin.v to go, to move
ris. to kill, to destroy, to injure
ru to go, to kill
ruc to shine, to please, to like, to appear good
rut. to strike, to oppose
rut. to strike down, to fell
run.t. to steal, to rob
run.t.h to steal; to be lame, to go
run.d. to steal
rus. to kill
ruh to grow from seed, to become manifest, to grow, to rise, to ascend; der. ru_d.ha, ro_hya, ro_d.hum, ru_d.hva_, a_ruhya
ru_s. to decorate, to smear, to cover
re_k to doubt
re_t. to speak, to ask, to request
re_p to go, to move
re_bh to speak
re_v to leap, to go, to move
re_gh to utter an inarticulate sound, to neigh, to roar
rai to sound
ro_d. to despise, to be mad
lakh to go, to move
lag to adhere to, to become united, to come in contact, to happen, to approach, to touch, to produce an effect; deri. lagna, lagita
lakh to go or move
lan:g to go, to limp
lan:gh to dry up, to diminish, to mount upon
lan:gh to go, to fast, to transgress
lacch to mark
laj to fry, to roast
laj to fry, to roast, to blame, to traduce
lat. to be a child, to act or talk like a child, to cry
lad. to play
lad. to loll the tongue, to churn; to blame, to harass
lan.d. to throw up
lan.d. to speak, to shine
lap to speak, to prate, to whisper
labh to get, to obtain, to take, to have to find, to be able, to know; der. labdha, labhya, labdhrima (produced by gain); labha_ (gain)
lamb to sound, to delay, to fall, to hang down
lay to go, to move
larb to go, to move
lal to play
las. to wish, to long for
las to embrace, to play, to shine
la_kh to dry; to adorn, to suffice
la_gh to be able
la_j, la_j to blame, to fry
la_ch to mark; to distinguish
lin:g to go; to move; (with a_ to embrace)
li_ to melt; deri. li_ta, le_ya, le_tum, le_s.yat
luc to remove; to pluck; deri. lucitva_ or lucitva_
luj to injure; to be strong; to take; to dwell; to speak; to shine
lut. to churn; to agitate; to be connected; to wallow; to roll
lut., lut.h to resist; to oppose
lut.h to strike, to knock down
lud. to churn; to stir; to disturb
lun.t., lun.t.h to rob; to plunder; to be idle; to resist; to be lame
lun.d. to steal or rob
lunth to strike, to suffer pain
lumb to torment
lul to move to and fro; to stir; to make tremulous
lu_s. to decorate
le_p to go; to move
lain. to go; to approach; to embrace; to send
lo_k, lo_c to see; to perceive
lo_d. to be mad
lo_s.t. to heap up
vaks. to be angry; to collect
vakh to go; to move
van:k to be crooked; to go
van:kh, van:g to go; to move
van:gh to go; to blame
vaj to go; to move
vac to go
vat. to cover; to surround
vat. to speak
vat.h to become fat
van. to sound
van.t., van.d. to divide
vat.h to go alone
vad to speak; to tell; to describe; to utter; deri. udita, va_dya; avadya (despicable); anudya (unutterable)
van to sound; to honour; to aid
van to act; deri. vata, vanitva_, vatva_
van.t. to salute respectfully; to praise
vap to sow; to plant; to procreate; to weave; to shave; to shear; deri. upta, vaptavya, va_pya, va_ptum, uptva_, uptrima
vabh to go; to move
vam to vomit, to drop; to emit; to give out; to reject
vay to go; to move
varc to shine
vars. to melt; to love
varh to speak; to kill; to kill or hurt; to give
val to cover; to move
val to cover; to move
valg to go; to move; to jump; to gallop; to be pleased
valbh to eat; to devour
vall to be covered; to go; to move
valh to speak, to kill or hurt; to give
vas. to hurt; to kill; to injure
vas to dwell; to live; deri. us.ita, pro_s.ya, vastum
vask to go; to move
vah to bear, to carry; to flow; to marry; to propel; deri. u_d.ha, va_hya or vahya, vo_d.hum, u_d.hva_, pro_hya, vahat-ma_na, vaks.yat-ma_n.a, u_ha_na
va_n:ks. to wish; to desire
va_ch to desire; to wish
va_h to endeavour
vit. to curse; to sound
vith to beg; to ask
vis. to sprinkle; deri. vis.t.a, ve_s.t.um
vun:g to abandon, to leave
vr. to cover; to conceal
vr.k to accept; to seize
vr.ks. to cover
vr.j to avoid
vr.t to be; to happen; to be presen; to act; to tend to; deri. vr.tta, vatim.ta, vartitva_, vr.tva_
vr.dh to incrase, to grow, to continue, to become joyful
vr.s. to rain, to sprinkle, to kill, to afflict, to give pain
ve_ to weave, to sew, to compose; deri. uta, ve_ya, va_tavya, utva_, prava_ya
ve_n., ve_n to go, to know, to consider, to play on an instrument, to take
ve_th to beg, to ask
ve_p to tremble, to shake
ve_l, ve_ll to go, to move; to shake; to tremble
ve_s.t. to surround, to dress
ve_h to endeavour
vai to be dry, to be languid; deri. vana, nirva_n.a
vyath to be vexed, to fear, to become dry
vyay to go, to move
vye_ to cover, to veil; deri. va_ta, vye_ya, vya_tum, sam.vya_ya, parivya_ya
vraj to go
vran. to sound
s'an:k to fear, to doubt, to suspect
s'ac to speak, to say, to tell
s'at. to be sick, to divide, to pierce, to go, to be weary
s'at.h to cheat, to defraud
s'an. to give, to go
s'ad. to hurt, to cause disease, to collect
s'ad to perish, to fall, to wither, to decay; deri. s'anna, s'aktum, s'atva_, a_s'aya, s'i_yama_na
s'ap to curse, to imprecate, to swear; deri. s'apta, s'apya, s'aptum, s'aptva_
s'arb to go, to move
s'arb to kill
s'al to go, to move
s'al to shake, to cover
s'albh to praise, to boast
s'av to go, to move
s'as' to jump, to dance
s'as. to kill
s'as to kill; deri. s'asta
s'am.s to praise, to be in distres, to tell, to indicate
s'am.s to wish, to expect, to bless
s'a_kh to pervade
s'a_d. to praise
s'a_n to whet
s'a_l to praise, to shine, to be endowed with, to tell
s'iks. to learn, to practise
s'ikh to go, to move
s'igh to smell
s'it. to disregard
s'is. to kill, to leave as a remainder
s'i_k to be angry, to touch
s'i_bh to boast
s'i_l to meditate, to intend
s'uc to regret, to grive for, to bewail
s'ucya to perform ablution, to squeeze out juice, to distil
s'ut., s'un.t.h to resist, to go lame
s'undh to purify
s'ubh, s'umbh to speak, to shine, to kill
s'ubh to shine, to look beautiful
s'u_l to be ill, to collect
s'r.s. to bring forth
s'r.dh to break wind
s'r.dh to moisten, to wet, to cut off
s'e_l to go, to move
s'e_v to worship, to serve
s'ai to cook
s'o_n. to be red, to go
s'aut. to be proud
s'cut, s'cyut to ooze, to diffuse
s'mi_l to wink
s'yai to go, to move, to wither; to dry up; deri. s'ya_na, s'i_na or s'i_ta (cold)
s'ran:ka, s'ran:g to go, to move
s'ran. to give
s'rath to kill
s'ranth to loosen
s'rambh to be careless, to err
s'ri to serve, to depend upon
s'ris to burn
s'ru to go, to move
s'rai to cook
s'ro_n. to heap together, to collect
s'lan:k, zs'lan:g to go, to move
s'lath to hurt
s'la_kh to pervade, to penetrate
s'la_gh to praise, to flatter, to boast
s'lis. to burn
s'lo_k to heap together, to collect, to versify
s'lo_n. to collect
s'van:k, s'vac, s'vac to go
s'val, s'vall to run
s'vi to move, to increase, to grow, to swell; deri. s'u_na, s'vaya, ucchu_ya
s'vit to be white; deri. s've_dita
s'vind to be white
*s.t.hiv to spit, to sputter; deri. s.t.yu_ta
s.vas.k to go
sag to cover
sac to sprinkle, to serve
se_c to be associated with
saj to cling to, to fasten, to embrace; deri. sakta, saja, sajat, se_jivas
sat. to be a part or portion
sad to divide, to break, to go, to wither, to despond, to be weary; deri. sanna, sa_dya, saktum, saktva_, nis.adya, si_dat, se_dis.as
san to dive
sap to connect
sam to be composed
samb to go, to creep
sarb to go, to move
sarv to go, to kill
sal to go, to move
sasj to go, to become ready
sah to suffer, to forbear, to be patient, to wait, to be able to resist, to conquer, to stop
sit. to disregard
sidh to go
sidh to ordain, to instruct, to do an auspicious act, to turn out auspiciously, to ward off, to restrain, to interdict
sinv to sprinkle
sibh to kill; deri. sibdha, sibhitva_
simbh to kill; deri. sibdha, simbhitva_
si_k to sprinkle
su to bring forth, to possess power or supremacy, to permit; deri. su_ta, sutva_, prasutya, so_tum
subh, sumbh to speak, to kill
su_d to distil, to strike, to hurt, to destroy, to leak, to deposit
su_rks. to respect
su_rks.ya to envy, to despise
sr. to go, to move, to approach, to slip, to blow, to flow; deri. sr.ta, sartavya, sartum, sa_rya, sarat
sr. to run
sr.p to go, to creep; deri. sr.pta, sarpitavya or sraptavya
sr.bh, sr.mbh to kill, to slay
se_k to go, to move
se_l to go, to move
se_v to serve, to honour, to follow, to use, to enjoy, to cultivate, to practise, to devote oneself to, to inhabit, to frequent, to guard, to protect
sai to waste away, to decline
skand to go, to be dry; deri. skanna, viskanna, skan:ktum, skan:ktva_
skambh to obstruct
skund to jump, to raise, to lift
skhad to destroy, to cut
skhal to stumble, to totter, to deviate, to blunder, to err, to stammer, to drop
stak to resist, to repel
staks. to go, to move
stag o cover
stan to sound, to thunder
stam to be confused, not to be confused
stambh to stop, to hinder, to become stiff or naughty, to paralyze, to fix firmly
stip to ooze
stuc to be pleased
stubh to stop
stuks. to go, to move
ste_p to ooze
stai to cover, to adorn
styai to sound, to collect into a heap, to spread about, to crowd
sthag to cover, to conceal
sthal to stand firm
stha_ to stand, to stay, to be; deri. sthita-sthe_ya, tis.t.ha_ya
snai to cover, to wrap, to adorn
syand to throb, to quiver
spardh to contend with, to vie with, to emulate, to challenge
spas' to obstruct, to touch, to perceive clearly, to undertake, to string together
spha_y to grow fat, to increase, to expand
sphut. to burst; to blossom; to blow
sphut. to split open
sphun.t., sphun.d. to open, to expand
sphurcch to spreak, to extend, to forget
sphu_rj to thunder, to explode, to glitter, to burst; deri. sphu_rjita, sphu_rn.a, sphu_rjathuh (a clap of thunder)
smi to smile, to expand, to bloom
smi_la to wink
smr. to remember, to recollect, to think upon, to recite mentally, to record in a smriti; deri. smr.ta, smartum smr.tva_
smr. to long for, to regret
syand to ooze, to feel; deri. syanna, syanditavya, syan:ktum
syam to sound, to shout
sran:k to go, to move
srambh to err; to entrust
sram.s to fall down, to drop, to slip off; to hang down
sru to go, to flow
sre_k to go, to move
svaj to embrace, to clasp, to encircle; deri. svakta, svan:ktum
svad to be pleasant to the taste, to be liked, to taste, to eat, to please
svan to sound, to sing
svan to deck, to adorn
svard to taste, to be pleasing
sva_d to taste, to be pleasing
svid to be greedy, to perspire, to be disturbed, to quit; deri. svinna, sve_dita
svr. to sound, to praise, to pain; deri. svr.ta, svaritavya
hat. to shine
hat.h to leap, to be wicked, to treat with violence
had to void or discharge excrement; deri. hanna, hattva_, haktum
hamm, hay to go, to move
hary to go, to shine
hal to plough, to make furrows, to go
has to laugh, to smile, to joke, to open, to resemble, to ridicule
hikk to make any indistinct sound
hit. to curse, to swear, to shout
hid. to go, to wander, to disregard
hinv to please, to satisfy
him.s to kill
hud. to go
hun.d. to collect, to select, to take away
hurch to be crooked, to deceive
hul to go
hu_d. to go
hr. to carry, to bring, to take, to steal, to acquire, to captivate, to charm; deri. hr.ta, hartavya, ha_rya, hartum, hr.tva_
hr.s. to tell a lie; deri. hr.s.t.a, hars.itum
he_t., he_t.h to be wicked, to vex
he_d. to surround, to clothe
he_d. to disrgard
he_s. to bray; to roar, (in general) to neigh (as a horse)
ho_d. to go, to move
ho_d. to disregard
hal to shake, to go
hag to cover, to conceal
has to sound, to become small
ha_d to sound, to row
hi_ch to be ashamed or modest, to blush
hre_s. to neigh (as a horse), to go, to creep
hlag to cover, to conceal
hlas to sound
hla_d to sound, to be glad; deri. hlanna
hval to move, to shake, to be confused, to be afflicted
hvr. to be crooked, to deceive
hve_ to vie with, to challenge, to call, to ask, to invoke; der. hu_ta, hve_ya, hva_tum, a_hu_ya
II. lugvikaran.o_da_di gan.a [luk a technical term used by Pa_n.ini to express the dropping or disappearance of affixes; vikaran.a the insertd conjugational affix, the conjugational sign placed between the root and the terminations].ad to eat; deri. jagdha or annam (food), antum, jagdhva_, prajagdhya, a_divas or jaks.ivas
an to breathe
as to be
a_s to sit, to be; deri. a_si_na, upa_sya
i to go; deri. ita, e_tum, itva_, upe_tya, yat, e_s.yat, i_yivaas
i with adhi to think of, to remember; deri. adhi_ta, adhye_tum
i with adhi to study
i_ to go, to pervade, to conceive, to desire, to throw, to eat; deri. i_ta, e_tum, ayat, aya_cakr.vas
i_d. to praise
i_r to go, to shake
i_s' to rule, to command, to possess powder
u_rn.u to cover
kas', kas to go, to punish
kam.s to go, to destroy
ku to hum
ks.u to sneeze
ks.n.u to whet
khya_ to relate, to tell
caka_s to shine, to be bright or prosperous
caks. to speak, to tell, to see; deri. khya_ta or ks'a_ta
jaks. to eat, to consume, to laugh
ja_gr. to be awake or watchful
tu to go, to grow, to kill; deri. tuta, to_tum
daridra_ to be poor; to be distressed
da_ to cut
diks. to increase; to anoint; smear; to soil; deri. digdha; dhe_ks.yat
didhi_ to shine; to appear
duh to milk; to extract; to yield; deri. dugdha, duhya or do_hya
dyu to assail, to advance towards; deri. dyuta, dyavya
dra_ to run, to fly, to be spoiled, to sleep; deri. dra_n.a, nidra_ya
dvis. to hate; to dislike
nij to wash
nim.s to kiss
nu to praise; deri. nuta, navya or na_vya, navitum, nutva_
pa_ to protect; to fgovern; to preserve
pij to tinge; to colour; to join; to divide; to speak inarticulately
pr.c to come in contact with; to touch
pr.j to dye
pra_ to fill
psa_ to devour; to eat
bru_ to speak; to say; to tell; deri. ukta, uktva_, vaktum
ma_ to shine; to appear; to be
ma_ to measure; to limit; deri. mita, ma_tavya, me_ya, ma_tum, unma_ya
mr.j to cleanse; to purify; to wipe off
ya_ to go; to attend to; to go or pass away; to attempt; to perceive
yu to mix; to join; to separate; deri. yuta, yavya, yutva_, yuyuvas
ra_ to give; to grant
ru to cry; to roar; to shout; to sound; deri. ruta, ravya
rud to shed tears; to cry; to weep; to lament
la_ to take; to give; to melt; deri. la_ta, la_syat, lalivas
lih to lick; to taste; deri. li_d.ha, le_d.havya, le_hya, le_d.hum, li_d.hva_
vac to speak; to read; to name; to call; to announce
vas' to wish; to long for; deri. us'ita
vas to wear, to dress; deri. vasita
va_ to go; to blow; to hurt; to injure; to kill; to move
vid to know; to learn; to find out; to consider (with sam. to recognize)
vi_ to go; to pervade; to be born; to be impregnate; to desire; to throw; to eat; to conceive
vr.j to avoid, to abandon
ve_vi_ (a Vedic root) to go, to pervade, to be born, to impregnate, to desire, to throw, to eat
s'a_s to teach, to inform, to rule, to command, to punish, to advise; deri. s'is.t.a, s'is.ya, s'a_sitva_
s'a_s to desire, to seek, to bless, to praise
s'ij to tinkle, to rattle, to whisper
s'i_ to sleep, to lie down; deri. s'ayita, s'e_ya
s'ra_ to cook, to boil; deri. s'ra_n.a, s'r.ta, s'ra_tum, s'as'rivas
s'vas to breath, to sigh, to hiss
sas (a Vedic root) to sleep
sam.st (a Vedic root) to sleep
su to bring forth, to possess supremacy, to permit
su_ to bring forth as a child; deri. su_ta, so_tavya or savitavya, savya or sa_vya, so_tum or savitum
stu to praise, to glorify, to worship by hymns
sna_ to bathe; deri. sna_ta; nis.n.a_ta (skilled in)
snu to ooze
svap to sleep, to lie down; deri. supta, sus.upta, vis.upta
han to kill, to go; deri. hata, hantavya, gha_tya or vadhya, ghat, ghna_nam, hanis.yat, jaghanvas
hnu to conceal, to take away, to deny
III. s'lu-vikaran.o_juho_tya_digan.ar. to go (with sam. to join)
ki (a Vedic root) to know; cike_ti
ga_ (a Vedic root) to praise, to be born; jagau, ga_syati
ghr. (a Vedic root) to sprinkle, to shine; jigharti; ghriya_sam
jan (a Vedic root) to be born; jajanti, jaati, janya_sam
tur (a Vedic root) to make haste
da_ to give
dhan (a Vedic root) to bear fruit, to produce crops of grain; dadha_na, dhanita_smi; dhanya_sam
dha_ to hold, to put, to maintain, to give, to grant, to bear, to assume, to have; deri. hita, dhe_ya, hitva_; dadha_na
dhis. (a Vedic root) to sound; didhe_s.a
nij to wash, to purify, to nourish; deri. nikta; nijya, ne_ktum, niktva_
pr. to protect, to fill, to promote, to deliver; deri. pr.a, pa_rya or pr.tya, partum, pr.tva_
pr._ to protect, to fill, to gratify (as hopes), to blow (as conch or flute); deri. pu_rn.a, pari(ri_)tum, pu_rtva_, prapu_rya, pupu_rvas or papruvas
bhas to censure, to blame, o shine
bhi_ to fear, to be afraid of, to be anxious about; deri. bhi_ta, bhe_tum
bhr. to bear, to support, to nourish, to protect, to produce, to bestow, to hire
ma_ to measure, to weigh, to limit, to compare in size
vij to separate, to divide, to distinguish, to discern; deri. vikta, ve_ktum
vis. to pervade; deri. vis.t.a, ve_s.t.um, vis.t.va_
sr. to go
ha_ to abandon, to leave, to desert, to omit, to neglect; deri. hi_na, ha_tum, hitva_
ha_ to go, to attain; deri. ha_na, he_ya, ha_tum, hiva_
ha_ to go, to aggain; deri. ha_na, he_ya, ha_tva_
hu to sacrifice, to eat, to please; deri. huta, hutva_, ho_tum
hr. (a Vedic root) to take forcibly
nhi_ to blush, to be ashamed; deri. hi_ta or hi_n.a, he_tum, hitva_
IV. s'yan vikaran.o_diva_digan.aan. to breathe; deri. an.ita
an to breath
as to throw; deri. asta, asitum, asivas--a_sa_na
is. to go
i_ to go; deri. i_ta, e_tum, i_tva_
uc to be gathered together
r.dh to increase, to prosper; deri. r.ddha, ardhitva_, ardhitum
ka_s' to shine
kut. to break into pieces
kuth to become putrid
kup to be angry; deri. kupitva_, ko_pitva_
kus to embrace, to surround; deri. kusitva_, kusitum or ko_situm
kr.s' to make or become emaciated; deri. kr.sa, prakr.sita, karitum, kars'itva_ or kr.zs'itva_
knas to be crooked in mind or body, to shine; deri. knasta, knasitva_ or knastva_
krudh to be angry; deri. kruddha, kro_ddhum
klad to make defective
klam to be fatigued; deri. kla_nta, klamitum; klamitva_ or kla_ntva_
klid to become wet; deri. klinna; kle_tavyam or kle_ditavya
klis' to be afflicted; to torment; deri. klis'ita or klis.t.a
ks.am to endure; to forgive
ks.ip to throw
ks.iv to spit; deri. ks.yuta, ks.yu_tva_, ks.e_vitva_
ks.i_ to kill
ks.udh to be hungry; deri. ks.udhita, ks.o_ddhum
ks.ubh to be agitated, to shake; deri. ks.ubhita or ks.ubdha
ks.vid., ks.vid to melt, to discharge; deri. ks.vin.n.a or ks.ve_dita, ks.ve_ditum, ks.viditva_ or ks.ve_ditva_
khid to be distresed; deri. khinna, khe_ttum, khittva_
gudh to cover
gup to be confused or disturbed; deri. gupita, gupitva_ or go_pitva_
gur to kill, to go; deri. gu_rn.a, gu_ritum
gr.dh to covet, to long for; deri. gardhitum
ghu_r to kill, to become old
cu_r to burn
cho_ to cut, to mow; deri. cha_ta or chita, cha_tum, chitva_
jan to be born, to grow, to become; deri. ja_ta, janitum, janitva_
jas to set free; deri. jasta, jasitva_ or jastva_, jasitum
ju_r to kill, to grow old, to be angry
jr._ to grow old, to decay, to perish, to be digested; deri. ji_rn.a, jari(ri_)tavya, ja_rya, jarya, jari(ri_)tum, anurji_rya, ji_ryat, jiji_rvas
jhr._ to grow old
d.ip to throw
d.i_ to fly; deri. d.i_na, d.i_yama_na
tap to be powerful, to injure, to perform penance; deri. tapta, taptva_, taptum, te_pa_na
tam to desire, to be fatigued; deri. ta_nta, tamitva_ or tamitva_, tamitum
tas to fade away, to become exhausted; deri. tasta, tasitva_ or tastva_, tasitum
tim to be wet, to be moist; deri. timita, tmitva_ or te_mitva_, te_mitum
tubh to kill
tus. to be pleased or delighted; deri. tus.t.a, tus.t.va_, paritus.ya, to_s.tum
tur to be quickly, to make haste, to hurt or kill
tr.p to be satisfied or pleased, to please or satisfy; deri. tr.pta, tarpitva_, tr.ptva_, tarpitum, tarptum, trapum
tr.s. to be thirsty, to wish; deri. tr.s.ita, tars.itum, tr.s.itva_ or tars.itva_
tras to fear, to tremble; deri. trasta, trasitva_, trasitum
dam to be quiet, to restrain, to tame, to subdue; deri. damita, da_nta, damitva_, da_ntva_, damitum, damathuh
das to perish; deri. dasa, dasitva_, dastva_, dasitum
div to play with dice or gamble, to desire; to overcome, to traffic, to shine, to praise, to be glad, to be mad or drunk, to be sleepy, to wish for, to go; deri dyu_na or dyu_ta; de_vitum; de_vitva_ or dyu_tva_; di_vyat; de_vis.yat; didivas
di_ to perish, to decay; deri. di_na, da_tavya; da_tum; di_tva_; prada_ya, didi_ya_na
di_p to shine, to burn, to be illustrious; deri. di_pta, di_pitva_; di_pitum
dus. to be soiled, to be impure, to sin; deri. dus.t.a; do_s.tum; dus.t.va_
dr.p to be glad; to be proud; deri. dr.pta; darpitva_ or dr.ptva_; darpitum or darptum or draptum
do_ to cut, to mow
druh to bear hatred, to seek to hurt; deri. dugdha or dru_d.a, dro_gdhavya or
dro_d.havya or dro_hitavya, dro_gdhum or dro_d.hum or dro_hitum
dhi_ to support, to hold, to despise; deri. dhi_na, dhe_tum, dhi_tva_
dhu_r to kill, to go
nabh to kill
nas' to disappear, to perish, to run away, to be unsucessful; deri. nas.t.a, nas.t.um or nas'itum
nah to tie, to arm or to put on oneself; deri. naddha, naddhum, naddhva_
nr.t to dance, to jesticulate; deri. nr.tta, nr.tya or nartya, nartitum, nartitva_
pat to be master of, to rule, to possess, to be fit for
pad to go, to attain, to observe; deri. panna, pattva_, patnum, prapadya
pi_ to drink
puth to kill
pus. to nourish, to support, to develop, to increase, to possess; deri. pus.t.a, po_s.t.um, po_s.ya
pus.p to blow, to flower
pu_r to fill, to satisfy, to be full, to be satisfied; deri. pu_rn.a or pu_rta
pri_ to please, to be satisfied, to feel affection for
plus. to burn, to scorch; deri. plo_s.itva_ or plus.itva_
bas to stop
bis to throw, to instigate, to go, to split, to grow
budh to know, to understand, to awake, to be restored to one's senses; deri. buddha, bo_ddhum, buddhva_, prabudhya
bus to discharge, to emit
byus to divide
bhr.s' to fall down; deri. bhr.s.t.a, bhras'itva_ or bhr.s.t.va_, bhars'itum
bhram to be unsteady, to wander, to totter
bhram.s' to fall down, to decrease, to escape; deri. bhras'yat, bhras.t.a, bhram.s'itva_ or bhras.t.va_, bhram.s'itum
mad to rejoice, to be poor or distressed, to be intoxicated or mad; deri. matta, maditva_, maditum
man to think, to suppose, to regard as, to esteem, to honour, to know; deri. mata, mantum, matva_, ma_nya
mas to measure, to charge for; deri. masta, masitva_, masitum
ma_ to measure
mid to be greasy, to be soft, to melt
mi_ to die, to perish, to kill, to hurt; deri. mi_na, me_tum, mitva_
mus., mus to destroy, to break, to steal; deri. mo_s.ita
muh to loose sense, to faint, to be bewildered, to err, to be foolish; deri. mugdha or mu_d.ha; mo_hitavya or mo_gdhavya or mo_d.havya; mo_hitum or mo_gdhum or mo_d.hum; mo_hitva_ or mugdhva_ or mu_d.hva_
mr.g to seek, to hunt
mr.s. to bear, to endure, to suffer
yas to strive, to endeavour, to labour; deri. yasta, yasitum; yasitva_ or yastva_
yuj to meditate, to curb one's mind, to concentrate the mind; deri. yukta; yo_gya or yo_jya; yo_ktum; yuktva_
yudh to fight, to contend with; deri. yuddha; yo_ddhum; yuddhva_
yup to confuse; deri. yupta; yupitva_
raj to please; rajjati, rajye_yam
radh to kill, to injure, to cook, to finish; deri. raddha, radhitum or raddhum; radhitva_ or raddhva_
ra_dh to grow, to be ready, to be favourable, to look to the welfare of; deri. ra_ddha; ra_ddhum; ra_ddhva_
ris. to kill, to destroy
ri_ to ooze, to flow; deri. ri_n.a; re_tum; ri_tva_
rudh to desire, to love, to comply with, to obey; deri. ruddha; ro_ddhum
rup to violate, to confound, to disturb; deri. rupta, rupitva_ or ro_pitva_ or ruptva_
rus. to kill
lis' to decrease, to become small; le_s.t.a_he_, le_ks.yate_, aliks.ata
li_ to adhere to, to be absorbed, to be dissolved, to hide in, to rest on, to disappear; deri. li_na; le_tum or la_tum; li_tva_; vila_ya or vili_ya
lut. to churn, to agitate, to roll, to wallow, to be connected with
lup to be confused, to vanish
lubh to covet, to long for, to allure; deri. lubdha,lo_bhitum or lo_bdhum; lubdhva_ or lubhitva_ or lo_bhitva_
vas to fix, to be straight; deri. vasta, vasitva_ or vastva_; vasitum
va_vr.t to choose; deri. va_vr.tta, va_vartitva_ or va_vr.ttva_, va_vartitum
va_s' to howl, to growl, to roar
vid to be, to exist; deri. vinna, vittva_, ve_ttum
vis to send
vus to divide
vr.t to choose, to like
vr.s' to choose, to like
vyadh to strike, to hurt, to stab, to pierce; deri. viddha, vidhdva_
vyus. to divide, to burn (in the last sense avyo_s.i_t)
vri_ to choose
vri_d. to throw, to be ashamed
s'ak to endure, to be able; deri. s'akita or s'akta, s'akitum or s'aktum, s'e_kivas-s'e_ka_na
s'ap to curse, to swear
s'am to be calm; deri. s'a_nta, s'amya or s'a_mya, s'a_ntva_ or s'amitva_, s'amitum
s'uc to be wet, to be clean; deri. s'akta, s'ucitva_ or s'o_citva_, s'o_citum
s'udh to become pure, to be made clear; deri. s'uddha
s'us. to become dry, to be withered; deri s'us.ka, s'o_s.t.um, s'us.t.va_
s'u_r to strike, to be firm
s'o_ to whet, to make thin; deri. s'ita or s'a_ta, s'am.sita (well finished), s'a_tum, s'a_tva_ or s'itva_
s'ram to perform acts of penance, to be fatigued; deri. s'ra_nta, s'ramitva_ or s'ra_ntva_, s'ramitum
s'li_s. to embrace, to adhere to, to unite
s.t.hiv o spit
sam to change form
sah to satisfy, to be plesed; sahita, sahitum, sahitva_
sidh to be accomplished, to succeed, to be thoroughly prepared; deri. siddha, se_ddhum, sidhdva_
siv to sew, to sow (as seed); deri. syu_ta, se_vitva_ or syu_tva_, se_vitum
suh to be satisfied
su_ to bring forth as a child
sr.j to be abandoned, to drop; deri. sr.s.t.a, sras.t.um, sr.s.t.va
so_ to put an end to, to kill, to finish; deri. sita, sa_tum, sitva_
stim, sti_m to become wet, to moist
stu_p to pile, to collect, to erect
snas to reject, to eject; deri. snasta, snasitva_ or snastva_, snasitum
snih to feel affection for, to love, to be kind to; deri. snigdha or sni_d.ha, snihitva_ or sne_hitva_ or snigdhva_ or sni_d.hva_, sne_hitum, sne_d.hum or sne_gdhum
snus to eat, to take, to disappear; deri. snusta, snusitva_ or snustva_, sno_situm
snuh to vomit
sniv to go, to dry; deri. snyu_ta, sne_vitva_ or snivitva_ or snyu_tva_, sne_vitum
svid to perspire; deri. svinna, svittva_, sve_ttum
hr.s. to rejoice, to exult, to stand erect as hair; deri. hr.s.t.a or hr.s.ita, hars.itum, hars.itva_
V. s'nu-vikaran.ah-sva_digan.a
[s'nu a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for nu the sign of the 5th class of roots]as' to pervade, to heap, to obtain, to go to; deri. as.t.a, as'itum or as.t.um
ah to pervade
a_p to pervade, to obtain, to occupy, to reach; deri. a_pta, a_ptum, a_ptva_
r. (a Vedic root) to kill
r.ks.i (a Vedic root) to kill
r._dh to increase, to prosper, to please
ks.i (a Vedic root) to kill
kr. to kill; deri. kr.ta, kartum, kr.tva_
cam (a Vedic root) to eat; camno_ti
ci to collect, to cover; deri. cita, ce_ttum, citva_
ciri, jiri (Vedic roots) to kill
tik, tig to assail, to go, to seek, to injure or kill, to challenge
tigh to kill, to challenge
tr.p to please or to be pleased
dagh to destroy, to protect
dambh to deceive, to injure; deri. dabdha, dambhitum, dabdhva_ or dambhitva_
da_s' (a Vedic root) to kill
du to give pain, to burn, to be distressed; deri. duta, do_tum, dutva_
dr. (a Vedic root) to kill
dhu to shake; to tremble
dhu_ to shake, to excite; deri. dhu_ta, dho_tum; dhavitum; dhu_tva_
dhr.s. to be bold, confident, impudent or impatient; to challenge; deri. dhars.ita or dhr.s.t.a, dhars.itum-dhars.itva_
pr. to please; pr.n.o_ti
mi to throw, to scatter; deri. mita, mitva_, ma_tum, mitrima (mayane_nanivr.ttam)
ra_dh to accomplish; to kill; to propitiate; ra_dhno_ti
ri to kill; rin.o_ti
vr. to choose; to solicit; to cover; to surround; to restrain; deri. vr.ta, vari(ri_)tum, vr.tva_
s'ak to be able; to be powerful; to bear; deri. s'akta, s'aktum, s'aktva_
s'i to whet; to excite
sagh to kill
sa_dh to accomplish
si to tie
su to cause to bathe: to churn; to pour out; to bathe; to press out juice; to distil
sthigh to ascend; to assail
stu to cover
spr. (a Vedic root) to gratify, to defend, to shake
smr. (a Vedic root) to remember; to recollect
hi to go; to grow
VI. s'a-vikaran.astuda_digan.ail to sleep, to throw
is. to wish; deri. is.t.a, e_s.itum or e_s.tum, icchat, i_s.ivas
ujjh to abandon; to leave
uch to glean
ubj to make straight
ubh, umbh to fill with
r.c to praise; deri. r.cita, arcitum
r._cch to go; to fail in faculties, to become hard or congeal
r.ph, r.mph to kill
r.s. to be proud
kil to become white; to sport
ku to moan
kuc to contract; to shrink; to be crooked (generally with sam.)
kut. to be crooked, to bend
kud. to act as a child; to heap
kun. to sound; to support with gifts
kur to sound
ku_ to sound; to groan
ku_d. to become firm; to eat
kr.d. to become thick
kr.t to cut; deri. kr.tta, kartitum, kartitva_
kr.s. to draw, to plough
kr._ to scatter; to throw (with apa to scratch the ground for food or abode); deri. ki_rn.a, kari(ri_)tum, kari(ri_)tva_
kud. to sink; to become thick; kud.hati
ks.i to dwell; to go
ks.ip to throw
ks.ur to scratch
khid to strike; to afflict; to be displeased; deri. khinna
khil to glean
khud. to cover
khur to cut
gu to void or discharge excrement; deri. gu_na
guj to sound
gud. to protect
guph, gumph to string together
gur to make an effort; deri. gu_rn.a
gr._ to swallwo; deri. gi_rn.a, gi_rtva_, gari(ri_)tum, gali(li_)tum
ghut., ghud. to strike against
ghun. to roll
ghur to frighten; to sound
ghu_rn. to roll; to whirl
cal to play; to amuse oneself
cil to dress
cut. to cut
cud. to conceal
cr.t to kill; to hurt; to connect together; deri. cr.uta, cartitum, cartitva_
chut. to cut
chud. to cover
chup to touch
chur to cut; to engrave; to envelop
jarj to say; to blame; to kill; to reprove
jud., jun to go
jus. to please; to like; to take delight in; to suffer; to enter; deri. jus.t.a, jo_s.itum
jharjh to speak; to blame; to menace
til to oil; to anoint
tut. to quarrel; to cut
tud. to tear, to kill
tun. to curve
tud to wound; to strike; to pain; to ved; deri. tunna, tutva_, to_ttum
tup-tump, tuph-tumph to kill
tup-tump, tuph-tumph to please or to be pleased
tr.h, tr.m.h to kill; deri. tr.d., tarhitva_, tr.m.hitva_, tr.d.hva_, tarhitum, tard.hum, tr.m.hitum, tr.n.d.hum
trut. to cut; to break
tvac to cover
thud.h to cover
dis' to give; to order; to tell; to show; to grant; deri. dis.t.a, dis.t.va_, de_s.t.um
dr. to honour; to care for; (mostly with a_); deri. a_dr.ta, a_dartum, a_dr.tya
dr.p to give pain
dr.ph to give pain
dr.bh to string; to connect (mostly with sam.); deri. dr.bdha, darbhitum, darbhitva_
dr.m.ph to give pain
drun. to go; to kill; to make crooked
dhi to hold; to possess
dhu_ to shake; to cause to tremble; dhuvati, dudha_va
dhr. to be; to exist; dhriyate_, dadhre_, dharta_he_, dharis.yate_, adhr.ta
dhru to go; to be fixed; dhruvati
dhruv to go; to stand firm
nil to understand with difficulty; to become thick
nud to throw; to push; to urge on; to drive; to remove; to direct; nutta or nunna
nud to throw
nu_ to praise; nuvati, anuvat, nu_ya_sam
pi to go
pis' to form; to be reduced to constituent part; to light; deri. pis'ita, pe_s'itum, pis'itva_
put. to embrace; to intertwine
puh to quit; to dismiss
pun. to be pure or virtuous; to do a holy work
pur to precede; to lead
pul to be great or large
pr. (always with vya_) to be busy or active; vya_priyate_, vya_pr.ta
pud. to gladden
pun. to please; to propitiate
pracch to ask; to seek; to desire; to know; deri. pr.s.t.a, pr.s.tva_, pras.t.um
bil to break
bud. to discharge, to cover
br.h to work, to labour; barhitasmi, bard.ha_smi; deri. br.d.ha, barhitum or bard.hum, barhitva_ or br.d.hva_
bhuj to bend, to curve, to be crooked
bhrasj to fry, to roast, to parch; deri. bhr.s.t.a, bhras.t.um or bhars.t.um
bhrud. to cover, to collect, to plunge
masj to sink down, to be immersed in water; to be disheartened; deri. magna, man:ktum; man:ktva_; majjathu
micch to annoy, to hurt, to obstruct
mil to be united with, to meet, to join, to clash, to happen; deri. milita, me_litum, militva_
mis. to rival, to contend with, to look on or at
muc to free, to liberate, to release, to loosen, to abandon, to grant, to except, to shed, to discharge, to dismiss, to utter, to void; deri. mukta, mo_ktum, muktva_
mut. to blame, to crush, to bind
mun. to promise
mur to surround, to bind together
mr. to die; deri. mr.ta, martum
mr.d. to make happy, to rejoise
mr.n. to kill
mr.s' to touch, to consider, to reflect; deri. mr.s.t.a, mars.t.um
ri to go, to move
riph, rih to boast, to speak, to fight, to censure, to kill, to give
ris' to kill; deri. ris.t.a, re_s.t.um
ruj to break, to destroy; to bend, to pain, to injure; deri. rugn.a, ro_ktum
rus' to kill; deri. rus.t.a
laj to be ashamed; to be bashful; deri. lagna or lajjita; lajjitum; lajjitva_
likh to write, to scratch, to draw, to touch, to peck; deri. likhita, likhitva_ or le_khitva_
lip to anoint, to besmear, to cover, to spread over, to stain, to pollute; deri. lipta, le_ptum; liptva_
lis' to go, to move; deri. lis.t.a, le_s.t.um
lut., lut.h to wallow, to roll about, to join
lup to cut, to break. to rob, to plunder, to seize, to suppress; deri. lupta, lo_ptum, luptva_
lubh to confound, to disturb; deri. lubhita, lo_bhitva_, lubdhva_
vicch to go, to move; deri. vicchita or vicchayita
vij to fear, to tremble (generally with ud); pp. udvigna
vid to get, to obtain, to find, to take in marriage; deri. vitta or vinna, ve_ttum or ve_ditum, viditva_, vittva_ or ve_ditva_
vidh to pierce
vil to cover, to conceal
vis' to enter; deri. vis.t.a, ve_s.t.um, vis.t.va_
vr.n. to please, to gratify
vr.h to work, to labour
vyac to deceive, to defraud
vras'c to cut, to tear, to wound; deri. vr.kn.a, vras'citum or vras.t.um, vras'citva_
vrud. to cover, to heap
s'il to glean
s'ad to perish gradually
s'un to go
s'ubh, s'umbh to shine
sad to divide, to break, to go, to wither, to despond, to be weary
sic to sprinkle, to moisten, to scatter; deri. sikta, se_ktum, siktva_
sil to glean
subh to speak, to kill
sur to rule, to shine
su_ to impel, to drive, to discharge, to remit; deri. su_ta, savitum; su_tva_
sr.j to leave, to create, to let loose, to let off, to throw, to produce, to put on; deri. sr.s.a, sras.t.um; sr.s.t.va_
str.h to kill, to hurt, to strike; deri. str.d.h; starhitum or stard.hum; starhitva_ or str.d.hva_
sthud. to cover, to hide
spr.s' to touch, to cling to, to act upon; to affect, to accept, to reach, to wash; deri. spr.s.t.a; spras.t.um
sphar to tremble, to move
sphut. to blow, to blossom, to break
sphud. to cover
sphur to throb, to palpitate, to become agitated, to start, to appear clearly, to flash
sphul to tremble, to throb
hal, hil to express amorous inclinations
hud. to collect
VII. s'nam-vikaran.o rudha_digan.a [s'nam a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for na, the sign of the 7th class of roots]aj to make clear, to anoint, to be beautiful, to go; deri akta, ajitum or an:ktum, ajitva_ or an:ktva_ or aktva_
indh to shine, to kindle; indhe_, e_ndham, indha_m, indhi_ya
und to moisten
kr.nt to surround; kr.n.atti
ks.ud to pound, to crush; deri. ks.un.n.a, ks.o_ktum, ks.uttva_
khid to be displeased or distressed; khin.tte_, akhindi
chid to cut, to interrupt, to destroy; deri. chinna, che_ttum, chittva_
chr.d to shine, to play; deri. chr.nna, charditum, charditva_ or chr.ttva_
tac, taj to contract, to shrink; deri. takta, tajitva_, tacitva_, taktva_, tan:ktva_
tr.d to kill, to disregard; deri. tr.n.n.a, tarditum, tarditva_ or tr.ttva_
tr.h to kill; tr.n.o_d.hi
pis. to grind, to pound, to crush; deri. pis.t.a, pe_s.t.um, pis.t.va_
pr.c to touch, to bring into contact with, to unite, to satiate, to increase; deri. pr.kta, parcitum, parcitva_
bhaj to break, to split, to interrupt, to frustrate, to disappoint; deri. bhagna, bhan:ktum, bhan:ktva_ or bhaktva_
bhid to break, to cut asunder, to transgress, to divide, to open, to cause to expand, to change, to perplex, to distinguish, to disturb, to betray, to set at variance; deri. bhinna or bhittam (a fragment), bhe_ttum, bhittva_
bhuj to protect, to govern, to rule; deri. bhukta, bho_jya or bho_gya, bho_ktum, bhuktva_
yuj to join, to unite, to apply, to use, to meditate, to concentrate the mind, to prepare, to grant, to intend
ric to purge, to empty, to evacuate; deri. rikta, re_ktum, riktva_
rudh to oppose, to obstruct, to besiege, to enclose, to obscure, to harass; deri. ruddha, ro_ddhum, ruddhva_
vic to divide, to separate, to discern, to remove from; deri. vikta, ve_ktum, viktva_
vij to fear, to tremble, to be disgusted
vid to discuss, to reason upon, to consider, to understand
vr.c to abandon, to exclude
vr.j to avoid
s'is. to distinguish, to leave as a remainder; deri. s'is.t.a; s'e_s.t.um; s'is.t.va_
him.s to kill
VIII. u-vikaran.astana_digan.ar.n. to go; deri. r.ta; arn.itum; arn.itva_ or r.tva_
kr. to do, to make; deri. kr.ta; kartum; kr.tva_
ks.an. to wound, to hurt, to kill; deri. ks.an.a; ks.an.ivum; ks.atva_
ks.in. to kill, to hurt; deri. ks.ita, ks.e_n.itum, ks.in.itva_ or ks.itva_
ghr.n. to shine, to burn
tan to spread, to stretch, to do, to spin out
tr.n. to eat, to graze
man to know, to think; deri. mata, manitum, manitva_ or matva_m
van to beg, to request, to seek; deri. vata, vanitum, vanitva_ or vatva_
san to give, to honour, to obtain, to worship; deri. sa_ta, sanitum, sanitva_ or sa_tva_
IX. s'na_-vikaran.a r.ya_digan.a [s'na_ a technical term used by Pa_n.ini for na_, the sign of the 9th class of roots]as' to eat, (with pra to drin); deri. as'ita, as'itum, as'itva_
is. to repeat
udhras to glean
r._ to go; deri. i_rn.a, ari(ri_)tum, i_rtva_
kuth, kunth to cling to, to hurt
kus. to draw out, to extract, to tear, to expel; kr.s.n.a_ti; deri. kus.ita but nis.kus.ita only, ko_s.itum (nis.ko_s.itum or nis.ko_s.tum), kus.itva_ only
ku_ to sound; kuna_ti
kr._ to kill, to hurt; deri. ki_rn.a, kari(ri_)tum, ki_rtva_
knu_ to sound
kri_ to buy; deri. kri_ta, kre_tum, kri_tva_
kuth to kill
klis' to torment, to distress; deri. klis'ita or klis.t.a, kle_s'itum or kle_s.t.um, klis'itva_ or klis.t.va_
ks.i_ to kill; deri. ks.i_ta, ks.e_tum, ks.i_tva_
ks.ubh to tremble; to agitate
khac to be born again; to come forth
gudh to be angry
gr. to sound; to speak; to praise
granth to put together; to compose; to arrange, to fasten; deri. grathita, granthitum, grathitva_ or granthitva_
grah to take; to captivate; to buy; to understand; deri. gr.hi_ta, grahi_tum, gr.hi_tva_
jr._ to grow old, to waste away; to decay
ja_ to know; to ascertain; to recognize; to consider; deri. ja_ta, je_ya, ja_tum, ja_tva_
jya_ to become old, to decay; deri. ji_na, jya_tum, ji_tva_
jhr._ to become old; to decay
tubh to kill
dr._ to tear, to split open; to fear
dru to kill; drun.a_ti
dhu_ to shake; to tremble
dhr._ to grow old
dhras to glean; deri. dhrasta; dhrasitva_ or dhrastva_; dhrasitum
nabh to kill
nr._ to lead
pus. to nourish, to bring up; to develop, to support, to augment; to show; to have
pu_ to purify; to discern; to contrive; deri. pu_ta, pu_na (destroyed), pavitum, pu_tva_
pr._ to protect, to nourish, to fill, to blow, to satisfy
pri_ to please, to delight, to show kindness to, to love, to desire, to take delight in
prus. to become wet, to sprinkle
pli_ to go; pli_na_ti, pipla_ya, ple_ta_smi, ple_s.yati, aplais.i_t, pli_ya_sam
bandh to bind, to attract, to catch, to imprison, to wear, to form, to compose, to fix on, to bear fruit; deri. baddha, banddhum, baddhva_
bhr._ to blame, to censure, to nourish, to maintain; deri. bhu_rn.a, bhu_rtva_
bhri_ to fear, to support
manth to churn, to shake, to destroy, to afflict
mi_ to kill, to destroy, to hurt, to lessen; deri. mi_ta, ma_tum, mi_tva_
mus. to steal, to carry off; to excel; to cover; to captivate
mr.d. to pound; to be happy; mr.d.na_ti
mr.d.h to grind; to crush; to bruise; to squeeze; to press; to pound; to rule; to overcome; mr.dra_ti, amr.dra_t, mr.da_na
mr._ to kill; to injure
yu to bind; deri. yuta, yo_tum, yutva_
ri_ to go; to move; to howl; deri. ri_n.a, re_tum, ri_tva_
li_ to adhere to; to melt; to be absorbed in
lu_ to cut; to pluck; to divide; to destroy; deri. lu_na-lavya or la_vya, lu_tva_, lavitum
vis. to separate; to disjoin
vr. to serve; to worship
vr._ to choose; to select; deri. varn.a, vu_rtva_
vri_ to choose, to select, to hold, to go; deri. vri_n.a, vre_tum, vri_tva_
vli_ to choose, to select, to hold, to go
s'r._ to tear asunder, to split in pieces, to hurt, to kill; s'as'a_ra
s'ranth to loosen, to liberate, to gladden, to bind; to arrange; deri. s'athita, s'rathitva_ or s'ranthitva_
s'ri_ to cook, to dress
si to tie, to bind
skambh to obstruct, to stop; deri. skabdha, skambhitva_, skabdhva_, skambhitum
sku to go by leaps, to cover, to raise; deri. skuta, sko_tum, skutva_
skumbh to hinder, to hold; deri. skubdha, skumbhitva_ or skubdhva_
stabh, stambh to stop, to support; deri. stabdha, stambhitum, stambhitva_ or stabdhva_
str._ to cover, to spread
hit.ha, he_t. to be born again, to come forth
he_t.h to be wicked, to vex, to hinder
X. n.ijantas'cura_digan.aagh to sin
an:k to go, to mark
an:g to go, to mark
ac to distinguish, to particularise
aj to speak
an.t.t.a to despise
andh to become blind, to shut eyes
am to be ill, to afflict with sickness
ambar to bring together
ark to praise, to heat
argh to be worth
arc to worship
arj to procure
arth to request, to beg
ard to kill, to hurt
arh to worship
avadhi_r or ava-dhi_r to despise, to disregard
am.s' to distribute
am.s to speak
am.s to distribute
am.h to shine
a_ndo_l to swing
a_p to obtain
il to send, to cast
i_d. to praise
i_r to throw, to pronounce
udhras to glean
ulan.d. to throw up
u_n to lessen, to deduct
u_rj to be strong, to live
o_lan.d. to throw
kan. to wink
kan.t.h to be anxious, to remember with regret
kan.d. to separate the chaff from the grain, to protect
katr to slacken
kath to tell
karn. to bore (with a_ to hear)
kart to slacken
kal to throw
kal to go, to count, to hold, to know, to regard
ka_l to count the time
kit to dwell
kil to send
kis.k to kill
ki_t. to tinge, to colour
kut. to break to pieces
kut.umb to support
kut.t. to cut, to censure
kut.t. to boil
kun. to invite
kun.t. to cover
kuj to protect
kuts to despise, to blame
kud to tell a lie
kudr to tell a lie
kup to speak, to shine
kuma_r to play
kump, kumb, kumbh to cover, to dress
kum.s' to shine
kum.s to speak
kusm to smile improperly
kuh to surprise, to deceive
ku_t. to burn, to give pain
ku_t. to avoid giving; to render indistinct or unintelligible
ku_n. to speak, to hold a consultation
kr.p to be able
kr._t to mention, to celebrate
ke_t to make hear, to call, to advise
knath to kill
krand to cry out continually (generally with a_)
klath to kill
klap to whisper
ks.aj to live in distress
ks.ap to throw, to cast
ks.amp to endure, to forgive
ks.al to wash, to cleanse; deri. ks.alita, ks.a_layitum, ks.a_layitva_, praks.a_lya
ks.e_d. to eat
ks.o_t. to throw, to cast
khac to fasten, to set
khat.t. to cover, to screen
khad.h to break in pieces
khan.d., khud., khun.d. to break in pieces
khe_t., khe_d. to eat
kho_t., kho_d. to throw, to eat
gaj to sound
gan. to count
gad to thunder
gandhr to injure, to ask; gandhayate_
garj to roar
gard to sound
gardh to desire
garv to be proud
garh to censure, to blame
gal to flow, to dissolve
gave_s. to seek, to hunt after
gah to be thick, to enter deeply into
gun. to invite, to advise, to multiply
gun.t.h to enclose, to envelop
gun.d. to enclose, to protect, to pound
gund to tell a lie
gup to speak, to conceal, to shine
gurd to dwell
gu_r to make an effort
gu_rd to praise
gr. to know; ga_rayate_
gr.h to take, to seize
go_m to smear, to anoint
granth to bind, to arrange
gras to take, to devour
gra_m to invite, to conceal
ghat. to move,t o collect, to speak
ghat.t. to shake, to stir
ghan.t. to speak, to shine
ghus. to proclaim, to announce
ghr. to sprinkle, to cover
cakk to suffer, to give pain
cat. to kill, to injure; to break
can.d. to be angry
can to believe, to kill
cap to grind
camp to go
car to doubt (with vi, asam.s'aye_ to think)
carc to peruse, to study
carv to eat, to chew
cal to foster, to cherish
cah to be wicked, to be proud, to cheat
ci to collect
cikk to give pain
cit. to send out
cit to think, to perceive, to see, to regain consciousness
citr to paint, to make variegated, to see or regard anything as wonderful
cint to contemplate, to think, to discuss
chinh to mark
ci_k to suffer
ci_v to speak, to shine
cukk to suffer pain
cut., cun.t., cun.d. to cut
cud to become small
cud to drive, to put forward, to press, to push on
cumb to kill
cur to steal, to assume
cul to raise, to elevate
cu_rn. to pulverize, to crush, to drive, to contract
cr.p to excite, to light
cyu to endure, to laugh
cyus to endure, to laugh
chad to close, to conceal, to cover
chad to conceal, to cover
chand to cover, to please, to persuade
chard to vomit
chidr to perforate, to bore
chr.d to kindle
chr.p to kindle, to beg
che_d to divide, to cut
jambh to destroy
jal to cover
jas to hurt, to strike
jam.s to protect, to release
jinv to speak
jud. to send, to direct
jus. to think, to examine, to be satisfied
jr._ to grow old, to decay; ja_rayati
jap to know, to cause to know, to see, to please
ja_ (generally with a_) to command, to direct; a_ja_payati
jri to grow old, to decay; jra_yayati
t.an:k to build
t.ip to throw, to send
d.ap to collect
d.ab to throw, to send
d.ip to collect, to heap together
d.ip to throw, to send
tad. to strike, to beat, to play upon a musical instrument, to speak
tan to confide in, to assist
tantr to support, to maintain, to govern
tap to heat, to burn, to afflict
tark to shine, to intend, to suppose, to guess, to think of
tarj to menace, to censure
tal to be full or complete, to fix, to establish
tam.s to adorn, to deck
tij to whet, to sharpen (with ud to excite)
til to oil, to be greasy
ti_r to finish, to get through
tuj, tuj to strike, to be strong, to take, to live
tutth to cover
tumb to be invisible, to trouble
tul to weigh, to measure
tun. to fill up
tr.p to be satisfied, to light
tras to take, to hold, to oppose
tram.s to speak
trut. to cut
dan.d. to punish, to fine, to be subdued
dambh to send, to propel
dal to cut, to tear
dam.s' to bite, to sting
dam.s' to speak
das to see, to bite; da_sayate_
dam.s' to see, to bite
dam.s to speak
da_t to cut, to divide
div to rub
div to cause to lament
duhkh to give pain
dul to shake to and fro
dr.p to light, to kindle
dr.bh to fear
dr.bh to string, to connect
dhakk to kill, to destroy
dhu_ to shake, to agitate; dhu_nayati
dhu_p to speak, to shine
dhu_s', dhu_s., dhu_s to make splendid
dhr. to hold, to owe; dha_rayati
dhr.s. to offend, to overcome
dhe_k to see
dhras to glean
dhvan to sound
nakk to perish
nat. to speak
nad, nal to speak, to shine
niva_s to cover
nis.k to measure, to weigh
paks. to seize, to accept, to take aside
pac to spread, to make clear
pat. to speak, to cover
pat. to string, to envelop, to clothe
pan.d. to destroy, to collect
pant to thunder, to go; patayati
path to throw
pad to go, to move; padayate_
panth to go
parn. to make green
plyu_l to cut, to wash in water impregnated with alkaline salt
pas' to bind, to fetter
pas. to go, to move
pas to destroy
pa_r to bring to a conclusion, to accomplish
pa_l to protect, to govern
picch to split, to cut, to divide
pij to kill, to be strong, to take, to dwell
pij to speak, to shine
pin.d. to roll into a lump, to heap
pis to go
pim.s to speak, to shine
pi_d. to afflict, to harass, to annoy, to squeeze, to press, to oppose, to give pain
put. to speak, to shine
put. to be in contact, to bind together
put.t. to decrease, to diminish
pun. to collect
pun.t., puth to speak, to shine
purv to dwell, to invite
pul to heap, to be great or large
pus. to maintain, to promote
pum.s to increase, to crash, to pain, to punish
pust to honour, to dishonour, to respect, to disrespect
pu_j to worship, to honour
pu_r to kill, to cover, to intensify
pu_rn., pu_l to collect
pr.c to hinder, to oppose, to join
pr.th to throw, to send, to direct
pr._ to protect, to fill; pa_rayati
prath to proclaim, to manifest, to increase, to throw, to publish
pri_ to please, to gratify; deri. pri_n.ita, pri_n.ayitum, pri_n.ayitva_
pre_n:kho_l to swing, to shake
badh, bandh to bind, to restrain
barh to kill, to speak, to shine
bal to breathe
balh to speak, to shine
bast to injure, to ask, to go
bil to break, to split, to divide
bukk to bark, to speak
bust to respect, to disrespect
bru_s to kill, to hurt
bhaks. to eat, to devour
bhaj to give, to cook
bhaj to speak, to shine
bhan.d. to be fortunate, to be happy, to cheat
bharts to menace, to reprove, to beride
bhal to see, to behold
bha_j to divide, to distribute
bha_m to be angry
bhu_ to be purified, to consider, to mix; bha_vayati
bhu_ to obtain, to attend; bha_vayate_
bhu_m.s. to adorn
bhr.m.s' to speak, to shine
bhru_n. to hope, to fear
man.d. to adorn
mad to gratify, to please
man to be proud, to stop
mantr to consult, to advise, to ponder over
marc to sound, to take
mah to worship
mam.h to speak, to shine
ma_n to stop, to be proud
ma_n to worship
ma_rg to seek, to strive after, to obtain
ma_rj to sound, to cleanse, to purify
mij to speak, to shine
mind to love, to melt, to become far
mis'ra to mix, to add, to combine
mi_ to go, to move
muc to loosen, to liberate, to rejoice
mut. to crush, to grind, to break
mud to mix, to unite
must to collect
mu_tr to discharge urine
mu_l to cause to grow, to rear
mr.g to seek, to examine, to investigate, to beg
mr.j to wipe off, to adorn; ma_rjayati
mr.s. to forgive
mraks. to combine, to smear, to speak indistinctly
mle_cch to speak indistinctly
yaks. to honour
yat to torture, to encourage
yantr to restrain, to bind
yam to cover, to surround
yu to censure, to despise
yuj to bind, to restrain
yus. to serve
rak, rag, ragh to taste, to obtain
ran:gh to speak, to shine
rac to arrange, to compose, to effect
ras to taste, to relish, to love
rah to abandon; ararahat
rah to abandon; arahi or ara_hi
ram.h to speak, to shine
re_c to separate, to join, to mix
ruj to kill
rut. to be angry
rut.h to speak, to shine
rum.s', rum.s to speak, to shine
rus. to be angry
ru_ks. to be harsh or rough; to make dry; pa_rus.ye_ to be harsh
ru_p to form, to represent on the stage, to see, to consider
laks. to observe, to mark
laks. to see, to look at
lag to taste, to obtain
lan:gh to speak, to shine, to transgress
laj to injure, to be strong, to take, to dwell, to speak, to shine, to be manifest
lat.t. to fondle, to caress
lan.d. to throw up
lan.d. to speak, to shine
lal to desire, to seek
las', las to exercise an art, to do anything scientifically
la_bh to throw, to direct
lin:g to paint, to variegate
li_ to melt
luj to injure, to be strong, to take, to dwell, to speak, to shine
lut. to speak, to shine
lun.t.h to steal, to plunder
lumb to be invisible, to torment
lus. to injure, to hurt
lo_k to speak, to shine
lo_c to see, to perceive
vac to speak, to tell, to read
vaj to prepare the way, to feather an arrow
vac to deceive
vat. to tie, to string, to connect, to divide
vat.h to tie
van.t., van.d. to divide
vad to inform, to communicate
var to wish, to obtain, to desire
varn. to paint, to delineate, to extend, to praise, to describe, to drive
vardh to cut, to fill
valk to speak
vas to love, to cut, to take away
vas to dwell
vast to hurt, to torment, to go, to ask
va_t to make happy, to serve; to fan
va_s to perfume, to incense
vicch to speak, to shine
vid.amb to mock, to imitate, to ridicule
vid to feel, to experience, to tell, to dwell
vil to throw, to cast
vis.k to see, to perceive
vi_j to fan
vi_r to display heroism, to be powerful
vun.t., vundh, vus. to kill
vr. to cover, to conceal
vr.j to avoid
vr.t, vr.dh to speak, to shine
vr.s. to have the power of production
vr.m.h to speak, to shine
ve_l to count the time
vyay to expend
vraj to clear the way, to go
vran. to wound, to hurt
s'at.h to leave unfinished
s'at.h to speak ill or well
s'abd to make manifest (when without preposition, anupasarga_t), to make any sound, to utter (when with a preposition, upasarga_t)
s'am to look at, to inspect, to show
s'amb to accumulate
s'is. to leave a residue
s'i_k to speak, to shine, to be angry, to touch
s'i_l to practise repeatedly, to exercise, to visit, to honour
s'ut.h to be lazy
s'un.t.h to dry, to become dry
s'undh to purify, to make clean
s'ulk to leave, to forsake, to pay, to give, to give, to gain
s'u_r to be powerful, to be valiant
s'u_p to measure
s'r.dh to insult, to mock at
s'ran. (generally with vi) to give
s'rath to make effort, to set out
s'rath to be weak
s'rath to liberate, to kill
s'ranth to arrange
s'lis. to embrace, to collect
s'vat.h, , s'van.t.h to leave unfinished, to go
s'vat.h to speak ill or well
s'vabh, s'vart to go, to move
s'valk to tell, to narrate
san:ke_t to invite, to counsel
san:gra_m to fight
sat.t. to hurt, to kill
satr to extend, to spread
sad to go, to approach
sabha_j to please, to serve, to salute, to honour
samb to collect
sah to forbear, to be able
sa_ntv to appease, to console
sa_m to conciliate, to console
sa_mb to collect
sa_r to be weak
sukh to make happy
sut.t. to disrespect
su_c to betray, to reveal, to show, to ascertain
su_c to try, to bind
su_d to strike, to wound, to distil, to deposit
stan to thunder
stu_p to collect
ste_n to steal
sto_m to praise
sthu_l to become stout, to grow fat
snih to love, to account, to dissolve
spas' to take, to embrace
spr.h to wish, to envy
sphit. to feel affection for
sphit.t. to kill
sphut. to burst, to break open
sphun.t., sphun.d. to laugh at, to joke
smit. to disrespect, to slight, to despise
syam to consider, to think
svad to make sweet
svar to blame, to find fault with
sva_d to taste
hikk to injure, to kill
his.k, him.s to injure, to kill
lhap, hlap to speak, to sound
[The list is principally based on Siddha_nta-kaumudi_. (cf. Siddha_nta-kaumudi_ of Bhat.t.ojidi_ks.ita) The verb roots in ten classes are taken from: P. V. Upa_dhye, Dha_turu_pa Chandrika_ with the Dha_tupa_t.ha of Pa_n.ini containing all irregular and noteworthy forms, Bombay, Gopal Narayen and Co., 1927, 2nd edn.]